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CENTENNIAL

HISTORY OF

LEMHI COUNTY, IDAHO

Volume I

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Compiled by

Lemhi County History Committee
Hon. Fred Snook, Chairman
Salmon, Idaho 8346 7

pop. 6,899

design - D. Krasowski '92
over design - Robert Wilkerson

Lemhi County History Committee

Hon. Fred Snook, Chairman

To order copies of this publication contact;

Judge Fred Snook

206 Courthouse Drive

Salmon, Idaho 83467

LEMHI COUNTY HISTORY BOOK COMMITTEE

Editorial Board

Fred Snook, Chairman

Marilyn Alford, Vice Chairman

Doris Brown

Phyllis Caples

Ramona Combs-Stauffer

Bob Loucks

Janice Neal

Shirley Parmenter

Karen Whitworth

Staff

Marilyn Alford, coordinator

Candace Burns, publicity

Ramona Combs-Stauffer, proof editor

Harold Heidemann, co-treasurer

Sharon Hoffman, correspondence

Sharon Infanger, co-treasurer

Ann Loucks, publicity and sales

Laura Morton, book orders

MarRue Simmons, sales

Jo Whitcomb, indexing

Family Histories

Shirley Parmenter, chairman

Marilyn Alford

Phoebe Bird

Doris Brown

Kay Guth

Jean Marchand

Doris Morton

Julia Randolph

Karen Whitworth

Typists

Marilyn Alford
Denise Bender
Phoebe Bird

Ramona Combs-Stauffer
Kathleen Cramer
Martha Edgar
Laura Gough
Chrie Gould
Kay Guth

Laura Hendricks
Ann Loucks
Betty Morton
Martha Nyborg
Dorothy Olson
Shirley Parmenter
Karen Whitworth
Clair Wiley
Jackie Winterowd

Our sincere gratitued is extended to the many others who helped either directly or
indirectly in completing this publication. Special thanks to Dale Ford for photographic
work.

A DREAM COMES TRUE

by Fred Snook

Chairman, History Book Committee

This Centennial History of Lemhii County was the idea
of an inspirational, dedicated, community minded per-
son; the late Barbara Young. Barbara was the Chair-
man of the Lemhi County Centennial Committee and
in that position organized the "best" County Centen-
nial Organization in the State. Though stricken with
cancer midway through the Centennial, she inspired
the best from all of us who worked with her.

In my position as Centennial History Chairman, Bar-
bara spoke with me often of the challenge of a Lemhi
County family and general history book. Options were
considered; perhaps hiring an "expert" to come in and
do the project; perhaps contracting with some local
writer to do the project; among other ideas. However,
the press of the other Centennial projects, and there
were many, always resulted in the book idea being
pushed aside.

Due to her illness, Barbara's activities became lim-
ited and another wonderful person, Mona Van Overen
quietly took the reins, working diligently on completing
many Centennial tasks. Mona was interested in the
idea of a Centennial book, but had many other projects
to complete. Unbelievably, Mona was stricken with
cancer soon after taking over the Centennial.

Barbara passed away May 25, 1990. Mona passed
away July 14, 1990. We miss them and wish them ev-
erlasting peace.

The Centennial came to a close and our History Com-
mittee was about to disband when another person rose
to the occasion. Her name; Shirley Parmenter. Shirley
contacted me and again mentioned the challenge of a
Centennial history book. I told her of our past efforts,
and that we had no money, no staff and no encour-
agement to proceed. Shirley would not quit, and with
her pushing and shoving, we were back in business.

A meeting was held and Fred Snook was the unofficial
chairman. Interested persons were contacted and the
unofficial committee decided to "go for it". Our goal
was to collect five hundred family histories, which would
mean enough interest to finance the publication of the
book. Our neighbors in Beaverhead County, Montana,
led by Salmon native Ann Hirschy, came to give us a
training seminar on their completed project, and we
were off and running.

With Shirley leading the way and being joined by many
devoted volunteers, especially Doris Brown and Phoe-
be Bird, more than eleven hundred family histories,
together with priceless photographs were collected.
Several instructional sessions were conducted by Jean

Marchand to assist the public in preparing their indi-
vidual histories.

Meanwhile, our main stumbling block was the lack
of a computer coordinator. Again magic struck when
Tower Creek resident, Marilyn Alford became inter-
ested and joined the party. Shirley and Marilyn made
quite a team and truly have worked full time at this
project for more than a year. They deserve the com-
munity's praise for their sacrifice and efforts. As Chair-
man my main job was to schedule the meetings, stay
out of the way, and let the staff continue their efforts.
My other job was to coordinate as many feature stories
as space would allow.

One large problem. We had no money to finance the
book. It would have to be a pay as you go process,
which had a big blank in the middle until the finished
product could be received; ready to be sold. We ap-
preciate the seven hundred prepublication orders that
were paid for in advance to partially finance the pro-
ject. So certain of success were we, that only one per-
son was called upon to sign the $80,000 guarantee to
the publishing company.

Our next problem? We did not have a real editor.
The alternative was to edit by committee. Eight people
served: Karen Whitworth, the Pahsimeroi Connection;
Bob Loucks, Lemhi County Agent; our Vice Chairman
and Computer Coordinator, Marilyn Alford; our Family
History Chairperson, Shirley Parmenter; Lemhi County
native, teacher, and ranch wife, Janice Neal; Lemhi
County native and former English teacher, Phyllis Ca-
ples; Salmon City Librarian, Ramona Combs- Stauffer;
longtime resident, Doris Brown; and Chairman, Mag-
istrate Judge Fred Snook.

I think it worked. Though difficult, it was a true labor
of love. Many decisions to be made, friendly arguments
and disagreements, deadlines to meet, assignments to
complete.

Two main decisions: Should we have a Pioneer sec-
tion for those people born before 1890 or a straight
alphabetical arrangement? The majority vote was for
straight alphabetical listing. Issue two: Should there be
a specific dedication to a group of real persons rep-
resenting our 185 years of recorded history, or a non-
controversial, generic dedication? The decision: Al-
ways avoid controversy.

One other important item was the cost. The Com-
mittee sincerely feels that the price of the three vol-
ume set is extremely low for a book of this quality.
Comparable publications sell for $100 to $150, so our

published price is another tribute to everyone volun-
teering their efforts. No one was paid for their work
on the Centennial History. Profits, if any, will be do-
nated to worthwhile Lemhi County historical projects.

After all the information was collected, the real work
began. Ramona Combs-Stauffer, Marilyn Alford, and
Ann Loucks, assisted by many others, worked day after
day in physically laying out the entire three volumes;
page by page. It was tedious, difficult work. Double
checking all photos for correct captions and matching
them to the right story, on the right page. There may
be errors in the final product, but I hope the public
realizes how difficult it was to coordinate this much
information with an all volunteer staff. Bear in mind
that the staff also had to carry on with their day to
day occupations, other activities and families during
this two year project.

The final result? Barbara and Mona would be proud.
It is the best, most complete history of the past 185
years in Lemhi County ever produced. Volume One
contains many feature stories: Sacajawea, The Lemhis,
Lewis and Clark, Leesburg, Pioneers, Miners, The Chi-
nese, Schools, Churches and much, much more. Vol-
ume Two and Three contain the many interesting fam-
ily histories and photographs that were submitted, and
also the history of the Pahsimeroi and its people. It is
the best history of Lemhi County ever Written. Why?
Because it was written by the people. More than eight
hundred different authors contributed information to
the book and that is what makes it so very special.

It is said that memory is what makes life so special,
and forgetfulness is what makes daily life possible. That
is the case here. Most people wrote the best about
their ancestors. Everyone has a right to be proud of
their heritage. What was received was not scrutinized
by the committee. If a person said that their Grand-
mother was the best cook in Lemhi County, we did not
dispute it. No two people ever remember the exact
same thing, and some of what is printed here may not
be absolutely correct. You, the reader, shall judge the
credibility of each story.

In conclusion, I have been very fortunate to serve
my neighbors in Lemhi County in many public posi-
tions. I truly feel that contributing to this endeavor was
the most important and gratifying of all.

Read on! We hope you will enjoy reading it as much
as we have enjoyed producing it.

A. i;\ij l.u ,,A. MJN H'viW, IDA

DEDICATION

by Sam McKinney

Lemhi County native, rancher, and past County Commissioner

\ The history of any western county is primarily determined by the heritage

I of its people, who came west and established a new life on the wild frontier.

Lemhi County is a stronghold of the western spirit, the passageway for Lewis
and Clark, the native land of Sacajawea, Chief Tendoy and the peaceful Lemhi
: Indian tribe.

I This Centennial History is respectfully dedicated to the Native Americans

[ who treasured this land before us, the courageous pioneers, and their de-

scendants. It is dedicated also to the followers and builders who discovered
the beauty and opportunity of this area, developed it, and hopefully will main-
l tain and preserve Lemhi County's natural grandeur.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE PIONEERS --

They came to an unknown land 1-47

THE LEWIS & CLARK EXPEDITION IN LEMHI COUNTY 1

SACAJAWEA 4

TRAPPERS & FUR TRADERS 5

FORT LEMHI 6

LEESBURG 7

FRANK BARNETT SHARKEY 12

ELIJAH MULKEY 13

T. WARD GIRTON 13

JOSEPH RAPP 14

VANDREFF 14

FIRST ENTREPRENEUR EXPORTS VALLEY NAME SAKE - Thomas McGarvey 15

JOHN WELSH 15

WILLIAM SMITH AND JIM HAYDEN 16

FROM OREGON TERRITORY TO STATE OF IDAHO 17

SALMON CITY, LEMHI COUNTY, IDAHO TERRITORY - February 22, 1869 18

GEORGE L. SHOUP 18

WILLIAM PETERSON 21

1870 CENSUS OF LEMHI COUNTY 21

THE STOCKADE, THE JAIL AND THE GALLOS 21

LETTER REGARDING THE BIRCH CREEK MASSACRE OF 1877 22

HORSE CREEK 22

UNTIMELY DEATH OF A PIONEER - Jesse McCaleb 23

EARLY DAY SALMON CITY DESCRIPTION 24

SALMON CITY 1880'S 25

THE ANDERSON BUILDING AND THE OPERA HOUSE 36

ADA CHASE MERRITT 38

PHILIP SHENON 38

BIRCH CREEK AND THE VIOLA MINE 41

LEMHI COUNTY PROBATES FILED BEFORE 1900 44

NATIVE AMERICANS
They came long ago

THE CHINESE --

They came from far away

49- 65

THE LEMHI BAND OF SHOSHONE INDIANS 50

INDIAN BELIEFS, MEDICINES AND FOODS 54

THOMAS PAMBRUN 55

INDIAN RECOLLECTIONS

67- 75

I Ht CHINESE IN LEMHI COUNTY 68

THE BUILDERS --

They came to build a better life 76-211

89
94

THE HOMESTEAD

RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY DAYS IN LEMHI COUNTY qq

BASKET SOCIAL AT SANDY CREEK, ABOUT 1910 gg

HISTORY OF THE LEADORE WARM SPRINGS ON BIG EIGHTMILE CREEK gg

GILMORE

THE GILMORE AND PITTSBURGH RAILROAD

FROM MEDICINE MEN TO MIDWIVES 200

WORKING ON THE G & P RAILROAD 1Q4

THE CIRCUS COMES TO SALMON ^q^

WITHINGTON CREEK, ALIAS DESPERADO CREEK ^q^

DUDE RANCHING - 1920 2Q7

GIBBONSVILLE, IDAHO ^Qg

THE BIRTH PLACE OF SACAJAWEA ^jq

IT ALL HAPPENED AT THE SCHOOL HOUSE ^^^

SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS OF LEMHI COUNTY j20

TRIBUTE TO A LONG AGO SCHOOL SYSTEM j21

BUILDERS J22

HARMONY MINE TO START UP AGAIN ^24

THE LEESBURG 70th ANNIVERSARY PICNIC - 1936 124

HISTORY OF THE GOLD PRODUCTION OF LEESBURG, IDAHO 126

THE GUARDIAN OF LEESBURG - Historian, Orion E. Kirkpatrick 126

POST OFFICES AND POSTMASTERS OF LEMHI COUNTY 131

CAPTURED, A 245 POUND STURGEON 134

TALES OF THE NORTH FORK

WHISKEY BY THE BARREL

WASHBOARDS AND ROOSTERTAILS

TRANSPORTATION

CAP GULEKE AND THE WILDEST BOAT RIDE IN AMERICA

MEYERS COVE, IDAHO 15q

WILLIAMS LAKE

LONG TOM CREEK

JESSE CREEK ON A TEAR

SALMON LODGE #1620 B.P.O.E.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODDFELLOWS

ANNA REBEKAH LODGE #14

134
138
139
141
148

154
155
155
156
157

158

LEMHI LODGE #11, A.F. & A.M. l^g

HUGH DUNCAN CHAPTER #2, ORDER OF EASTERN STAR Igl

OUTLOOK FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL IDAHO lg2

THE JUNE BUG RIDE 1^3

THE COUNTY POOR FARM AT THE SALMON HOT SPRINGS - - 154

INDUSTRIAL SURVEY - 1940'S ice

165

ANOTHER FISH STORY Igg

THE PINES MANSION/HOME OF SALMON 1^7

SNOW SLIDE AT THUNDER MOUNTAIN - 1902 Igy

THUNDER MOUNTAIN l^g

LOCATIONS IN LEMHI COUNTY ,c«

169

WORSHIP IN LEMHI COUNTY, IDAHO 180

CEMETERIES AND BURIAL PLACES 187

GLIMPSES OF PEOPLE FROM THE PAST 185

EARLY FAMILY HOMES 187

IMAGES OF AN EARLIER TIME 190

MOUNTAIN PEAK 198

211

FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS --

1940 to the present 212 - 281

THE WAR EFFORT & LEMHI COUNTY VETERANS 2

LLOYD SHAW POST #67 2

ELECTED OFFICIALS OF LEMHI COUNTY 216

JUDGE MARTIN'S ELECTION - 1952 223

LEGISLATORS FROM LEMHI COUNTY 224

HISTORY OF THE SALMON PUBLIC LIBRARY 226

COBALT, IDAHO - 1981 227

SHOUP, IDAHO 228

HISTORY OF THE TENDOY STORE 229

HISTORY OF LEMHI COUNTY AGRICULTURE 231

CATTLE BRANDS 235

IDAHO POWER 236

POWER LINE PATROL 238

THE SALMON RIVER BRIDGE 239

SALMON VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT 242

THE ALASKAN COLD STORAGE 243

LEMHI COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND MUSEUM 244

STOKES BROTHERS DAIRY 245

THREE CENTENARIANS 246

IDAHO 2L 1 AND 2L 2 248

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT 248

SALMON NATIONAL FOREST 249

STEELE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL 249

JOHN CHARLES HERNDON 250

HISTORY OF THE GOLDSTONE MINE 251

THE HERMITS OF MT. CARMEL 252

THE SALMON ARTS COUNCIL 254

THE SALMON RIVER PLAYHOUSE ' 255

KSRA - THE VOICE OF THE VALLEY 256

BETA SIBMA PHI SORORITY 256

MARY TURNER 257

MARY ROYER TURNER 258

THE CENTENNIAL QUILT 260

LEMHI COUNTY'S CELEBRATION OF THE STATE CENTENNIAL 261

THE STRANGE CAR SALE 263

FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS - 1940 to 1990 264

PEOPLE AND PLACES - 1940 to 1990 272

EPILOGUE 283

INDEX 285

Old advertisements and local news items seen in these three volumes were reproduced from several early Salmon newspapers.

THE PIONEERS

They Came

To An Unknown Land

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THE LEWIS dC CLARK EXPEDITION IN LEMHI COUNTY

by J. Wilmer Rigby

The first event recorded in the history of Lemhi
County and the State of Idaho occurred August 12,
1805 with the passage of four members of the Lewis
and Clark expedition over the Continental Divide at
Lemhi Pass. Captain Meriwether Lewis, George Drouil-
lard, John Shields and Hugh McNeal, in advance of the
main party, were searching for the Shoshone Indians;
Sacajawea's people. Contact with her people was es-
sential to the success of the expedition because the
Indians owned horses which had to be purchased for
the portage over the mountains to the waters of the
Columbia River Drainage. The Continental Divide
marked both the western border of the recently ac-
quired Louisiana Territory, and the United States. Lem-
hi County and the entire northwest was unclaimed land
at that time.

Descending to the head of Agency Creek, the party
drank from the waters of the Columbia, climbed a very
steep draw out of the canyon, and camped for the night
at a spring which feeds Flume Creek. Next morning
they began their search for the Shoshone. Lewis was
anxious because a lone Indian encountered earlier on
Horse Prairie would not let them approach, and Lewis
was concerned that the Indian might have alarmed his
people causing them to hide. The party soon encoun-
tered two women and a man with some dogs, but was
not allowed to come near them. This group fled to the
village, causing much concern and a band of armed
warriors set out to intercept the intruders. A little later
the explorers came upon three women; so suddenly
that the women could not flee. Lewis befriended them
with presents, and while the women were leading them
to the village, the band of about sixty warriors ap-
peared, traveling near full speed. The women informed
the warriors, led by Chief Cameahwait, that the new-
comers were friendly. Cameahwait accepted them as
friends, taking them to his village and treating them
with as much hospitality as was possible, considering
the tribe's impoverished condition. The village was lo-
cated near the mouth of Kenney Creek. Consider-
able persuasion was required before the Indians would
accompany the party, with horses, back to the "forks
of the Missouri", the present site of Clark Canyon Res-
ervoir. The Indians were suspicious of strangers, with
good reason, as they had been attacked that spring
by raiders from the Blackfeet Nation, with heavy loss
of life and property. The year before, many Shoshone
had been killed in a battle on the upper western part
of Horse Prairie. The Indians returned with Lewis to
the main expedition, which was being lead up the Beav-
erhead River in canoes by William Clark . They met at
the forks (north of and below the island in the present
Clark Canyon Reservoir) where an emotional and dra-
matic reunion occurred when Clark arrived and Sa-

cajawea was reunited with her people. Chief Cameah-
wait proved to be her brother.

The Indians were awed by Captain Clark's black slave,
York, as well as the "sagacity" of Lewis's dog. A council
was held; the pipe was smoked, greetings and wel-
comes extended and geography discussed. Plans for
trade were reviewed and gifts distributed to Cameah-
wait, his subchiefs, and principle warriors. The con-
versation then turned to the logistics of the great port-
age ahead of them.

The Shoshone said the Salmon River could not be
navigated, and the other option would be to travel north
on a mountain trail traveled by the Nez Perce. They
urged the Captains to winter with them, and to pursue
the journey to the coast in the spring. Lewis and Clark
suspected that the Indians might wish to detain them
as protection from their enemies. It was decided that
Clark would lead a detachment to ascertain the con-
ditions of the Salmon River and the terrain bordering
it. They would carry sufficient tools to construct dugout
canoes, find timber to make the canoes and appraise
the availability of game to sustain them. Lewis would
remain east of the Divide to cache all equipment not
needed, pack the remainder for travel by horse, buy
horses and build pack saddles. He would later come
with the men and baggage to meet Clark on his return
from the proposed reconnaissance.

Captain Clark left on August 18th with eleven men
and two horses loaded with boat building tools and
what baggage they could carry. Traveling with them
were Sacajawea, her husband Toussaint Charbonneau,
their six month old baby, and all but four of the Indians.
The Charbonneaus were to encourage members of the
village to return with sufficient horses to accommodate
the portage. The detachment camped on Pattee Creek
the night of the 19th, arriving the following day at the
upper Indian village. This village had been moved about
two miles south of the previous site, to a place just
above Warm Springs road, on the valley floor. There
were about thirty-two lodges, all made of brush except
one, constructed of skins. After a short council, Clark
obtained a guide, Toby, and departed at 3 o'clock, leav-
ing Pierre Cruzatte at the village to purchase a third
horse and overtake them later. They moved down the
east side of the river, crossing just below Seventeen
Mile Creek to the west side of the valley and camped
at Withington Creek.

The morning of August 21 they arrived at a small
salmon fishing village, about half way between With-
ington Creek and the forks of the Salmon and Lemhi
Rivers. The village, which was the place where Toby
lived, consisted of a few brush lodges inhabited by about
seven families. The villagers were very friendly and gave
them as much boiled salmon as they could eat plus

dried salmon to use later. Clark described and sketched,
in great detail, the fish weirs near there, before pro-
ceeding to cross the Lemhi River and Kirtley Creek, to
continue through the foothills northeast of Salmon. This
route, leaving the valley bottoms, avoided crossing the
Salmon River. Entering the Carmen Creek drainage near
the present Grange building, one of the men shot a
large salmon; consequently they named this stream
Salmon Creek. The Indian road from there carried them
directly to the Tower Creek bluffs by an island. They
were able to pass around the end of the mountain spur
and encamped under the first bluff. This was Clark's
first encounter with the main Salmon River, which he
named Lewis's River, "... in justice to Capt Lewis who
was the first white man ever on this fork of the Colum-
bia .. . ". The Lemhi was named the East Fork of Lew-
is's River, and the present Salmon River, the West Fork
of Lewis's River. When the expedition arrived at the
area near Lewiston, Idaho, the present Snake River
was called Lewis's River because they recognized it as
part of this drainage. Years later the Snake became
known as the South Fork of Lewis's River, and the
Salmon the North Fork of Lewis's River.

Clark's journal of August 22:

We set out early passed a small creek (Tower Creek)
on the right at one mile and the points of four mountains
verry steap high & rockey, the assent of three was so
steap that it is incredable to describe the rocks in ma-
ney places loose & sliped from those mountains and is
a (solid) bed of rugid loose white and dark brown loose
rock for miles. The Indian horses pass over those Clifts
hills sids & rocks as fast as a man, the three horses
with me do not detain me any on account of those
difficuelties, passed two bold runs. Streams on the right
and a Small river . . .

Captain Clark here describes Fourth of July Creek, Wa-
gonhammer Creek, and the Northfork of the Salmon
River respectively.

Arriving at the mouth of the North Fork, which Clark
named Fish Creek, they surprised a small fishing vil-
lage, terrifying them. Clark and two hunters, traveling
in advance of the others, did not have their guide, To-
by, to reassure these people.

They offered everything they possessed (which was ver-
ry little) to us, some run off and hid in the bushes The
first offer of theirs were Elks tuskes from around their
Childrens necks, sammon &c. my guide attempted pas-
sifyed thos people and they set before me berres, &
fish to eate, I gave a fiew Small articles to those fritened
people which added verry much to their pasification but
not entirely as some of the women & Childn. Cried dure-
ing my Stay of an hour at this place, . . .

One man accompanied the party on down the river,
and they camped that evening on a small island in
Deadwater because there was no other level place
nearby. Sometime during the day's travel, Clark dis-
covered and described the Clark's Nutcracker, Nuci-
fraga Columbiana, thus

... a bird of the wood pecker kind which fed on Pine
burs its bill and tale white the wings black every other
part of a light brown, and about the Size of a robin.

August 23rd was the day of truth as the hostility of

the terrain became apparent to them. Sergeant Patrick
Gass's journal states, "We preoceeded down the river
through dreadful narrow, where the rocks were in some
places breast high, and no path or trail of any kind."
Clark writes,

We set out early proceed on with great dificuelty as
the rocks were so Sharp large and unsettled and the
hill sides Steep that the horses could with the greatest
risque and dificulty get on, no provisions as the 5 Sam-
mons given us yesterday by the Indians were eaten last
night . . .

It was necessary to go into the river in order to pass
around some cliffs half way between Dump Creek and
Moose Creek. The water was described as very rapid
and deep for a short distance forcing the horses to
swim. The many sharp rocks so impaired the horses'
feet that the animals were left, with eight men, on a
flat across from the mouth of Moose Creek. The men
were left with instructions to hunt and fish, while Clark,
Toby and three men continued down the canyon to
Indian Creek, which Clark named Berry Creek. Having
had nothing to eat that day, they spent two hours
catching some small fish, picking berries, and writing
in his journal. Three things were observed here that
caused Clark to continue with his exploration. First,
there was a well beaten trail on Indian Creek and Squaw
Creek with evidence of recent travel and camping, so
the Captain knew the expedition could reach this point
with horses. Secondly, an abundance of timber was
being seen for the first time on the north side of the
river. Thirdly, in communicating with Toby, which could
only be done in sign language, he learned of a sizable
flat a few miles below on the river. He could very well
have thought that the terraine was changing for the
better.

Continuing on the trail up Squaw Creek to escape
the terrible mountainside bordering the river, they
traveled to where Papoose Creek intersects and Squaw
Creek begins to bend northward away from the river.
Here they passed over a low saddle on the ridge to the
left, and on to the river, passing through a well tim-
bered bottom (the River of No Return Ranch). Lewis
writes;

They passed this bottom and asscended a steep and
elivated point of a mountain, from whence the guide
shewed him the brake of the river through the moun-
tains for about twenty miles further.

The mountain spur they climbed is the one through
which Transfer Gulch passes, and is located a short
distance above Spring Creek.

Speaking in sign language, Toby informed them that
the country below is much more difficult than that
through which they had just passed. He went on to say
that if Captain Clark wished, he would take him to that
place where the mountains open and the river passes
through, where the mountains are not like those al-
ready seen, but straight up and down like the sides of
a tree, and the water of the river rushes viciously from
one side to the other. This is descriptive of Pine Creek
Rapids. It would require one day to get there and an-

other to return. Clark could see, in the distance, Dome
Mountain, a part of the Crags, covered with snow and
one of the loftiest he had ever seen. He was now sat-
isfied that this route, whether by land or water, was
impractical. Clark told Toby that they would now return
to the village from whence they had set out, where he
expected to meet Captain Lewis and the rest of the
party, meaning the upper village near Warm Springs.
They camped that night near the mouth of Papoose
Creek arriving an hour after dark. There was no moon
and no supper to give them comfort. Clark's group
left early next day, stopping at the mouth of Squaw
Creek to carve Clark's initials on a pine tree, pick some
berries and catch a few fish for breakfast. Continuing
back to the flat where he had left the other men and
horses, he arrived a 4 p.m. He he wrote a letter to
Captain Lewis recommending that the party not travel
the river, but take a road up Fish Creek out of the valley
northward to the Lolo Trail, which they should travel
through the mountains westward. He dispatched John
Colter (the man who later discovered Yellowstone Park
and the Teton Valley) on horseback with the letter to
Lewis. Colter was waiting for Lewis when he arrived at
the upper Indian village on August 26. Lewis was very
uneasy, as the natives were becoming reluctant to sell
horses, claiming horses were needed for the buffalo
hunt. The Indians were eager to leave in order to as-
semble with other bands for protection as they trav-
eled into the dangerous country of the Blackfeet, in
pursuit of their game. The season was late, and it was
with difficulty that Lewis was able to persuade the Sho-
shone not to abondon the explorers and move to the
hunting grounds. As fewer Indians were willing to sell
their horses, the price began to rise, and bartering and
negotiations became stiffer. Lewis wrote:

. . . matter being thus far arranged I directed the fiddle
to be played and the party danced very merily much
to the amusement and gratification of the natives,
though I must confess that the state of my own mind
at thei moment did not well accord with the prevailing
mirth as I somewhat feared that the caprice of the In-
dians might suddenly induce them to withhold their
horses from us without which my hopes of prosicuting
my voyage to advantage was lost . .
This was the last time he wrote in his journal that
year on a regular basis.

At Clark's camp on the river, shortly alter Colter's
departure on the night of the 24th, he and his men
followed, experiencing much difficulty rounding the cliffs
above camp. They had to swim the horses upstream,
soaking their bedding. They camped, wrapping them-
selves in damp blankets and went to bed supperless.
On the evening of August 25th Clark's reconnsiss-
ance party camped below the Tower Creek bluff. Next
day they returned by way of the forks of the Salmon
and Lemhi River: probably to inspect the big fishing
operation and possibly hoping to purchase some fish
from the natives there. Arriving at the lower village
near the weirs, they encamped there. The men, hungry
and discouraged, complained continually. Clark kept

them busy hunting but without success, except for one
Salmon shot. The men complained that they would
surely perish in this great mountain desert. The Indians
gave them salmon eggs which they dried, pounded,
and made into a soup. A native from the upper village
arrived early on the 27th with news that Lewis would
be there about noon.

Clark waited, but when Lewis failed to arrive he dis-
patched Gass the next day on horseback. Gass re-
turned that evening with news that Clark was needed
to help purchase horses. Clark left the next day, August
29, leaving Gass and one other man behind to watch
the baggage and build pack saddles.

When he was delayed Clark went to join him. With
the two captains now traveling together, the expedi-
tion, consisting of thirty horses and thirty-four people,
departed the upper village at 2 p.m. on August 30, and
the Indians left immediately afterwards. The party
camped that night about a mile above the weirs, to
take advantage of better grazing for the horses. The
following day they began their exodus from the valley
following the same trail Clark had pursued down the
river as far as Tower Creek. Here they traveled up
Tower Creek eastward, taking the north fork. They not-
ed the peculiar rock formation to the left at the turn
of the trail and so named the run Tower Creek. About
two miles above where the trail leaves the creek for
the high country, on August 31st, they spent the night
in some abandoned brush lodges. The open areas of
the valley were reported to be on fire that day for the
purpose of attracting surrounding bands to assemble
for the fall buffalo hunt. Snow could be seen on the
peaks of the Beaverheads.

They left early, September 1st, climbing to the head
of Kriley Gulch, where they drank from a spring and
continued on to Fourth of July Creek. Crossing that
stream and the next. Little Fourth of July Creek, and
then Wagonhammer Creek, they pressed on, probably
up Thompson Gulch, across the head of Burns Gulch,
through the upper areas of Big Silverlead and Little
Silverlead Creeks and down, in the vicinity of Trail Gulch
to Fish Creek (Northfork). Moving north to about Hull
Creek, they made camp during a rain storm, and two
men were sent back to the mouth of Fish Creek to buy
fish from the Indians there.

Next morning they proceeded to the forks of the
Northfork River and Dahlonega Creek. Here the main
Indian road went east up the Dahlonega drainage.
Wishing to travel westward, they chose the left fork of
these merging streams. This was a fateful decision.
With no trail to follow, they soon found themselves
thrashing through the thick brush bordering the stream
in the narrow canyon. At other times they clambered
over steep, talus slopes, into thick timber and over and
around dead fall. Often the horses tumbled backwards,
severely injuring themselves and damaging their cargo.
Much controversy exists at this writing as to the exact
route followed over the higher terraine. Hence the

name, Lost Trail Pass. The exact locations of the camps
those nights is still open to conjecture and may never
be known. On September 3, they camped near the
summit in two inches of snow and a rain which dete-
riorated into sleet. Toby was lost! The next morning
they reported an inch of ice on the water containers.
Their guide managed to locate the desired drainage
that took them down to Ross's Hole, where they
camped for two days with the Flathead Indians. They
purchased and traded with these people for horses,

upgrading their badly stressed herd.

In conclusion, Sacajawea opted to remain with the
expedition, traveling with them to the Pacific. Upon
their return in 1806, the captains separated at Lolo,
Montana. Lewis traveled north ot explore the Marias
River country and Clark went south to retrieve the
caches and the canoes before returning by way of the
Yellowstone River. He did not pass through the Salmon
River Valley on his return, but went through the Big
Hole Valley.

SACAJAWEA

by Richard M. Young

The most prominent individual to ever come from
Lemhi County was a Lemhi Shoshoni Indian woman
named Sacajawea (Sacagawea). Her fame and recog-
nition for legendary accomplishments far exceeded
those of her actual role. Without this Shoshone squaw,
however, Lewis and Clark may never have accom-
plished the difficult task of getting to the Pacific Ocean
and back. Very little is actually known of her real life,
but a powerful mythology has grown concerning her
accomplishments.

She was a Lemhi Shoshoni Indian born around 1788
between Kenney Creek and Agency Creek near Ten-
doy, Idaho. During the fall of 1800, while the Lemhi
Indian tribe was wintering near the three forks of the
Missouri River, in what is now Montana, they were at-
tacked by a band of Minnetaree Indian raiders from
the Hidatsa village. Several Shoshoni prisoners were
taken, including Sacajawea. Between 1800 and 1804,
she and one other Shoshoni captive were purchased
by Toussaint Charbonneau. He was a French Canadian
fur trader, living among the Hidatsa and Mandan In-
dians. Charbonneau was well established on the upper
Missouri at the time Lewis and Clark arrived there on
October 26, 1804.

In November 1804 Charbonneau and one of his two
squaws were engaged by Lewis & Clark to accompany
them and act as interpreter among the Indians. Sa-
cajawea and Charbonneau represented vital links in an
involved chain of interpretive measures that would be
required to communicate with Indians on the westward
journey. The interpretive process was complicated be-
cause of the limited language knowledge of the parties
involved. The frenchman Charbonneau was conversant
in French and Hidatsa, but spoke no English. Sacajawea
spoke both Hidatsa and Shoshoni, but neither French
nor English. This was resolved through a third person.
Private Francois Labiche, a member of the expedition,
of French and Omaha Indian extraction, who spoke
French and some English. The process went as follows:
"I spoke ... to Labiche in English — he translated it
to Charboneau in French — he to his wife in Minne-
taree — she in Shoshoni to the Indians." Sacajawea

gave birth to a son on February 11, 1805 and Char-
bonneau named him Jean Baptiste, but Sacajawea
called him Pomp or Pompy. The infant member of their
expedition was a delight to his exploring companions
and held an affectionate place in all their hearts.

Sacajawea became very ill at the Great Falls of the
Missouri and wasn't expected to live. There was great
concern among the men as to the fate of the baby.
The Captains also were very concerned because she
was their vital link to the Shoshoni Indians. Captain
Clark bled her three different times and Captain Lewis
spent much time treating her with salves and oint-
ments. It wasn't until they gave her mineral water from
a spring close by, that she began to get better. The
spring today bears the name "Sacagawea Spring".

From the Nicolas Biddle Journal published in 1914
we read the historical melodrama of the reunion of
Sacajawea and her brother, Cameahwait, when the
Lewis and Clark Expedition met his band of Shoshonis
in the mountains of Montana. Sacajawea was called
upon to be an interpreter at a meeting of the captains
and the Chief:

She came into the tent, sat down, and was beginning
to interpret, when, in the person of Cameahwait, she
recognized her brother. She immediately jumped up
and ran and embraced him, throwing over him her blan-
ket, and weeping profusely. The Chief was himself
moved, though not in the same degree. After some con-
verstion between them she resumed her seat and at-
tempted to interpret for us; but her new situation seemed
to overpower her, and she was frequently interrupted
by her tears.

Sacajawea spent several days with her Shoshone
people while the expedition did portage their supplies
over the Lemhi Pass into the Lemhi Valley.

The decision to take Sacajawea and her infant son
on the mission into the unexplored Pacific Northwest
proved to be a masterstroke of diplomacy. Indian
groups encountered throughout journey, befriended the
strange assembly of explorers when they sighted Sa-
cajawea and her papoose, as no woman ever accom-
panied a war party of Indians. She aided the expedition
in many other ways also. Her knowledge of edible ber-
ries, roots and plants, which she collected for food and

medicinal use, contributed importantly to the diet and
health of the men.

None of the members of the Lewis and Clark Ex-
pedition left us a physical description of Sacajawea,
however, we can construct a profile of Sacagawea's
behavioral and character traits by piecing together
comments about her during the expedition. She
emerges as a faithful, capable, patient and pleasant
woman. In his journal in August 1806 Clark noted that
she had been particularly useful among the Shoshones.
He said that she had born the hardships of the long
journey with admirable patience even though encum-
bered by an infant. Captain William Clark had a com-
pelling fondness for Sacajawea's son, Jean Baptiste
Charbonneau, that would endure until Clark's death in
1838. After paying Touisant Charbonneau for his serv-
ices at the end of the expedition, Clark offered to take
the child, whom he described as ..." a butifull, prom-
ising child who is 19 months old" . . . , to raise in a
proper manner. It was agreed that after a year the boy
would be old enough to leave his mother, and Char-
bonneau would take him to Clark.

Although Sacajawea had little knowledge of the
country covered by the westward expedition, she was
able to identify some significant landmarks from her
childhood. The most important guiding service cred-
ited to her by the captains was performed during the
return trip when she recommended to Captain Clark
certain mountain passes in today's Big Hole Divide and
the Bridger Range.

There is controversy regarding Sacajawea and the
place of her death. John E. Rees claims that she lived
in Wind River, Wyoming, under the name of "Porivo"

until her death in 1884. Statements by William Clark
and trader John C. Luttig make it plain that Sacajawea
died on December 23, 1812 at Fort Manuel in present
day South Dakota. Most scholars now accept Clark's
note on the cover of his Cash Book, that Sacajawea
was dead by the 1825-28 period, and Luttig's note in
his journal "... this evening the wife of Charbonneau,
a Snake Squaw, died of a putrid fever she was a good
and the best woman in the fort, aged abt 25 year. She
left a fine infant girl". This should be substantial evi-
dence of Sacajawea's early death.

In the spring of 1813 there was a massacre of the
white men at Fort Manuel. A few escaped by boat and
brought the infant girl to St. Louis to Captain Clark.
William Clark thought that Charbonneau was killed at
that time and he knew that Sacajawea was dead, so
in the fall he legally adopted Baptiste and the infant
girl, Lisette. Lisette must have died a short time later
because there is no more written concerning her.

In 1816 Charbonneau did show up again in St. Louis.
From that time until he died in 1843, he was a prom-
inant guide and interpereter for many who traveled
west.

On February 8, 1978, the Federal Government en-
tered the Fort Manuel site into the National Register
of Historic Places, in formal recognition of Sacajawea's
death there.

References:

A Charbonneau Family Portrait by Erving W. Anderson
Lewis and Clark Among the Indians by James P. Ronda
The Journals of the Expedition by Nicholas Biddle
The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition University of Ne-
braska Press Articles from the We Proceeded On publication.

TRAPPERS AND FUR TRADERS

by Bob Loucks

After Lewis and Clark, fur traders were the next white
men to reach Lemhi County. The Snake River Brigade
of the Hudson's Bay Company traveled the upper Lem-
hi enroute to Bear River and Green River in the late
teens and early 1820's. Finnan MacDonald had a no-
table battle with the Blackfeet Indians on the Lemhi
River (near Seventeen Mile) in 1823. In 1824, the bri-
gade was led by Alexander Ross. His party was the first
to trap in much of Lemhi County. After entering over
Lemhi Pass he went down the Lemhi to the Salmon
River on down to the Panther Creek Country and back
to the Pahsimeroi Valley. Jedediah Smith came to
Lemhi County while supplying part of Ross's party who
lost their horses and equipment in a fight with Indians.
Thomas McKay wintered snowbound with a group of
British trappers in the Pahsimeroi Valley in 1827- 28.
In following years, the Lemhi Valley, near present day
Salmon City, became a popular winter retreat for

American trappers. In 1832, Captain Bonneville built a
fort and wintered on Big Flat with a party of trappers.

French Canadian trapper, Joseph Cote trapped in
the Birch Creek Valley in 1818. Early trappers called
the Birch Creek Valley, Cote's Defile, in his honor. Oth-
er notable trappers and explorers were Donald
MacKenzie and Michel Bourdon.

Following the fur traders, were the missionaries. The
Reverend Samuel Parker was the first missionary in
the county. In 1835 he accompanied a group of Nez
Perce Indians from Pierre's Hole into Montana, then
back into and down the Lemhi Valley, down the Salmon
River, up Indian Creek and on to the Nez Perce coun-
try. That trail was known as the South Nez Perce Trail
and has since been called the Parker Trail. The next
significant event in Lemhi County history was Fort
Lemhi.

FORT LEMHI

Fort Lemhi was founded in 1855 by twenty-seven
Mormon missionaries, as a mission to the Bannock and
Shoshone Indians of the Oregon Territory. The name
has been corrupted from the name of King Limhi in
The Book of Mormon. Elder Thomas S. Smith was in
charge of the expedition and other members were:
Ezra J. Barnard, Isaac Shepherd, Baldwin H. Watts,
George R. Grant, Charles Dalton, Israel J. Clark, William
H. Batchelor, Ira Ames, William L. Bundridge, Thomas
Butterfield, William Burgess, Abraham Zundell, Everett
Lish, Francillo Durfee, David Moore, Benjamin F. Cum-
miings, George W. Hill, Gilbert Belnap, Joseph Parry,
Nathaniel Leavitt, P. G. Taylor, Charles McGary, John
Gallagher, John W. Browning, William Burch, and David
Stevens.

The missionaries were prohibited from trading arms
and ammunition with the Indians, but were encouraged
to live with, feed, and clothe them and to learn their
language. They were advised to seek Indian wives, how-
ever only three eventually did so.

On June 18, 1855 the party moved to a site selected
for a fort and began preparations for farming a tract
of about eight acres that was later planted in corn,
turnips, peas, beans, and potatoes. Twenty-five cabins
were built and the fort. First a timber stockade, sixteen
rods square, around the cabins and then a stock en-
closure of the same size, surrounded by a Spanish wall.
The Spanish wall was made by erecting a framework
of planks into which was poured the native clay, mixed
with water. When dry it formed a kind of cement that
was very durable. A blacksmith shop and a sawmill were
soon built.

In 1857 sixty additional settlers were sent to join
those at Fort Lemhi. At this time individual plots were
surveyed and a second settlement was established two
miles from the Fort. This change led to problems with
the Bannock Indians.

Shoo-woo-koo, The Big Rogue, the Bannock Chief,
had welcomed the mission. He gave the missionaries
land for farming and fishing and hunting privileges. They
were not, however, to catch fish, kill game, or cut tim-
ber, if it was to be taken from the valley. Some of the
settlers engaged in gold mining in the fall of 1855, and
in 1857 eight wagon loads of dried salmon were ex-
ported to Salt Lake City.

Tensions between the Indians and missionaries in-
creased. As a result of a war between the Nez Perce
Indians on one side, and the Bannock and Shoshone
Indians on the other, in which the missionaries tried
to serve as peacemakers, tensions between the Indians
and the missionaries came to a head.

On February 25, 1858 Bannock and Shoshone In-
dians raided Ft. Lemhi, driving off their livestock, and
the missionaries were forced to abandoned the fort
and return to Utah. Portions of the Spanish wall survive
today, a reminder of the drama that took place there
so long ago.

Records show that a short time after the abandon-
ment of Fort Lemhi, a man named Charles Catey oc-
cupied the land there and raised a garden. Since that
time the farms the missionaries cultivated and the ca-
nal they dug in 1855 have been in continuous use.

The Salmon River Mission by Kate B. Carter 1963

Old Fort Lemhi as it appeared in 1900. The "Spanish wall" can be seen and to the left of the wall is the home of Frank B. Sharkey who
lived and ranched there after his marriage to Rebecca Catey in 1871. The house has recently been restored by the present owner of the
property, now the Muleshoe Ranch.

Idaho Historical Society photo.

LEESBURG - THE STRIKE!

by Fay Coiner

Eleven miles west of Salmon, over a steep, forested
ridge of mountains, lies the remains of Leesburg; once
a bustling gold camp, and the foundation of Salmon
and Lemhi County. The formidable Bitterroot Moun-
tains proved an effective deterrent until 1866, when
five determined miners braved the hardships, and the
cry of, "Gold" echoed through these mountains.

Frank B. Sharkey, Elijah (Lige) Mulkey, William (Bill)
Smith, Joe Rapp and Ward Girton left Elk City, Mon-
tana, outfitted with provisions on pack horses. They
started toward the Lemhi River, through the Big Hole
in Montana, then turned north on the crest of the Di-
vide. Shoveling snow, they made a trail for their horses,
descending to the mouth of the North Fork of the Salm-
on River.

The party prospected their way up the Salmon River,
arriving on the east side, near the present site of Salm-
on, in July 1866. They camped and prospected while

waiting for the flood waters to subside for crossing.
Two men, Tripp and McGarvey, came to their camp;
Tripp had a few boards for a sluice box. Sharkey bought
the boards for a $20 gold piece and constructed a boat.
Once the high water receded, none of his cohorts would
venture across first in the boat. Sharkey volunteered,
afterward taking men and supplies over while swim-
ming the horses behind. They hid their boat in the
willows and worked their way up the west side of the
Salmon River to Lake Creek, up Lake Creek to Williams
Lake, over the ridge, down onto Phelan Creek to its
confluence with Napias Creek and up Napias Creek,
prospecting all the way.

Pitching camp in the basin, they sank several holes
to bedrock, a hard non-porous clay layer. The first hole
at the mouth of Ward's Gulch yielded $1.25 in gold to
a pan of dirt. Gold prices varied from $18 to $19.70
an ounce. Several more holes were dug, each produc-

'if^^v '■

***^V - r_

^W.HIi»,"-«

LEESBURG IN 1890. At right is the Phillips-McNutt Store, later the site of the granite marker that immortalized the five discoverers of the
Leesburg site.

Photo Courtesy of Marjorie Sims

ing gold and each man located two claims and found
water for sluicing. Then they discreetly left; but not
discreetly enough.

Word of the strike was out and people flocked to
these new diggings. Some used the discoverers' trail,
others made new trails, to arrive before all the "good
ground" was taken and before winter set in with deep
snow on the mountains, making travel impractical.
Towns erupted: Leesburg, named by supporters of
General Robert E. Lee; Grantsville named after General
Grant, Summit City and Smithsville.

Smithsville, founded by Mr. Morgan, Charles Cham-
berlain and Gerome Pratt, was located two miles up
Napias Creek at the mouth of Smith's Gulch. Five hun-
dred people inhabited this town. French LaFevere, a
merchant from California, opened a general store, sup-
plying the dairy products from his own herd of dairy
cows. A blacksmith and a restaurant operated in this
village.

James Glendenning plotted and surveyed Summit
City. He established the township with rules, offices
and books for full administration. When Fred Phillips
built another general store, Mr. Glendenning became
clerk. Summit City, six miles east of Leesburg, had a
population of four hundred. Grantsville, adjacent to
Leesburg, was started in 1866 by the party of J. A.
Cook. After two months of construction, forty buildings
were completed, including five stores, one blacksmith
shop, three butcher shops and one feed stable. By May
1867, Grantsville and Leesburg ran consecutively. Only
the locals knew the boundaries. Animosities subsided
and Leesburg emerged the dominant town.

Fred Phillips and David McNutt opened the first store,
a general store, in the fall of 1866. The initial supplies
came from a store in Helena, Montana. Later J. W.
Wheeler, a freighter who owned several horse teams
and ox teams, hauled merchandise from Utah.

During the first two years prices for staples varied.
Sugar was .60 to .80 a pound, salt was .50 to $1 a
pound, flour was $15 to $30 per hundred pounds, ba-
con was .75 to .85 a pound, green coffee was .75 to
$1 a pound, potatoes were .10 to .40 a pound. Shovels,
$7 each, picks, $12 each, nails in size 4, 5, and 6 re-
tailed at .75 per pound.

Buildings and businesses exploded that first winter.
Jake Finster opened a livery and feed barn, charging
.05 a pound for native hay. Jerry Slack opened a black-
smith shop and Mulkey a saloon. H. E. Moss operated
the first hotel, serving one hundred people at a meal,
charging $1 per person. Herman Kurry opened a bak-
ery. A corner lot with a rough log house on it sold for
$3000 in gold. A log house with firewood rented for up
to $5 a day. Wages were $5 to $8 a day.

Moore's Express, later known as Oliver's Express,
carried mail and express between Bannock, Montana
and Leesburg. In 1869 Leesburg opened its first Post
Office with Edward Shunk serving as Postmaster until
1900. The Post Office was then discontinued for a year,
beginning again in 1901 with Mrs. Alice Mahoney as
Postmaster. She remained until the Post Office closed.

Freight came from Boise Basin, Utah and Montana
by teams of horses and oxen, to the Salmon River,
where wagons were traded for mules and/or pack
horses for traveling to the "Interior". The future site

Leesburg street scene 1871.

A pack train on the old Leesburg Trail. At the top right the new town of Salmon City can be seen in the distance.

The Leesburg Stage at the top of Leesburg summit.

of Salmon became a terminus for travelers and freight-
ers before departing for Leesburg. Astute businessmen
saw great opportunities and Salmon City was born.

In 1869, this little colony separated from Idaho
County and Lemhi County was formed, with Salmon
City as the county seat.

In December 1869, John L. Morgan and others or-
ganized Rocky Mountain Lodge #5, lOOF at Leesburg.
They later moved the lodge to Salmon, taking the
stands, podium and chairs that are still in use today.

Medical help was scarce in the mining camp. In 1867
the nearest doctor, Dr. Leavit, practiced in Bannock,
Montana. Dr. Kenney became territorial doctor in 1874,
serving the whole area for over thirty years. He owned
a ranch at Seventeen Mile, on the Lemhi River.

Law and order in Leesburg, as in any early mining
camp, was based on the strength of its leaders. With
strong leadership, Leesburg remained a quiet camp.
Because of its isolation, desperados from Montana tried
to find refuge in and run Leesburg. A vigilante com-
mittee convinced them otherwise and they left. Under
mining rules, disputes were settled by the Miners Com-
mittee; a group of impartial miners. A large group of
claim jumpers, about a hundred of them, tried to take
over the Committee and change the laws. One of the
miners recognized one of the newcomers as one who
had tried to jump his claim. He pointed him out and
the committee quickly sent the bunch on their way.

Entertainment came in many guises. Dai.ces were
popular, although in the winter of 1867-68 only four
ladies were available in camp. A ticket cost a half ounce
of gold dust. The camp had contests in ski jumping.
When deep snows covered the roofs of some of the
cabins, contestants would leap from the roofs to see
who could make the longest jump. A nearby racetrack
offered diversion for the racing spirits.

The Chinese lived in the basin in the 1890's. Most
of them lived on mining claims, cleaning up after the
white miners had deserted the diggings. They wor-
shipped in a "Joss House" in Leesburg. The Chinese
were not looked upon with much favor.

By the early 1900's all that remained in Leesburg
was a Post Office and a boarding house, both managed
by Mrs. Alice Mahoney; and a combination stage sta-
tion, saloon, livery and feed barn, run by Barton and
Kesl. A statement dated April 1904 recorded these
charges: saddle horse and drinks $3.25, one gallon
whiskey and drinks $5.15, freight from Salmon $28.80,
and two pints of whiskey $1.25. Groceries and supplies
came from Salmon. Wages paid were $3.50 a day, sub-
tracting $1 a day for board and $1.60 a month for mail
service.

On July 17, 1926 a group traveled to Leesburg to
celebrate the 60th anniversary of the strike. Jasper
Lyn, stage contractor for the Leesburg-Salmon Line,
carried the visitors from Salmon in a Concord Coach.

1887 - Wah Sing says that there are one hundred and fifty Chinamen
at work in Leesburg and Moose Creek and that he has six thousand
dollars stock of goods in his store.

The Leesburg Postoffice ■ Alice Mahoney ■ cemer.

The Leesburg Postoffice • Mrs. Mahoney, postmas-
ter, and Clara Leacock at the gate.

Mrs. Alice Mahoney and her daughter, Mrs. Glennon
served dinner to the group. In the afternoon the group
dedicated a granite monument with bronze tablet, hon-
oring the five discoverers. It stood on the north side
of main street, east of the Leesburg Hotel. This mon-
ument disappeared and was later replaced with a

Dedication of the original monument ■ 1926. Curtis Roberts, Simon
P. Weese, Jim Ketchum, Tom Hungate, Mrs. Mahoney & daughter
Delia, Bob Edwards, Fred & Virginia Randolph, F. S. Wright, Jr.,
Frank Havemann, Jasper Lyon, Mr. Randolph & son, E. Briney, Al
Scovel (stage driver), 0. E. Kirkpatrick.

wooden plaque by the Forest Service in the I960's,
which has also disappeared.

The "easy" gold gone, early pioneers left Leesburg
as quickly as they came. Many of the die hard gold
miners followed the next strike and continued to search
for the "Mother Lode". Other, the majority, remained
in the Salmon area, establishing Salmon City and Lem-
hi County as an agricultural community.

Today, a few broken buildings, rusted tools, vague
memories handed down, notes and journals are all that
remain as a symbol of the spirit of those early pioneers
who broke the barrier for gold in the mountains, and
stayed for the fertile land in the valleys.

Frank B. Sharkey Reminiscences, Salmon Public Library. Leesburg
Pioneers, Orion E. Kirkpatrick. Montana Post May 1867, Idaho His-
torical Society. History of Lemtii County Col. George L. Shoup. Early
Medicine in Idaho, Sam Allison. Dr. Kenny by J. A. Herndon, Salmon
Public Library. Daniel Hanley's letters, found on Coiner Ranch on
Phelan Creek. Salmon Herald July 19, 1926 and July 17, 1936, Salm-
on Public Library. Idaho Hydraulic Miner, various articles on the Chi-
nese, microfilm at Salmon Public Library.

Editor's note: In 1991 the site of Leesburg, is still creating mining
news as Meridian Gold and FMC consider mining the area. Perhaps
another "boom" will be heard from this famous mining town.

•- «»«i

In 1973 Leesburg lies in a state of decay with only the ghosts of its hectic past in residence.

FRANK BARNETT SHARKEY
Father of Lemhi County

by Fred Snook

Frank was one of the original discoverers of placer
gold at Leesburg, which was the opening sentence in
the story of the settlement of Lemhi County. The group
of five became history makers in the West.

Frank Barnett (Burnett) Sharkey was born in Maine
in 1838. When he was age fourteen he became a sailor
for three years. His gold mining career started in 1855
in California. During the start of the Civil War he served
in the military for a short time. He went from California
to Oregon, and from Oregon on to Montana.

His group, Sharkey, Mulkey, Girton, Rapp and Smith,
outfitted at Bear Gulch (or Cottonwood) near Deer
Lodge, Montana in June 1866. They had washed for
gold in Montana during 1864 and 1865. The group came
through the Big Hole to North Fork, prospecting all the
way. At Waggonhammer Creek they found the remains
of wagons where hostile Indians had burned an emi-
grant wagon train in 1862.

When the group reached the mouth of the Lemhi
River they met another group of men, McGarvey, Tripp,
Vandreff and Welch, who had come to fish for salmon.
The river was high and Tripp gave the prospectors five
twelve foot boards. Sharkey built a boat which they
used to cross the river. Tripp claimed that they had
damaged his boards and charged them $25, which they
paid.

The group continued on and reached the then un-
named creeks in the Leesburg vicinity. They tried Ar-
nett's Creek, Camp Creek, Rapps Creek and Napias
Creek. Their first good prospect on Napias Creek was
above the mouth of Ward's Gulch where they hit $2
of gold to the pan. They kept working, making about
$400 a day. Ward's Gulch gave them $1 a pan. The
group went up the creek above the falls and located
the richest claims. The discovery was made on July
18, 1866. They prospected in Smith's Gulch, getting
six bits to a dollar a pan, and then Mulkey and Smith
found Bear Track Gulch, which gave them as high as
$5 a pan!

In the midst of these rich discoveries, Mulkey be-
came sick with mountain fever. His illness caused the
group alarm and they returned to the Salmon River. It
was lucky for them that they did, for they later learned
that the Sheepeater Indians were on their trail, and
they said that they could have been massacred.

At the river they got medicine from Vandreff; Shar-
key swimming the river to get it. Smith and Girton were
sent back to Montana to notify friends of their success
while the other three waited at the river for their re-
turn. The stampede started about August 10, 1866.
During that fall there were thirty-seven claims opened
up at Leesburg and it is said that the claims averaged
better than $30 a day per man.

Frank B. Sharkey

When the stampede started, Sharkey returned to the
river and bought Tripp's boat for $25, telling Tripp he
intended to go down river to prospect. However, he
started in the ferry business and on his first day he
rowed until 10 o'clock at night. He charged $2.50 a
head and took in $525 that day! He made $1800 that
week, but when the business fell off to $80 a day he
gave away the boat and returned to the diggings.

At Leesburg he met and married Rebecca Ann Catey
on September 14, 1871. After mining very successfully
for several years at Leesburg, Sharkey owned an op-
erated a ranch near old Fort Lemhi for some time,
today a part of the Muleshoe Ranch. On the ranch six
children were born: Margaret, Frank, William, Mary,
Charles and Edward. Frank's wife Rebecca passed away
on December 3, 1881. He was married to Anna Belle
Pyeatt the following year and to this union were born
four daughters: Claire, Adele, Helen and Olive.

He also served as Postmaster. In his last years he
sold the ranch and bought a home in San Diego, Cal-
ifornia. However, he still spent much of his time in

Lemhi County with his many children and grandchil-
dren.

Frank Sharkey died in January, 1919 at his daughter,
Margaret Kirkham's home near Tendoy. He was ninety-
two years old and the last of the original five Leesburg
prospectors to die. The headlines of the Salmon news-
paper cried, "First Pioneer Crosses the Last Divide".

His pallbearers were from Salmon's Who's Who: Seth
A. Ball, J. H. Wright. W. B. Pyeatt, James L. Kirtley,
Frank H. Havemann, A. C. Ludwig, Eli Minert, E. S. Ed-
wards, Thomas Pope, George Bryon, Richard Johnson,
and N. I. Andrews.

Leesburg historian, 0. E. Kirkpatrick, in his book
Leesburg Pioneers described Sharkey as follows: "Mr.
Sharkey was a modest, unassuming, generous-hearted
man. During the year 1888 he was elected County
Commissioner and performed his duties in an honest,
conscientious manner. Frank Sharkey opened the way
for others to follow and by his discovery of the deposits
of placer gold at Leesburg, blazed the trail for civili-
zation which brought into existence Leesburg, Salmon
City, and Lemhi County."

Editor's note: There are still direct descendents of F. B. Sharkey
residing in Lemhi County, but unfortunately, none with the proud
name of Sharkey. Frank's half Indian son Barney Sharkey, was raised
by him and is buried in the Salmon Cemetery.

ELIJAH MULKEY

by O. E. Kirkpatrick

Elijah Mulkey, one of the five intrepid frontiersmen
who made the discovery of gold at Leesburg, was born
in LaFayette country, Missouri, December 24, 1828.
During his boyhood days. Senator Thos. H. Benton of
Missouri was a strong advocate of our citizens colo-
nizing and settling on lands along the Missouri River
upstream to Fort Benton, Montana. This resulted in a
very great many, ambitious, adventurous men emi-
grating to Montana Territory and the northwestern ter-
ritories. When gold was discovered, it caused still great-
er numbers to settle in Montana Territory. Mulkey was
one of those Argonauts of the eighteenth century.

Mulkey joined the group of five that agreed to go on
an exploring expedition to discover placer gold. They
left a trading post called Cottonwood, now Deer Lodge
City, after purchasing a complete outfit and provisions
from Bense & Stewart. From Cottonwood they passed
over French gulch into the Big Hole basin and on to
the North Fork.

After the gold discovery, Mulkey mined around Lees-
burg for several years. The records state that on Oc-
tober 1, 1873, at Leesburg, Elijah Mulkey and Alcinda
Engle were joined in wedlock by James Noble, J. P. in
the presence of Lorton Prince and Joe Crain, witness-
es.

Mr. Mulkey and wife soon afterwards moved to Salm-
on and went into the hotel business. After retiring from
running the hotel they purchased a ranch on the Lemhi

River, which he bought from G. B. "Bally" Martin. Mulk-
ey improved the ranch and made it his home as long
as he lived. There is a stream which empties into the
Lemhi River near the ranch which is called Mulkey
Creek, in his honor.

The Mulkeys had one son, Marion, who lived in Lemhi
County and who was a good industrious citizen.

Elijah was a member of Rocky Mountain Lodge No.
5, I.O.O.F., having joined that lodge on May 10, 1873.
His life-long friend, Barney Sharkey, also joined the
lodge at the same time.

Elijah Mulkey was one of those courageous souls who
defied danger and hardships to open up the way for
civilization to follow . He died during the month of Oc-
tober, 1883 and is buried in the Salmon cemetery.
Peace be to his ashes.

T. WARD GIRTON

by O. E. Kirkpatrick

T. Ward Girton was surely one of the earliest pioneers
of the western coast, and a glance at his career is
convincing proof that he was one of the enterprising
and active men of the time. He was born in West Vir-
ginia in 1832, the son of Dickson Girton and Carrie
Green Girton, natives of Virginia. They emigrated to
Laharpe, Illinois where Girton was educated.

In 1852 he crossed the plains with oxen to Portland,
Oregon; in 1854 he was mining in California; in 1857
he went to Dallas, Oregon, during the time of the Fra-
zier river excitement, and in 1860 he worked for the
U. S. Government. In 1861 Girton went to the Orofino
excitement, the discoveries there having been made
by Pierce J. Bull and Marion Moore. In 1862 he went
to Florence and Camas Prairie where he worked for
Crooks & Shumway, who were big livestock owners. In
June 1863, Girton went to East Bannock, Montana, and
discovered gold diggings.

Then in 1866 he participated with the other four in
the discovery of Leesburg. Girton mined at Leesburg
several years very successfully. One of the gulches
which produced one million dollars of placer gold was
named Ward's Gulch in his honor.

In 1868 he married Elizabeth Shipton of Corvallis,
Oregon and one son, James Girton, was born to the
marriage. On October 12, 1873, he married Miss Lena
Hinkle of Oregon. Mrs. Girton died in August, 1901,
leaving five children: Lottie, Wilson, Carrie, Elizabeth
and Charles. After leaving Leesburg, Girton located
near Grangeville, Idaho where he had a fine stock farm.
He resided there until his death in 1899. He was an
active Democrat all his life and served in the Eleventh
Territorial legislature. He was also elected to the Sec-
ond Idaho State legislature. He often spoke of voting
for I. I. Stevens for territorial delegate in 1861, being
then at Orofino.

Ward Girton was one of nature's noblemen, and the
world is the better for his having lived in it.

JOSEPH RAPP

by O. E. Kirkpatrick

Joseph Rapp Was one of the party of five men who
made the Leesburg strike. One of the gold bearing
streams was named Rapp's Creek In his honor. Rapp
served as mining recorder of the Rapp's Creek Mining
District.

VANDREFF

Little is known of the man that Vandreff Street in
Salmon is named for; not even his first name.

We know from the account of the arrival of the first
five goldseekers in 1866, that Vandreff was here even
then, at the site that later became Salmon City, along
with McGarvey, Welch and Tripp. To quote Allen C.
Merritt, "Vandreff was a surveyor and he laid out a
townsite with Main Street starting in front of his house."

Vandreff's house, built in July of 1866, was the first
building in the area that is now Salmon. It was on Main
Street just east of N. Terrace Street, and was torn
down in 1905.

In his History of Lemhi County, George E. Shoup
says,

In 1867 Mr. Vandreff, the first permanent settler in
Salmon, induced the people on the west bank to tear
down their buildings and move across to the east side
of the Salmon River and he donated a townsite for their
accomodation.

It is supposed that Vandreff left this area not long
after, as he does not appear on the 1870 census of
Lemhi County, and no mention of him has been found
in newspapers or public records of the time. Some
speculate that he moved on to Leesburg; others that
he simply left when it became too crowded with the
influx of miners and townspeople. Why then did he en-
courage people to move to the east side of the river?
Will we ever know?

■i^'i^

v.w<ri.V<* ,^"'

*/<s^ » £.-<

THE VANDREFF HOUSE - the first building in Salmon, built in 1866. According to the Salmon Herald, December 8, 1916, this picture was
taken on the day they began to tear the building down in 1905. The stalwart citizens are: A. J. MacNab, W. J. Bryan, W. H. Andrews,
Anthony Hornback, W. H. Shoup, M. M. McPherson, Peter Amonson, J. W. Davis, N. I. Andrews, W. C. Shoup, E. S. Edwards, Jacob Finstur.
Leaning against roof: A. Barrack. Seated on roof: George A. (Bally) Martin, whose shoes are on the boardwalk.

FIRST ENTREPRENEUR EXPORTS
VALLEY NAMESAKE

by Ramona Combs-Stauffer

One of the earliest entrepreneurs, a large man named
Tom McGarvey, came to the Lemhi valley from Ban-
nock, Montana before the gold rush. Around 1862 he
built a cabin and his first fish trap near Seventeen mile
on the Lemhi River. As he was the only white man in
the area at this time he hired Indians to dry and pack
the Salmon for sale at Bannock.

According the G.E. Shoup "McGarvey sometime lat-
er, moved down the valley and built another cabin and
well constructed fish traps across the Lemhi, about
one-half mile above its entrance into the Salmon River
. . . McGarvey was at this place plying his fish business
when in 1866 the Leesburg Basin discovery party came
into the valley."

D.B. Hawley one of the early freighters helped export
this first commercial product from the valley with his
team of ten horses and two wagons. He hauled the
dried Salmon for Tom McGarvey to Bannock, Virginia
City, and Helena, Montana. The fish were sold for fifty
cents apiece.

McGarvey's fish traps were so good that they not
only caught Salmon, but occasionally trapped bears as
well. In the article "Salmon Main Street Changes with
Time" Allen Merritt says, "This was a very effective
trap and Tom McGarvey built and owned it and brought
the fresh Salmon up town and sold them. But it was
not so easy as it sounds. That morning about daylight
Tom heard a racket in the trap and went out to see
the cause. There was a big grizzley bear trying to get
one of the big fish out of the trap. Tom went back to
his cabin, brought his rifle and as the bear started away
shot him."

It was rumored that many of the fish weighed as
much as fifty pounds apiece and that mules and horses
would not cross the river because of all the splashing
created by the migrating fish. Some have seen the
demise of the Salmon this past century, it would be
nice to see their return in the next.

The Recorder-Herald Diamond Anniversary ed. 1886-1961.
History of Lemhi County by George E. Shoup.

JOHN WELSH

Lemhi Herald, January 23, 1913
as related by Eli M inert

What is now the State of Washington was in those
days a part of the Territory of Oregon. There was no
Lemhi County yet this district had already arrived and
was treated as a part of Idaho County, with Florence
as the County seat and John Ramey as resident Sheriff.

It was the year 1867; Leesburg was then a very ac-
tive camp and Salmon was a way station on the trail
thereto. John Welsh had come over from Walla Walla,

Washington Territory, with a pack train, packing a stock
of general merchandise, which he unloaded at Arnett
Creek, near Leesburg, and opened a store. His train
was turned over to Eli Minert of Salmon, who was em-
ployed in the occupation of packing supplies between
Salmon and Leesburg.

In December 1867, John Ramey and John Welsh each
had business abroad. The former had the tax money,
which had been collected in this district and was to be
delivered to the treasurer of Idaho County in Florence
— about $2,300 in gold dust. Welsh was going after
another bill of goods to Walla Walla, and he had his
money in gold dust. Mr. Minert weighed it out and found
it to be $1,300.

The two Johns came out from Leesburg to Salmon.
As they both had quite a sum of money they decided
to travel together for safety from road agents, and so
left Salmon in the night time, with the horses that Mr.
Minert had ready and shod. They took one pack animal,
besides their saddle horses and pulled out via Birch
Creek.

No trouble was encountered until they were on Ma-
lad prairie (other accounts say Birch Creek). Here, one
morning, a light snow had fallen and they discovered
fresh horse tracks in the trail, indicating that a party
had preceded them. They paused for a brief council,
and both desired to abandon the trail for another
course; but neither of them being familiar with the
country, they decided not to undertake an uncertain
route, but to post on and take their chances. They soon
came upon the advance party, roadagents, and were
held up. Welsh made a fight, was shot from his horse
and killed. Ramey was forced to yield and both were
robbed of their gold.

In the ensuing spring, William Welsh, a son of the ill
fated merchant arrived from Walla Walla and spent the
summer settling up his father's affairs. In that summer
he took to wife a daughter of Cap Williams, a sister of
Henry Williams, and together they returned to Walla
Walla to live.

— research by Marjorie B. Sims

UKO. C. WEN'rZ,

rropi-ltl<.r.

THE BRICK BARN,

COR. 0? MAIN 4 ST. CII.^RLES ST.,
SALMON CITY IDAHO.

WILLIAM SMITH and JIM HAYDEN

William Smith was one of the five men who made
the first gold discovery in Leesburg. Smith was a native
of South Carolina and had come west to prospect. The
town of Smithville, located near Leesburg, was named
in his honor. Smith was killed in Salmon in 1870 by his
friend, Jim Hayden, in a quarrel during a card game.

Before his death in 1978, Charley Snook, had taped
an interview with Lemhi County historian and author,
Ethel Kimball. She provided the following information.

Hayden and Smith, and three or four others, were
playing poker. All were crowded out of the game except
for Hayden and Smith. Smith wanted to bet Hayden
more money, but Hayden had no more.

Deputy Sheriff, John Wals Snook was standing against
the wall, watching the game. Hayden showed John his
hand of four aces, and asked if he would put some
money into the game. Smith said he would give credit
for Snook's team of black horses, and John said, "Okay,
if we lose, I guess I won't have to worry about feeding
them through the winter."

Smith said, "Well, I've got you Jim, I've got a royal
flush," and reached for the pot. Hayden replied, "Yes,
but that ace don't belong in this deck!" Smith reached
for his six shooter, but Hayden was faster, and pulling
his gun, shot Smith right between the eyes. Smith nev-
er even fell out of his chair, just slumped over to one
side.

Deputy Snook placed his friend, Hayden, in custody,
but no formal charges were pressed due to the cir-
cumstances.

Jim Hayden was a bullwhipper who drove oxen. He
was described as a tough fellow. Hayden was killed in
1877 by the Nez Perce Indians near Blue Dome on
Birch Creek. He was one of four freighters who were
killed when attacked by Chief Joseph's band, a few
days after the Big Hole Battle, and after the Salmon
Indian scare. By coincidence, John Wals Snook was
nearby when Hayden was killed.

Snook was freighting in from Corinne, Utah and was
ahead of Hayden's group on Birch Creek. Snook saw
four Indians on horses off in the distance on upper
Birch Creek. He motioned to them by waving a blanket
and displaying his rifle, and the Indians finally went out
of sight behind a hill.

Snook and his herder had three wagons hitched to-
gether with a jerk line. They unhitched two horses and
rode them up a side creek at the head of Birch Creek,
where they found some men camped, getting out tim-
ber. They spent the night at the camp, and during the
night, there was a terrible rainstorm lasting for several
hours. The next morning, when they returned to the
wagons, they found that one horse had been taken,
the harness partially destroyed and some supplies had
been stolen.

At Birch Creek, a large number of the Nez Perce had
encountered the four freighters, and killed the white

men. A monument now marks this spot, on Highway
28, beside Birch Creek, about a mile south of Blue
Dome.

The four men were Jim Hayden, Albert Green, Daniel
Combs, and an unknown stranger. The four bodies were
returned to Salmon for burial and a large, four sided,
joint monument was placed on their grave. The in-
scriptions read as follows:

East side: Massacred by Nez Perces Indians At Birch
Creek Aug. 15, 1877 - Albert Green 46 - Honored and
Respected by All That Knew Him - He Has Crossed to
that Bourne from Where No Traveller Returns.

North side: James Hayden - Aged 44 Years.

West side: I was a stranger but they took me in and
gave me a Christian burial.

South side: Daniel W. Combs - Aged 39 Years - A
Fearless Man A Ready Champion A Heart Responsive
To The Claims of Suffering Humanity.

Afterward, Snook met Colonel Shoup and a group
from Salmon as they were going to Birch Creek. Colo-
nel Shoup, who had extensive military experience, was
in charge of the group that included a number of young
men from Salmon. George Ellis and Charley Courier
were members of the group. Also, with Shoup was Chief
Tendoy and several warriors from his band.

This monument was erected in the Salmon City Cemetery by
Salmon citizens to honor the four freighters killed by Nez Perce
Indians at Birch Creek in 1877.

<;>'rhc Lnrgjil Motel In The Cit)'^-

Even in troubled times, there was room for humor.
The group stopped at a ranch up the Lemhi for lunch.
Someone took Charley Courier's horse, took his saddle
off and put it back on backwards. Charley came out,
got on and said, "Jesus Christ, somebody shot my
horse's head off."

The group stopped for the night. During the night,
they heard horses coming and the sentry yelled for
everyone to get up and get ready to fight. Instead of
hostile Indians, it turned out to be Chief Tendoy's son.
Jack Tendoy. The Nez Perce had stolen a large bunch
of horses in the Leadore area, and Jack had slipped
out during the night and stolen back a big bunch of
these same horses from the Nez Perce.

The next morning. Colonel Shoup's group reached
the freight wagons. They found the four dead men with
the wagons burnt up. There was a big ham, that was
still sizzling from the fire.

Jim Hayden always carried a black snake whip, and
when Snook found his friend Hayden's body, the black
snake was still in Hayden's hand. The end had been
cut off, but the whip was still in his grip .

For some reason lost in history, the joint monument,
which has glowing words of praise for Green and Combs,
and a comment on the unknown stranger, simply states
Hayden's name and age. However, one of the largest
tributaries to the Lemhi River, Hayden Creek, is named
after Jim Hayden.

[l NTERNATION Au

B, 3. li:D\VAl^^L:>3,

Propricl.or.

vu2.

FIRST-CLASS IN FIVERY RESPECT.

Pass(:nj^(;r 1 I<i:Hl(iiinrtt'rs for all Stage Lines
Terminating- at Salmon City.

FROM OREGON TERRITORY TO
THE STATE OF IDAHO

The State of Idaho began as part of the Oregon Ter-
ritory, as the following maps demonstrate. Map 4 show
that from March 4, 1863 until May 25, 1864 Idaho
Territory was quite large. Map 5 covers the time period
from May 26, 1864 to July 24, 1868 and Map 6 from
July 25, 1868 to the present.

These dates were found in The Pacific Northwest
Quarterly, V.40, #2, April 1949, 'The Creation of the
Territory of Idaho" by Merle W. Wells.

< r

CANADA

NT/. TERH. l'iI^L_
I TERR.

CALIF ! NEV TERR '^^ !
I TERR. "

CALIF. I NEV TERR ' "{I^ ,

• I TERR

OREGON TERRITORY,
IS48I853

OREGON AND WASHINGTON
TERRITORIES. 1853 9

OREGON STATE AND WASHINGTON
TERRITORY, 1859.43

CANADA

TERR.
IDAHO TERRITORY. 1843-4

NEVTERR.lUJJJ.i___

IDAHO TERRITORY, l8&i-8

NEVADA 'UTAHL. 1.

IDAHO ARE^I 1868

SALMON CITY, LEMHI COUNTY, IDAHO TERRITORY

February 22, 1869

Persuant to being appointed by the Legislature of
said Territory in Legislative Act No.l, 5th Section, cre-
ating Lemhi County, the following met and proceeded
to organize.

Present were George L. Shoup, Benjamin L. Heath
and E. H. Tuttle. After their oath of office, George L.
Shoup was elected chairman and appointed R. H. Johns
as auditor and recorder until the next general election.
Charles G. Chamberlain was appointed County Clerk,
George L. Shoup appointed to act as treasurer, and
Festus Butts was appointed as Sheriff. Wilson Ellis was
appointed Justice of the Peace in Salmon City Precinct
and W. J. Andrews, Constable for Salmon City Precinct.
On April 3, 1869, Isaac Evans was appointed Assessor
and Ex-officio Collector and E. C. Whitsett was appoint-
ed County Treasurer.

This information compiled under direction of Deputy County Clerk,
Terri Morton from the records of Lemhi County.

ELECTION

John S. Ramey

Jesse McCaleb

Isaac C. Evans

A. C. Harris

Charles G. Chamberlain

E. C. Whitsett

J. P. Jewell

George L. Shoup

E, H, Tuttle

Fred Phillips

James Kirtley

Wilson Ellis

David Potts

Leonard Johnson

Dickson

E. Smith

George Stuck

Newton Budd

E. A. Mathews

HELD JUNE 7. 1869
Sheriff

Auditor and Recorder
Assessor and Collector
Probate Judge
County Clerk
Treasurer
Coroner

Commissioner District 1
Commissioner District 2
Commissioner District 3
School Commissioner
Justice of the Peace, Salmon City
Constable. Salmon City
Justice of the Peace, Smithville
Constable, Smithville
Justice of the Peace, Leesburg
Constable, Leesburg
Justice of the Peace, North Fork
Constable, North Fork

GEORGE L. SHOUP

by Mike Crosby

George Laird Shoup, Lemhi County's most renowned
citizen, was born in 1836 to farmers Henry and Jane
McCain Shoup in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. In
1852 Shoup, his parents, five brothers and three sis-
ters moved to Galesburg, Illinois. Shoup and his older
brother Abraham went west to the Colorado gold mines
in 1859 and engaged in various mining and mercantile
enterprises until the Civil War began in 1861.

Shoup enlisted in an independent company of scouts
which was eventually incorporated into the First Col-
orado Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. He served with the
First Colorado for almost three years, rising to the rank
of first lieutenant. Most of this time Shoup was engaged
in scouting missions on the southern Great Plains in
Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Texas, and the Indian
Territory. Shoup and his men were singularly success-
ful in recovering stolen goods and livestock from In-
dians and capturing gangs of outlaws and Confederate
guerillas.

In 1864 Shoup was promoted to Colonel and placed
in charge of a ninety-day regiment of volunteer cavalry
formed to deal with and outbreak of hostilities between
white settlers and Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians. The
campaign against the Indians climaxed in late Novem-
ber at the Sand Creek Massacre. While Shoup com-
manded the largest unit at Sand Creek, responsibility
for the massacre is generally assigned to his superior,
Colonel John Chivington.

Shoup mustered out of the army and returned to
mercantile pursuits at the end of 1864. Popular with
war veterans, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of

George Laird Shoup, businessman, Idaho's last Territorial
Governor, first Governor of the new state of Idaho, and United
States Senator.

Colorado in 1865, but the bill admitting Colorado as a
state was vetoed.

In 1866 Shoup put together a freight outfit with a
large stock of goods, hired teamsters, and went west
on the Oregon Trail. When he reached eastern Idaho,
he turned north for Virginia City, Montana, where he
established a general store. The same year he sent
over a pack train of goods to the new community
sprouting at the mouth of the Lemhi River in Idaho
territory to serve the miners heading to Leesburg.

Shoup helped to lay out the town of Salmon City and
built a log store on Main Street in the spring of 1867.
Thus began what would become one of the largest busi-
ness operations in eastern Idaho. Shoup and various
partners, including his brothers James and Johnathan,
established two more stores in the 1870's, one at Chai-
ns, and another at Bonanza City. They also traded in
and developed mining claims and real estate, and built
a large livestock operation.

On January 28, 1868 Shoup married Lena Darnutzer,
a woman of Swiss heritage. George and Lena had six
children over the next thirteen years; three boys and
three girls. Another son died in infancy in 1880. The
children, William, George, Walter, Lena, Laura and Mar-
garet, attended grade school in Salmon and later spent
school terms with relatives in Iowa because Salmon
did not have a high school yet.

Shoup as a merchant developed a reputation for be-
ing both shrewd and generous. His experiences and
character led him to accept many public offices
throughout his life in Idaho, none of which benefitted
him personally. In Lemhi County he served on the
school board and cemetery association, and was one
of the first county commissioners. He represented the
county in the territorial legislature in 1874 and again
in 1878.

From 1880 to 1884 and 1888 to 1892 he was a
member of the Republican National Committee. In 1884
Shoup funded and sponsored Idaho's exhibit at a
world's fair in New Orleans. Through the rest of the
1880's he bought and developed a ranch south of
Salmon on Perreau and Williams Creeks and supervised
the construction of the three-story, block-long brick
store that still stands at the corner of Main and Center
streets.

From 1889 on Shoup devoted his life to serving all
Idaho citizens. That year Benjamin Harrison appointed
Shoup Idaho's last Territorial Governor. In that position
Shoup helped guide the constitutional convention, the
successful statehood referendum, and the passage of
legislation through congress creating Idaho the forty-
third state in 1890. In October the state's voters chose
him to be Idaho's first state Governor, a position he
held until December when the first state legislature

Lena Darnutzer Shoup, wife of Colonel Shoup - 1900

Lena Shoup, daugher of Colonel Shoup. • 1897

elected Shoup as the first of Idaho's two U.S. Senators.

Re-elected in 1894, Shoup served in the Senate until
1901. During his tenure in office, Shoup and his family
divided their time between home in Salmon, Boise, and
Washington, D.C. Shoup died in Boise on December
21, 1904, of an apparent kidney failure. Lena Shoup
died in 1927 and is buried beside her husband.

Shoup's place in the hearts of his fellow Idahoans
was perhaps best indicated by their selection of him
as the first of the two of the state's citizens to be
enshrined in the U.S. Capitol's Statuary Hall in 1910.

Susie Edwards Shoup, wife of George E. Shoup.

George E. Shoup, son of Colonel Shoup.

With son, George, Colonel Shoup (center) starts for the last time
on a family camping trip in 1905. Ill health forced him to abandon
this trip and return home.

t*^

WILLIAM PETERSON

His reminiscences begin, "I was born on a farm on
the Bornholm Islands, in the Baltic Sea, Denmark, on
December 3, 1834." This was the beginning of an ad-
venturous lifetime that led him all over the world and
finally to the mountains of Idaho.

At the age of fourteen, William Peterson left his home
and family and went to sea as a cabin boy, on a trading
voyage to Iceland. This was the first of many such voy-
ages that took him to Sicily, Hamburg, Cuba, and Odes-
sa on the Black Sea, where he witnessed the British
Fleet at the Dardenelles. From there he sailed to New
Brunswick, Dublin, New York, Brazil, Calcutta, London,
the Mediterranean ports, and Amsterdam. He signed
on as Second Mate on a voyage to the Mediterranean
and to South Africa. After many more such voyages
Peterson decided that he wanted to go to California.
He signed on as a sailor before the mast, on a ship
sailing from New York, by way of Cape Horn, to San
Francisco. He arrived there in the spring of 1861, and
after hearing of the gold strikes in Idaho, he shipped
aboard a vessel bound for Portland, Oregon, and from
there, by river boat to the Dalles and Fort Walla Walla.

At Walla Walla they heard of the excitement over the
discovery of gold in the Clearwater country in 1860.
He said he was well acquainted with Captain Pierce,
one of the discoverers of gold in the area that was later
Pierce City. Pierce, later, was in Lemhi County around
the Spring Mountain mining section during the 1880's.

Leaving Walla Walla, Peterson and his new partner
headed for Pierce City and Oro Fino, but on the way,
they heard about a new district at Elk City, and went
there in the fall of 1861 and again in 1862. From there
he followed the strikes at various places including War-
ren, the Boise Basin, Virginia City and finally to Wild
Horse, B. C. He carried out a gold nugget that weighed
$218.25 for Enos Watson, which Watson had taken out
of his claim, and gave it back to Watson in Lemhi Coun-
ty in 1870.

In the fall of 1869 a party was organized to explore
the headwaters of the Yellowstone River. It had been
the talk among prospectors for years, and Peterson
and two friends decided to go. They traveled through
what is now Yellowstone National Park, and

. . . got into all these natural curiosities and things that
abound there which cannot be described and are too
numerous if you could. We saw the geysers and then
came to the falls of the Yellowstone. Then we went on
up the river until we came to Yellowstone Lake, where
we camped. Here Folsom engraved our names on a
piece of lava rock and the date, September, 1869; then
he cut a mortise in a pine tree and shoved the rock into
it.

They returned to Three Forks and then to Diamond,
Montana. Peterson says, "I left Diamond the spring of
1870. I came to Leesburg and Loon Creek by way of
Whitehall, a stage station at that time, and on past
where Dillon now stands, and stayed all night at Martin

Barrett's on Horse Prairie, and as they did not charge
me anything for my lodging I gave Mrs. Barrett two
gold nuggets for her cabinet. I did not stay long at
either Leesburg or Loon Creek. I went to Bannock to
buy cows that were on sale, but the owner would not
sell them - on to the Grasshopper and bought fourteen
head of cows and yearlings that were just come up
from Utah. Brought them back to Lemhi Valley and
stayed all winter with Challis and Tom Blackburn on a
ranch which is now the Spahn Ranch. (Today, 1960,
it is the Snyder Ranch, Carl Spahn's step-son) Next
year 1871, 1 located on what is now the Peter Amonson
ranch and which I afterwards sold to him. I ran my
cattle in the hills and used the range on a small creek
which came to be called Peterson Creek. I later sold
my ranch and moved the cattle to the Pahsimeroi and
the Lost River country."

Excerpts from Reminiscences of William Peterson compiled by Mar-
jorie B. Sims, Salmon Public Library.

1870 CENSUS OF LEMHI COUNTY

SALMON CITY: 86 dwellings, 69 families, 147 white
males, 43 white females, 32 colored males (included
Chinese and Blacks), 2 colored females.
LEESBURG: 290 dwellings, 269 families, 638 white
males, 37 white females, 89 colored males, colored
females.

THE STOCKADE, THE JAIL
AND THE GALLOWS

The old stockade has been gone from Salmon for
many years now. It was built for the security of the
inhabitants of Salmon who, in those early and uncer-
tain days, were fearful of an attack by the Nez Perce,
who were not far away, in the Big Hole country.

The stockade, in the vicinity of the present Andrews
and Vandreff Streets, was built about 1876, with logs
set in a trench that was four feet deep. The wall of logs
was twelve feet high above the ground. A more detailed
description of the stockade can be found in G. E.
Shoup's History of Lemhi County, page 20.

In 1880, an enclosure was built in the same vicinity
by A. M. (Grandpa) Stephenson of Junction with lumber
he milled on Mill Creek and brought to Salmon. He also
built the log jail which stood within the enclosure, and
served the community for many years. It was in this
enclosure that a gallows was built in the early 1880's
for the execution of Tim Connor, convicted murderer
and the only man to be executed in Salmon. It stood
as a grim reminder for about nine years and was then
removed.

For many years before it was torn down in 1926, the
old enclosure served only as a pen for holding im-
pounded livestock.

A LETTER REGARDING THE
BIRCH CREEK MASSACRE OF 1877

The following is a letter written by a pioneer of Salmon City, de-
scribing events relating to the Nez Perce uprising of 1877-1878.

The early part of the letter is taken up with family deaths, mar-
riages, letters home and similar trivia. The author of the letter says
he wrote letters to everyone and told them all the news "except
about our Indian Scare last summer there was some fun and a heap
of fuss, I reserved that for you and will have to get another sheet
to write it on."

Salmon City

Idaho Territory

January 24, 1878

Mrs. S. A. Groves
Milford, Indiana

Well to begin with about the first of July they got
(the people) an Indian Scare or thought the Indians
was coming into the valley to kill, burn and destroy
every thing before them. So they went to work and
built a Stockade (I don't know whether you know what
this is or not, if you was to see this one, I don't think
you would know what it is.) in Salmon City and all the
families for twenty miles around about once a week
would "Scare" to town. We was right in the midst of
haying, and live ten miles from town. We kept a team
either in the wagon or the stable that we could drive
to town any time in an hour. I believe Sam's folk went
to town four times and the longest stay they made was
four day at any one time. I staid at home and between
their runs we got our hay all up in good shape. They
keept it up untill about 12th of August when we got the
news of the "Big-Hole battle" that was fought about
forty miles from here. I was away from home that day
in the evening when I came home there was no body
here but Sam. Well, says he, what are you going to do
now. Says I they (the Indians) are getting rather close,
I think I will Scout a little. We saddled a horse a piece
and went to town that night got a company of twenty
Scouts. Next morning started toward the battle field,
Scouting our way as we went. During the day a courrier
reached us that the Indian that morning came into the
Valley fifty miles above Salmon City at the junction.
We slept none that night and keept traveling for eight
day, and nights you might say. I had but one square
nights sleep in the time, the rest was a few minutes at
a time or in the saddle as we rode along and that we
know of was never nearer than twenty miles of an In-
dian. They were traveling all the time right away from
us. They done no harm in the Valley of Laemhi, but on
Horse Prairie they killed five men. Some old friends of
mine one Old Partner, William Farnsworth . . . and on
Birch Creek they killed five men and burned eight wag-
ons a hundred miles from Salmon City loaded with
freight for this place. There was three teamsters and
two passengers. The teamsters were old friends of mine.

Albert Green, Jas. Hayden and Dan Combs. All had lived
here for ten years and very good men. We followed
the Indians until we came to where the wagons was
burned and one mule killed, hunted around and found
the bodies. They were badly used up some shot, an-
other stabed, another with his head mashed all to piec-
es. We buried them there, four in one grave and one
by himself, where they laid until the 3rd of the month
when I and three other men took two teams with four
coffins went out, the coldest weather we have had. Got
our three friends and one strange that was in one grave,
brought them in a hundred miles, and two weeks ago
to day gave them a Christian burial.

Such is our loss from the Indians but it is late and I
must stop. Write again.

Love to all
W. H. Falkner

Letter courtesy of Dee Keirnes.

HORSE CREEK

There are two stories of how Horse Creek got its
name: In the early days the Horse Creek drainage was
known as Big Sheep Creek. A man by the name of
Reynolds, who had a little store in Shoup, went into
the area with a halfbreed Indian by the name of Allen
in 1891. They packed in their supplies and traps . . .
built a cabin, and prepared to spend the winter trap-
ping, mostly marten. They turned a herd of horses out
on the south slopes of Big Sheep Creek. In the early
spring the men got "cabin fever" and decided to go
out to civilization. On their way to the Bitterroot Valley
on snowshoes, Allen saw his chance and put his rifle
to Reynolds' ear and pulled the trigger. Allen took the
pelts and other valuables, but was caught and hanged
before he got out of the country. This left the horses
on Big Sheep Creek. They wintered on the open hill-
sides for several years before they were caught or died,
so people started calling the drainage Horse Creek.

The other story claims that the Gattin brothers, who
had the ranch on what is now Horse Creek, were horse
thieves operating out of Oregon, Idaho and Montana.
They would steal horses in Oregon, bring them to their
ranch on the creek, alter brands, and take them to
Montana to sell. On the return trip they would steal
horses in Montana, change brands at the ranch, and
then sell them in Oregon. This all took place in 1863
and 1864.

Idaho Place Names, A Geographical Dictionary by Lalia Boone, 1988.

1887 - Work is progressing favorable on Col. Shoup's store. The entire
structure running back from Main Street are more than 200 feet deep.
The foundation for the house in the rear are dug and the stone and
brick on the ground. It is a monster establishment and has no equal
in Idaho.

UNTIMELY DEATH OF A PIONEER
Jesse McCaleb 1838-1878

by Andree Quarles

Jesse McCaleb came to Idaho from Tennessee. He
had fought in the Civil War, seeing thirty-six skirmishes
and battles, and attaining the rank of Captain before
the war's end. In 1866 he went to Virginia City, Mon-
tana Territory, and from there to Salmon, where he
was elected as the first Auditor and Recorder of Lemhi
County. Later he was elected Sheriff and Deputy As-
sistant Recorder.

McCaleb had a ranch adjoining Cal Monasco's near
the Beardsley Hot Springs. He sold the ranch and went
into the mercantile business with Colonel Shoup and
Glendenning at Challis. The store was to be in Mc-
Caleb's name, but was financed by Shoup. McCaleb
had just started the new business when he was killed.
His wife wrote, "... indeed my husband had not moved
me and our two children to Challis for the reason that
it was a new and small place, and there were no houses
to rent and he was preparing to build a house for us."
McCaleb lost his life August 11, 1878 at a place called
Battle Ground, a location just above Mackay.

During 1877 and 1878 about a hundred fifty rene-
gades from Chief Joseph's scattered band massed
themselves, and in August 1878, attacked the supply
caravan of food, arms and ammunition which the U.
S. government, at the instigation of McCaleb, had sent

to the people of Lemhi County for their defense against
Indian attack. These early settlers had a problem in
that they were scattered and could not afford to pay
the cost of shipping in their own supplies.

Joe Skelton, a freighter, was persuaded to go after
the provisions, although he was skeptical about the
safety of such an undertaking. McCaleb was notified
that the Indians were going to attack the supply train
and knowing that Skelton was unaware of the imminent
danger and was unprepared to put up a fight, he started
getting men together to go to their defense. There
were sixty United States soldiers in Challis at the time,
but they refused to go as they said they were sent out
to survey a road and not to fight Indians. The fourteen
men who were willing to go included J. D. Woods, Wil-
liam Trebar, Joseph Rainey, Thomas Kierman, John
Flynn and George Minchell. They had time to reach the
caravan, a short distance above Mackay, and set up a
barricade before the attack. Loopholes were made in
the breastworks, which consisted of sacks of sugar,
flour, etc., and by the time the Indians were within
shooting range everyone had his loophole covered ex-
cept for Jesse. He had just lain down, and an Indian,
seeing no gun barrel in the hole, shot and hit him in
the forehead, causing his immediate death. He was age
forty at the time.

A friendly Indian sneaked back to the settlement,
hiding his footprints by wading along the river bank.
The group of U. S. soldiers who were in the area for
the purpose of surveying, went to the aid of the de-
fenders of the freighters. The Indians, seeing the ap-
proaching reinforcement, disappeared into the hills, and
the freighters reached Challis without further incident.

On August 15, 1878 a mass meeting was called for
the purpose of seeing what could be done to protect
the settlers from unfriendly Indians. Jesse McCaleb,
who had served as a Past Master of the Lemhi Masonic
Lodge, #11 A.F. and A.M., was honored by a resolution
regarding his untimely death. A similar resolution was
passed by the Grand Lodge of the Territory of Idaho.
As another memorial. Lodge #64, A.F. and A.M. was
given the official name of Mt. McCaleb Lodge. Mount
McCaleb near Mackay was also named after McCaleb,
a man whose courage and manhood were as lofty as
the peak itself.

J. A. Harrington, in the The Mackay Miner of Sep-
tember 3, 1924, wrote, "Time should never come when
the memory of such men as Jesse McCaleb should
cease to be venerated; the present security for life and
property is to the credit of men of his caliber, his mem-
ory should be held in esteem as well as the soldier who
defends his country. Their graves should be kept green
and flower laden; for he and kind brought civilization
to this rugged land".

Jesse left a widow, Anna Boyd Vernon McCaleb and
two small children, Hugh and Hope McCaleb. He is bur-
ied in the Salmon cemetery.

Jesse McCaleb

EARLY DAY SALMON CITY DESCRIPTION

by Charley Snook 1880-1977
(from an interview with Ethel Kimball)

The building owned by Fred Phillips was where the
Smokehouse is now. They tore that building down and
old man Andrews had a store there for a long time.
Then they tore that building down and built the present
day Smokehouse building. Right next to Andrews, old
Pete Amonson had an old log building there. He made
boots in there and repaired shoes. Next to Amonson
was French and Kenney's drugstore. Then there was
the old Virgil place there, where they had the bands.
Then there was nothing until the International Hotel,
right there on the corner (north St. Charles Street and
Main Street) where Havemann's is. The Hotel burned
down. In 1881 and 1882 my Dad and Mother ran the
Hotel. One day, somebody told Mother, "Your boy is
settin' up in the window." I was sitting in the upstairs
window, with my feet hanging out the window, just
above the street. Mom said she was afraid to holler at
me cause she didn't know if I would jump out or come
back in.

Next to the International Hotel was a saloon owned
by McDonald. Then Old Cap William's restaurant in a
log building, afterwards it was put into a saloon. (This
was near the corner of N. Center Street and Main
Street, destroyed by fire in 1898). The next one across
Center Street, Brough had a saloon, a building with a
picket fence around it and a barn and a hotel. Next
was Bill Brown's butcher shop, known as the Brown
block. Then he moved the butcher shop across Main
Street in one side of what was Anderson's Cafe, now
Wally's Cafe (in the 500 block of Main Street).

Next was a building owned by John Brough, Fred's
brother. He had a radio shop where he had a phono-
graph that he would give you earphones and let you
listen to a story or songs — ten cents for three songs.

Next was the Odd Fellows Hall where Clinton's Shoe
Store was (The Hallmark Store in the 500 Block) then

The name of this early Main Street business is unknown.

it was vacant to where the Roxy Theater is. My Dad
(John Wals Snook) built a livery stable there and sold
it in 1878 for $2,500.

On the next corner was Bob Dunlap's residence where
that service station is now (now J-D Tires, northwest
corner of N. Andrews and Main Street). That's all there
was on the north side of Main Street until you got to
the Old Methodist Church on Church Street. Past the
Church, there was nothing except a farm just behind
the Church, which was farmed by the Snook family.

Across the bridge there was about nothing up on the
bar then. There was a house right across the river where
Mrs. McCaleb lived. Her house was Joe Herndon's place
later. (Now KSRA on Hwy. 93 North) Right across from
it, the Tingley's lived there. There was nothing then
until up on the hill where the rock wall is, Tom Hubbard
had an old log house. I used to herd milk cows for
people over on the bar. So much per day.

On the South side of Main Street there was a saloon
next to where Colvin's Jewelry Store is today (500
Block). Shoup's Store of course was on Main Street.
(Corner of S. Center and Main Street) Next to it was
a home built by my Dad that McPherson lived in for
years. The home was later moved to another location
in town.

The next building was Doc Kenney's office. Then Jim
Shoup, Jim Fuller and John Wheeler and then where
the hospital is. The Snook family home was where S.
Andrews Street is today at the intersection of Main
Street. On the corner of Main and Daisy was a building
occupied by John Morgan. The next house on the south
side was Joshua Brown, a two story house, then Frank
Pollard, which was just west of Bill Hanmer's house.
On the south side corner of Highway 93 and Main Street
was where Mr. Phillips lived, and then Del Simons, then
Tom Andrews. Kirtleys had a log house up in there.
There was nothing on the north side in that area. Hol-
brook had a place up East Main where Silbaugh's place
was. Then Cochrane's had a place out there, also. (The
north side of E. Main just beyond the city limits)

Back of the Brough place was Davis and Birdsey
Lumber Yard (on Shoup and Center Streets). They had
a home there where Max Hemmert lives now (the brick
home at the extension of No. Center Street). The home
was built by Edwards. There were three brick homes
in there built by Edwards.

And at one location in the downtown saloon area was
"the house of negotiable affection."

Editor's note: Charley Snook was born in Salmon In 1880. He gave
this interview to Ethel sometime in the 1970's. It was not a prepared
interview, but during the interview he began remembering the dif-
ferent buildings in Salmon back in the 1880's. The list is not com-
plete, but it does provide us a general idea of Salmon City, one
hundred years ago.

SALMON CITY IN THE 1880'S

by Allen C Merritt

Editors note: Allen C. Merritt arrived in Salmon, by stage, in August
1883, with his parents and sister Emma. His father, Henry Clay Mer-
ritt was to be superintendent of the Kentuck Mine. After Henry C.
Merritt's untimely death, Allen's mother, Ada Merritt, became owner
and editor of The Idaho Recorder. Salmon's newspaper. Allen later
became an engineer, an architect, and Lemhi County Surveyor. The
following excerpts are from his account of the buildings in Salmon
City as they were in the 1880's.

Upon arrival at the International Hotel in Salmon, the
Merritt family went for a stroll down N. St. Charles
Street. "It was only a one-way wagon road lined with
beautiful, tall cottonwood trees, from a short distance
north of Shoup Street to the place now occupied by
the oil company's tanks, where the main stream of the
Lemhi river ran at that time." Beginning on the north
side of Main Street at Church Street and moving to-
ward the river; "The first building was the Methodist
Church (north east corner of Church and Main), which
was built about 1885 or 1886. In this building the first
bricks made in Salmon were used. They were moulded
and burned between the Joe Herndon (315 Highway
93 North) residence and the Shady Nook resort, be-
tween the highway and the river."

"Proceeding west on Main Street there was a vacant
field from the Church to Andrews Street, as the Shenon
Hotel Building was not built until 1895. . . . then from
Andrews Street, Robert Dunlap's jewelry shop was on
the corner . . . next was Jake Finstur's livery barn and
corral (built and owned by John Wals Snook until 1878),
which covered the ground now occupied by the . . .
Roxy Theater, (and extending to the small frame build-
ing that was the original lOOF hall). The next building
was built by W. F. Boxwell and Son, general store; then

the lOOF property, which is still in the same ownership,
and the frame building occupied by Clint Quesnel's store
(516 Main) was the original lOOF hall. It stood about
thirty-five feet west of its present location, and was
moved there to make room for the present lOOF build-
ing.

"As I was the designer of this building, it seems ap-
propriate that I give a little of the history and details
of how it was financed and constructed. The plans were
completed and approved in 1905, the basement and
foundations were constructed in 1908 and 1909. The
granite corner stone bears the date 1906. . . . This

Indians trail loose horses west on Main Street past the old lOOF
Building (now the Hallmark Shop) in its original location.

The 500 block on the north side of Main Street held the Nashold's Hotel and Restaurant, the Brown Building, and the new lOOF Building
which housed the Citizens National Bank, the Lemhi Valley Merc, and the Red Cross Pharmacy downstairs.

building has a structural steel interior frame, is faced
with the finest pressed brick, manufactured in Omaha,
Nebraska, and shipped by rail to Red Rock, Montana,
thence by wagon freight to Salmon. The structural steel
was fabricated in Minneapolis.

"Some of the large beams are twenty-seven feet long
and weigh 3000 pounds . . . They were hauled by wag-
on freight from the railroad, via Lewis and Clark Pass,
and were delivered for $5.25 per hundred pounds. The
brick for facing the front cost about thirteen cents
apiece delivered. Over the entrance to the stairway is
a terra-cotta cartouche designed especially for this
building, modeled and fired in Chicago. The contractor
for the mason work was William 0. McConnell and for
all other work, including the erection of the structural
steel, was Jack Bundy. Total cost of the building was
$33,000.

"The addition occupied by the Kane Dress Shop was
constructed in 1913 and was built for the Pioneer
bank." This space is now occupied by the Pioneer Bak-
ery, part of B and B Foods, at 512 Main Street.

"The next building was built by W. F. Brown in 1897.
I designed it and with Jack Bundy, built it. It is now
called the Cavaness building. This was my first building
of any consequence after the Shoup Building of 1886.
. . . The bricks were manufactured on the bar just be-
low the Oliver ranch and I personally made the moulds
and moulded the special ornamental bricks over and
around the second story windows — the brick con-
tractor refused to mould any ornamental bricks be-
cause his contract called for plain bricks.

"On the lot on the corner (northeast corner of Cen-
ter and Main) was the Nashold Hotel or boarding house.
It was frame construction and was occupied by the
Nashold family, Mr. E. Nashold was sheriff, his wife and
two daughters who were popular leaders in social af-
fairs.

"Egbert Nashold was a very large man and served
several terms as sheriff on Lemhi County. He was 6
feet 7 inches tall and weighed around 300 pounds. It
may be imagined that when "Nash" as he was affec-
tionately known, went after his man he got him.

"The building was remodeled and enlarged and was
occupied as the Brough Saloon until 1929 when it
burned down." Across Center Street (the 400 block),
the lot now occupied by the service station and the
Masonic Temple was known as the "Williams Corner"
and a log building housed a saloon which had a hectic
record covering the period from 1879 to 1907 when

it was destroyed by fire. The lot was vacant for several
years, being purchased by Langsdorf and Company,
who built a beautiful two story bank building on the
west part of the lot. Langsdorf and Company sold their
bank to the First National Bank prior to completion of
the building, but it was completed, and was later oc-
cupied by the Pioneer Bank, which later moved to the
west part of the lOOF Building. When the First National
Bank was liquidated, the building and the east part of
the lot were sold to the Masonic Lodge, which occupied
the second floor until the big fire of March, 1931. It
burned out the entire block, down to St. Charles Street,
with the exception of the service station now on the
corner.

"The Lodge building was gutted by the fire and was
remodeled to the present design of a one story build-
ing.

"From here west to St. Charles street the buildings
were leveled. (Before the fire ) the next building was
a brick two story building, built by E. H. Jeanjaquet for
a blacksmith shop, with offices on the second floor,
which were occupied by Dr. Whitwell and R. P. Quarles,
attorney and his younger brother, G. B. Quarles.

"After the fire the building was remodeled and was
occupied by R. W. White's clothing store.

"The lumber yard was located where the Bradley
Machine Shop now stands and lots east. Next door
west was the Pope and McDonald saloon which at the
time of the fire was occupied by R. M. Murdock's club.
The next building was a part of the E. S. Edwards prop-
erty and was built in the 1890's to close the gap be-
tween the Pope-McDonald building and the Interna-

tional Hotel, and was formerly a drive-way into the lot
behind the hotel.

"This building was first occupied by F. J. Cowen, at-
torney, who was later district court judge, and later by
John Brough barber and erstwhile Salmon's first fire
chief. Later this building was occupied by McCardell
and Rasor, Civil Engineers. This firm was dissolved when
Clarence Rasor enlisted in the "Shoup Rangers" cav-
alry and went into the Spanish-American War. Harry
Kelly, realtor, then R. W. and Fred White, barbers, then
occupied the building.

"The International Hotel filled out the block to
St. Charles Street. The building was a two story frame
structure with bedrooms upstairs and lobby, dining
room, kitchen and living quarters for the Edwards fam-
ily of Mr. and Mrs. Edwards and ten children, who grew
to maturity there. On the ground floor was the "bridal
suite" off the lobby.

TU«

c n

fh:

A busy day on Main Street with the Nashold Hotel, Brown Building, and lOOF Building in the bachground.

"Across St. Charles Street (300 block on Main) was
the Fred Philips Store, succeeded by Wm. H. Andrews.
At the rear of the store was a cellar which was replaced
about 1895 by a building as an extension to the store,
later occupied by W. H. Craigue, assayer and mining
engineer.

"Adjoining on the west was the harness shop of Wil-
liam L. Warner. About 1908, the assay office and the
harness shop were taken over by Lemhi Engineering
Company of which Allen C. Merritt, E. B. Thornhill and
J. W. Caples were partners. This firm was dissolved in
1913.

"The buildings were razed and W. H. Burk built the
concrete building and opened a dry goods and clothing

store there. It is now occupied by the Smokehouse.

"Adjoining on the west was the French and Kenney
Drugstore where Dr. George A. Kenney had his office
and his associate, pharmacist French, dispensed the
prescriptions. This was the only drug store and the only
M. D. as well, in the early 80's.

"Dr. Kenney was a true country doctor. His team of
black horses, and his covered buggy, were busy on the
country roads and when there were only trails, he
mounted a bay horse and went to relieve the sick or
to bring a new future pioneer into the world. Rain or
shine, day or night, distance or direction, were no ob-
stacles.

"The building was later occupied by Dr. Wright as an

This picture shows the 400 block on the north side of Main Street. At the left is the International Hotel, next the office of F. J. Cowen,
next the Pope-McDonald Saloon, next the Lumber yard (later the Bradley Machine Shop), next E. H. Jeanjaquet's two story building, next
the Langsdorf Bank building.

J. Williams,

ARTISTIC

BAl^BEI^ and

Hair Dresser.

Hcst BnUiinjC Facilities.
Hair Cutlinp, Shavin(j,
and every service to be
found in a first-class, up-
to-date barber shop.

-Jf'COKE'SDANDRDFFCURE'i"-

on sale.

Kcil door 10 iMiTtiUl.iJitl IIkIcI,

SALMON. IDAHO.

Was it a band concert or a pa-
rade? Main Street at Center
with the Langsdorf Bank
Building at left.

office and the drug store operated by Guy Edwards. It
was razed about 1910.

"Next adjoining on the west was the boot and shoe
shop of Peter Amonson and M. M. McPherson. About
1885 McPherson joined the mercantile firm of G. L.
Shoup Co. Amonson maintained the shop until his
death.

"During several years later the Salmon Post Office
occupied part of the building. Next west stands the
Dunlap jewelry shop built by Robert N. Dunlap and oc-
cupied by him as a goldsmith, watch repairer, gun-
smith, of which his skill could not be excelled. As a
goldsmith, his work was known across the nation.
Handmade jewelry made from native gold from the
diggings in Leesburg, Silver Creek, Bohannon, Geert-
son and Kirtley Creeks were prized by the early settlers
of Salmon." Editors note: This may be an error as Merritt says
earlier that the Dunlap shop was at Andrews Street on Main.)

"We are now down to the site of the first building
(to be constructed) east of the river: The Vandreff house
. . . Vandreff was a surveyor and he laid out a townsite
with Main Street starting in front of his house and run-
ning south-east, straight for more than one mile which
ran between the Benedict building and the Schultz res-
idence on South Challis Street. This was later aban-
doned to the present location after the government
land survey in 1879, and the Salmon City townsite was
granted.

"The Vandreff building was occupied by J. W. Bird-
seye as a residence after several rooms (were added),
and the building extended to N. Terrace Street. Mr.
Birdseye was a surveyor and occupied the building until

1898, when he resigned as county surveyor and moved
to the Davis & Birdseye ranch north of Carmen, now
owned by David Schultz.

"Across N. Terrace Street (200 block) the site of the
new historical building, the lot was occupied by a frame
building, the residence of William Pollard and family.
To the rear of this was Mr. Pollards blacksmith shop.

"Continuing west to the river was what was known
as 'Chinatown', where in the early 80's about 200 or
more Chinese lived in frame and log buildings.

Cluirlcy iiJu;rt .IlKiJiHrvr. -.

NEW YEAE'S GOODS, o
Toys, ■

of ^ill.

Einds.

>^iNEW HOLIDAY 600pSi<;
Japanese I'aucy Goods,

E.H. Jeanjaquet built this bricl^ building for his blacksmith shop. The second floor offices were occupied by Dr. Whitwell and R.P.
Quarles, and at the time of this photo by Judge Padgham.

"Most of the frontage was covered first by Yan Kee
laundry, the Wah Sing, Ah Yen, Wing Lee and Fong Kee.
Many others lived back of these and several lived on
the south side of the street. "Beginning at the river
and proceeding east on the south side of Main Street:
'China Jack', Sing Lee, (was first) near the river, and
then a building where the Valley Chevrolet garage
stands (south east corner of Water Street and Main),
belonged to Wah Sing and was a sort of Chinese gam-
bling house and meeting place.

"Next continuing to the corner on S. Terrace Street
was the L. P. Withington lot with a stable on the west
and then the residence which later was a meat market
operated by Jack Steel, followed by a restaurant (op-
erated) by Mrs. Maggie Boyle. (On the corner of Ter-
race and Main) was Joe Proksch shoe shop, now the
Standard Service Station.

"The next corner going east (300 block) was occu-
pied by the Willis and Wheeler Saloon, which was razed
when the present McNutt Building was built in 1899.

China Jack's little cabin and Capt. Harry Guleke's boat ramp at the east end of the Salmon bridge.

The McNutt Building, constructed of local Pollard brick, was completed in 1901. McNutt financed it with monies received from the sale
of his placer claims and Leesburg mercantile business. He and his partner, Fred Phillips, advertised "free delivery service" to Leesburg
customers —by pack burro. The purchaser would load and drive the burros to his place of residence, unload them and turn them toward
home. Monk and Green occupied the ground floor and stocked groceries, hardware, dry goods, shoes, furniture, anything on demand.
Since 1913 this building has been McPherson's Dry Goods with ownership passing from Myra McPherson to the Beller family.

The ground floor (of the McNutt Building) was occupied
by George H. Monk and Company. The second floor
was designed for, and occupied by Lemhi County of-
fices and District Court rooms until moved to the pres-
ent Court House. The entire building is now owned by
Mrs. Myra McPherson and occupied by the McPherson
store, Salmon's largest and most complete store.

"Adjoining on the east is the Sam Young property
which was occupied by a saloon by that name from
about 1885 to 1890. From then it has been used for
various commercial purposes: Mack's shoe store, and
Van Stratt's Newstand, among them.

"Next door east was the Martinelly saloon which
closed at the time of the demise of the proprietor,
James C. Martinelly, a pioneer of the Leesburg gold
rush days of 1866, a man highly respected and liked
by everyone who knew him. The Stevens Drug Store
occupies the ground which was purchased by William
Anderson in 1899 and a building was erected which
joined the Lemhi Hotel which was erected by Mr. An-
derson in 1897, and occupied the ground that was the
George L. Shoup and Co. Store where the Recorder
was published from 1887 to 1897.

"At the rear of this building was a large cellar partly
below and partly above the ground. It was in this cellar
that the first meeting of Lemhi Lodge No. 11, A.F. &
A.M. was held and there instituted in 1874.

"Crossing St. Charles Street (400 block) was the
livery barn of George Z. Wentz. A brick building with
iron roof. It was replaced by the automobile about 1910,
when Dan O'Connell and Frank Bellamy opened the
Pioneer Garage there, and built the business which
constructed the building at Main and Andrews Streets.

"The next lot, about 40 feet front, occupied the
ground which it now does, east of the building which
is now occupied by Gwartney Equipment Company (401
Main Street). From this lot east was a Chinese laundry

A- -

The 400 block at Main Street. Dan Chase drives his team.

The Wentz Livery Barn, on the south east corner of Main and So. St. Charles Street, was built of local brick and had an iron
roof. It was later the Kingsbury Livery, for many years Gwartney Equipment and now the Rivers Edge Building.

and later a restaurant owned an operated by George
Smith, well known for his acts of charity and his deep
interest in mining. He was the discoverer of the 'Queen
of the Hills' mine, previous to its purchase by Emerson
Hill, former merchant, stockman and state senator from
Red Rock, Montana and later Probate Judge of Lemhi
County. The building now is one of the group consisting
of the Lantern Bar, Bells Barber Shop and the Mint
Cafe. One eastern part of this group was a restaurant
operated by R. R. Dodge and later was rebuilt by George
Steel who owned and operated a meat market there
until about 1895, when he sold and moved to the lot
where the building formerly occupied by City Floral
(stands).

"From here to the Shoup Building is the vacant lot
used by Evans Food Store for parking. Next is the Shoup
building with its stone tablet on the front giving the
date of its erection, 1886. It was first occupied by the
store in September 1887. A grand ball was given here
July 4, 1887, which was attended by more people than
was ever before assembled in Lemhi County.

"The 'Big Store' always carried a large stock of gen-
eral merchandise and provided employment for eight
to ten clerks, freight and warehouse men, and several

freight outfits on the road from the railroad at Red
Rock, Montana.

"In the earlier days there were no banking facilities
and the 'big store' handled this business for its cus-
tomers more as an accommodation than a business,
and it is obvious that the progress of the country in
this area owes much to this institution for its part in
its settlement and development. The second floor was
occupied by offices and the third floor by the Masonic
Lodge. Center Street was opened to the south of Main
Street when the building was built for accommodation
of freight to and from the store and its warehouse.

"Across Center Street (500 block) where the mag-
nificent new building of the Idaho First National Bank
stands, was occupied by a log building which was re-
modeled into the home of Col. Shoup and his family
of three sons and three daughters. They occupied these
premises until about 1881 when they moved to Du-
buque, Iowa, where most of their children started their
pre-college schooling. They did not return to Salmon
until the new store was completed and then moved to
their ranch south of Salmon where a new country home
had been completed.

"Their town house was purchased by James Marti-

■"■R-l

In 1886 George L. Shoup financed this building for his wholesale and retail business, at Main and Center Street. It was at one time the
largest building in Eastern Idaho: three stories high and 281 feet long. Twenty foot deep footings were dug by hand and the total cost of
the building was $100,000. Built of Pollard brick it has been in constant use for over 100 years.

nelly who refurnished it and lived there with his bride
until his death. After that the house was occupied by
Salmon's first public library, where it remained until
the property was sold to the First National Bank and
this building was demolished to make way for the Idaho
First National's new building. The present new building
also covers the lot where the George L. Wentz family

The First National Bank on the south east corner of Main and
Center Streets. This building was built on ground where the old
Shoup home had been located.

< -'SSja.' ■'■''

'^:<.^y -••m.-^".

--i^'

lived until 1882 when they moved into the Glendenning
house on the next lot east.

"Next adjoining the bank is the Norton Building, now
occupied by the Colvin Jewelry. This building was built
by James L. Kirtley, Sr. and was occupied by the Post
Office for several years, was remodeled for the Meitzler
Drug Store, which occupied it until 1910 when they
built and moved into the building adjoining, now oc-
cupied by the Owl Club.

"East of the Owl Club is the Pelton building which
houses the Sargent Cafe, the Recorder Herald and Dr.
Hubbard's office. On this ground stood the Glenden-
ning house and George Clemow house. The former was
razed to make room for business buildings; The Palace
Restaurant (Chinese), and the Norton Jewelry, where
C. A. Norton opened his first store and watch repair
shop. It was later occupied by Dr. E. L. Hubbard, den-
tist.

"The Clemow house, occupied by George Steel many
years and later by Dr. C. F. Hanmer as an office and
clinic. He purchased the property, moved the house
to Vandreff Street, and built the theater which was
destroyed by fire in 1939, remodeled for the Herndon
Insurance, now the occupant.

"East of this lot stood the blacksmith shop of John
B. Fisher which was replaced with a frame building by
George Steel's meat market. Later T. R. Benedict built
the present building.

Tearing down the old Shoup home on Main St.

»H

^-.Ti,

This old postcard shows the east side of the Shoup Build-
ing with its iron staircase, looking south down center street.
A pack train is ready to go.

East side of the Shoup Building. Charlie Beers with freight wagon and team.

"Next building was built for a restaurant, remodeled
for the law office of G. B. Quarles, later it was the office
of the Lemhi Power and Light Co.

"The J. L Kirtley residence was on the lot now oc-
cupied on the east side by Fred Snook's law office and
the office of Dr. Roy Sinclair. The Snook building is on
the site of the store of Fong Kee and Company, Chi-
nese merchants. This store carried some clothing,
shoes, etc., as a part of their stock. The predominating
merchandise was imported Chinese crockery, teas,
spices, confectionery, silks, embroidered work, hand-
kerchiefs, fireworks, and fire crackers.

"They closed out the store about 1897 and left for
their native land. On the east part of the lot was a log
blacksmith shop built and occupied by Marmaduke
Hewitson, who continued there until his demise.

"The building was remodeled by Bert Walker for a
restaurant about 1906. The Miller store occupies the
lot at the present.

"The next building in the block was built on the cor-
ner of Main and Andrews Streets by H. G. Redwine,
attorney. It replaced the little frame house of Wils. Smith
and at the time it was constructed Andrews Street was
not opened and the land belonged to William Peterson,

»~T— TTm^\

U G S' KlsBRy.;^

'jtt^-

r--V .-- :^i.-v^.<

•*- ,-.-.*-j''a*(sr

Main Street in the early 1900's. The present Dee Keirnes Barber Shop, on left was built in 1895 as a bar, and was later a jewelry store and
then a restaurant. It has a false front, gabled roof and a 100 year old Box Elder tree.

Main Street about 1930. By now the Redwine Building on the left is occupied by J. C. Penney Co. and the auto has arrived.

M.HEWITSON

i)l;i('(>^ii

--lI'lieAvrii!

All kinds of ^\i ^^
Blacksmilhini^
I lursc cind JMiilc

4^ )\i ^)\^ Shoeing

■i'ii|!|!lnl hm a N|:rri;illy.-

(',\N AI,\V.\)Slli:r(!lMi MATIKIIHl
10 JIAITIIKW^ON'S IJVIIiV SI.1I1IJ-,

111 foil hmid.'.

Xv5

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This old postcard, about 1900, is labled "Breal^ing Bronchos at Salmon, Idaho." Note the
Brown Building standing in the background.

The 1928 Lemhi Creamery was located at the present site of Steele Memorial Hospital.

who purchased the tract which extended to the east
line of Church Street and to Lena Street on the south
and the southerly part of Vandreff street, extended to
Daisy Street. This was purchased from John W. Snook,
whose residence stood where the Pioneer Garage cov-
ers the site. (Now Kings) This tract aside from being
the home of one of the oldest and most respected
pioneers and the birthplace of his children, John W.,
Jr., Charles W., and Phoebe, now Mrs. Fred Pattee, is
the site of the stockade which was built in 1876 to
protect the community from Chief Joseph's outlaw
band, which was in the nearby Big Hole valley, and were
plundering and murdering the white settlers and were
in fact headed toward the Lemhi Valley. In as late as
1887 some of the old stockade which was constructed
of logs standing on end in a trench about four feet deep
and about 12 feet above ground formed a fence with
bastions at the corners. Continuing east on the south
side of Main Street (700 block) across what it now S.
Church Street, is the location of M. M. Mc Pherson's
residence and the Dr. Kenney lot, now occupied by the
Conoco Gas Station, then Dr Kenney's residence, Rob-

ert McNicoll residence and birthplace of our townsman
M. M. McNicoll. Next is the James K. Fuller residence,
the John Wheeler residence, later the A. J. McNab res-
idence, then where the Steele Memorial Hospital stands
was the 0. W. Mintzer lot, later the Alexander Barrack
planing mill, followed by the first garage opened in
Salmon by M. M. McNicoll, which was later converted
into the Lemhi Creamery and finally to the magnificent
Memorial Hospital made possible by the Steele Me-
morial gift of Mrs. Reese.

"Across Daisy Street (900 block) was the John L.
Morgan residence, then the Joshua Brown residence
across the lot which was a garden and orchard where
the Pelton residence stands. Beyond the Brown resi-
dence was the Frank Pollard residence and this was
the last house until we cross Challis Street where Com-
er Phillips built a house in the late 80's and next to this
the Delos Simons home and adjoining this lot was the
Thomas K. Andrews home, beyond this setting back
from the street was the Frank Kirtley home.

"This winds up Main Street as it is remembered back
in 1886."

■ Mr ■ ' ■ v ' t '^m?

LTO^

•sum

if 111 iM

THE ANDERSON BUILDING and THE OPERA HOUSE

This was the Anderson Building, the home of the
Pyeatt Drug Store, the Anderson Saloon and the Lemhi
Hotel. Built in 1897 at the corner of South St. Charles
and Main Streets by William C. Anderson, the lavishly
furnished hotel opened for business in December of
1901. The "Office" sign can be seen at the doorway
on South St. Charles Street. On the corner was the
entrance to the Saloon which boasted a large and
beautiful old fashioned bar. Just around the corner on
Main Street was the new W. B. Pyeatt drugstore.

The building, which covered the area that is now
McPherson's parking lot, had many fine architectural
features including quarried stone pillars and stained
glass windows. During its lifetime the building housed
other businesses and at the time of its demise the
Pyeatt Drugstore was Stevens Drugs, the saloon was
the Silver Spur Sport Shop and Lounge, and the Lemhi
Hotel was still upstairs.

Just across the alley to the south was the building
known for many years as the Opera House. Built in
1901, it had a theater stage and seating for live per-
formances, and a dance hall that was well used during
its lifetime. Later, in 1940, the Elks Lodge purchased
the building and re-dedicated it as Pioneer Hall. The
upper floor was the Elks Lodge and the lower floor was
rented out, being occupied by the Fire House and a
Geological Survey office. The building occupied the site
of the current Fire House.

At three minutes past midnight on July 23, 1962 a
fire broke out that was presumed to have started in
the alley between the Anderson Building and Pioneer
Hall. Arson was suspected, but never proven, and there

f r

This photo shows Pioneer Hall, or the Opera House, on the right,
with Joe Bohney's Blacksmith Shop to the left of the archway en-
trance. The buildings were on the site now occupied by the Salmon
Fire Department.

were several explosions reported during the course of
the terrible fire that lasted all through the night. By
morning, all that was left of the once beautiful Ander-
son Building and the Pioneer Hall next to it, were the
skeletal remains of the old brick walls.

Thanks to the tireless work of firemen and citizens
the blaze did not spread to other structures of the city,
but the Anderson Building was no more.

Information taken from The Recorder Herald, July 26,1962

W. B. Pyeatt Druggist, on Main Street, occupied the west side of the Anderson
Building.

S^' 1^

fv\ i

Grand Ncwvear Ball,

Aiicicrsori's Ojjera House.

Tliursclav. Jan. 1. 1903

ROCKY MOUNTAIN
LODGE, NO. 5,

IT ^ ® ^ ® ^ ]f

COMMITTEES:

Gen'l Arrangeme.nts; W. C. Smith, G. H. Monk, G. F. Townsend.
W. J. Brown, A. J. Ouarles. Neliie Bryan, Mabel Ball, Mary
Havemann. Eva MuUins, Emma Pattison.

Reception: W, H. Mulkey, E- S. Suydam. Fred Pattee, T. J. Stroud,
VV. L. Mulkey, I. .M. Williams, C. W. Snook, Kittie Uore, Bertha
Church, Mary Kane. Nora Geertson. Gertie !gou, Kate Spell
man, Nellie Bro.vn. Ella Ketchum

Fi.uok: W, a. Warner, |. L Kirtlc>-, J, A. Vaughn.

-TICKETS, INCLUDING SUPPER, $2.50-

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Grand Ball

McPherson Post No. 3,

G. A. R..

Anderson's Opera House

July 4, 1906

RECEPTION:

Messrs Wm. Andrews, Steve Manfull,
Jas. Light. Mesdames Logan Igou,
Trunnan Andrews. Theodore Ketchum,
Frank Tingley.

ARRANGEMENTS:

I. B. Giles. B. F. Russell, G. A. Martin.

PROMPTERS:

Geo. A. Martin, Wm. J. Bryan.

TICKES, Without Supper, $1.50 ;

On Sale at
Edwards' and Pyea.tt*s Drvig Stores

Joe Bohney stares at the remains of his blacksmith
shop on S. St. Charles Street, just south of the Opera
House, after the 1962 fire which destroyed the
Anderson Building and the Pioneer Hall next door. The
wooden frame blacksmith shop was built about 1887 by
Johnny McClaren and was occupied by Joe Bohney for
over twenty-five years. Miraculously the blacksmith
shop escaped the fire, but following the fire, a brick
wall collapsed and flattened the old building.

ADA CHASE MERRITT
An Editor and Her Newspaper

by Doris Brown

Ada Chase Merritt was the first woman to edit an
Idaho newspaper, for more than a few issues, when
she and her partner 0. W. Mintzer, purchased the
Salmon Idaho Recorders July of 1888. The publication
had been founded on June 12, 1886 by J. E. Booth,
"to encourage settlement and investment in Salmon
and the county". 0. W. Mintzer had been with the pa-
per, and was staying on as their printer, however he
sold his interest to Ada Merritt in October of 1888 and
she ran the operation on her own until 1906.

The front page of the first issue, under new man-
agement, was half-filled with ads, but also contained a
schedule of mail deliveries, a directory of county and
state officials, and lists of county disbursements and
license approvals. The second page featured a greeting
from the new proprietors. Among other things, the ed-
itors said they expected the paper to be truly inde-
pendent, because one of them was a Republican and
the other a Democrat, "without a vote, being a lady".
This first, four page issue set the pattern for the entire
period of Ada Merritt's editorship. She continued to
concentrate on local activities, paying particular at-
tention to the comings and goings of the county's res-
idents and commenting on county and state politics.
Another quality that readers appreciated was Mrs.
Merritt's sense of humor. In 1892 she adopted a motto
also used by some other publications: "Here, Shall the
Press, the People's Rights Maintain".

Ada Chase Merritt began life in Clinton, Louisiana
where she was born on February 24, 1852, to Josiah
and Emeline Steven Chase. The family made their home
in Michigan during much of her childhood. The stock
raising business brought the Chases to Austin, Nevada
in 1864 and Ada married Henry Clay Merritt there in
1870. Their two children were born in Austin; Emma
in 1871, and Allen in 1877.

Mining brought Henry and Ada Merritt to Lemhi
County in 1883, and her parents, the Chases, moved
to Salmon the same year. Henry's parents had settled
in Shoup a year earlier. The young Merritt family set-
tled in Salmon and Henry was the superintendent of
the Kentuck Mine near Shoup. Only a year later, Henry
Merritt drowned in the Salmon River, when he was
knocked off one of the flatboats that carried supplies
to the mine. Ada, left with two children to support,
taught school for a time thereafter. Her career as an
editor began with the purchase of the newspaper four
years later.

By the beginning of 1889, Ada was stepping boldly
into the political arena. She did not hesitate to call the
Republicans to task under the headline "WHAT HAVE
LEMHI'S REPUBLICANS DONE?", and criticized the
county's representatives for their failure to get money

for the county. Later in the year she advised voters to
approve the proposed state constitution, but noted
that, as a woman, she would be unable to follow her
own advice, since she was not allowed to vote. Sur-
prisingly, she was not a supporter of women's suffrage.
She felt that women were not ready for the vote; that
they had not become sufficiently interested in the mat-
ter. "But when they do, they will have their own way,
just as they do in everything else which they under-
take", she said.

Ada was married for a short time, to George Walsten,
who had come to Salmon with a good recommendation
from The Salt Lake Herald, and was hired as an assis-
tant at The Idaho Recorder. George and Ada were mar-
ried in Omaha, Nebraska in 1901 , when they went there
to purchase a power press and other machinery for
the business. The marriage fell apart when Ada dis-
covered that he had a prison record and that he had
apparently stolen some of the county money entrusted
to her care. A divorce was granted to her, but she was
forced to make up the loss because of the lack of suf-
ficient evidence against Walsten. It was a traumatic
time during which she received many letters of support
from readers and friends alike. She continued with the
newspaper and her many other activities.

She had also taken an active role in church and com-
munity affairs. Ada participated in concerts by the
Methodist Episcopal church choir; was elected vice
president of the Salmon City Chautauqua Literary and
Scientific Circle; belonged to the Washington Reading
Club; and was appointed secretary of the Woman's Re-
lief Corps, an auxiliary of Salmon City's Grand Army of
the Republic. She was elected Associate Conductress
of Hugh Duncan Chapter #2, 0. E. S. in 1893; and was
elected Lemhi County Treasurer, on the Democratic
ticket in 1900. As a delegate to the state's silver con-
vention, she was probably the first lady to receive the
honor of being elected as a delegate to a public con-
vention in Idaho. She was an active member of the
Idaho State Press Association and was elected its vice
president in 1905.

At the age of fifty-four she decided that a rest was
in order, and H. E. Frost took over as Editor and pro-
prietor in June, 1906. Mrs. Merritt had edited the paper
with skill, enthusiasm, and a sure instinct for the in-
terest of her community for eighteen years.

After selling the newspaper, Ada Merritt moved to
Caldwell, Idaho, where she spent two years, and then
moved to Salt Lake City. In 1912 she married Joseph
Grain, who died seven years later. Between 1920 and
1928 she traveled extensively, part of the time as com-
panion to a wealthy heiress. Eventually she moved to
California where her daughter was living.

Ada Merritt died in November 1933 at Santa Monica,
California, at the age of eighty-one. An obituary from
the Recorder Herald called her "one of the city's most
influential citizens, a woman of unusually brilliant in-
tellect and a pleasing personality", who had lived "a
remarkably active life, full of colorful incidents." A fit-
ting epitaph for this enterprising Idaho pioneer woman.

»»»»♦♦»»■♦♦♦♦»♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦»»»t »»♦♦♦-»■
f ^dnJerttse in the 3F %

WEEKLY RECORDER

Entered J &j\. 6*1903. in the Poal Office ».( S»Jn\an. ldftJ\o, as
Second'Clb.sa mi^tter, Vnder Aci of Congres* ol M*rck i, 1879.

Secy:

You will rveed esc

For that big crop of hay
Norve better than the

McCorinick

'Broti. . ZMocK ^ ^ ^aJrrron. Idaho,
Ad from the Idaho Recorder - January 6, 1903

^ ■ •_ . ■. .:; S; -•.,» -JKT^.Ia.- .• .V-.-; ,- ■y^-i,^iAii,^i:-!^>,i,^fS^ie^~, ■,-; ^- ^

PHILIP SHENON

T 1

This large monument marks the grave of Salmon Pi-
oneer businessman and rancher, Philip Shenon, who
died December 30, 1902. Shenon built the Shenon
Block featuring the Shenon Hotel, in 1895 in the 600
block of Salmon's Main Street. It became a landmark
in Eastern Idaho. He also developed the Shenon Land
and Livestock Company, and owned a large ranch near
Baker. (This was later the Nielson Ranch, then Emmett
Reese's Pine Creek Ranch, now Stephenson Hereford
Ranch.) Shenon also had Shenon Implement and Hard-
ware Business.

Minnie McKinney was the only daughter of John and
Mary McKinney who had five sons. Minnie came to
Salmon in 1893 to visit her brother Peter McKinney.
She met Philip Shenon and became his secretary and
accountant. In 1894 they were married and to this
union three sons were born, Kenneth, Philip J. and
Fred.

Phil Shenon died in 1902, only eight years after his
marriage . His death was a blow to the entire com-
munity. Minnie married Dr. W. B. Hart in 1916.

Shenon Hotel,
S.nlnion, Idaho.

•^^'\

"'^ 1 ■BhHhI EnJ^J

~38til

Shenon Implement Company in the Shenon Building.

Tragedy struck this fine family again in 1926 when
Kenneth Shenon died at age twenty-eight from appen-
dicitis. Kenneth was born at the Shenon Ranch at Bak-
er, educated in Salmon schools and then attended the
University of California in Berkeley. He was bright, am-
bitious, industrious, honest, and possessed a most kind
and obliging disposition, ever mindful of the happiness
and well- being of those about him. Everybody liked
Kenneth, whose life was full of promise. He was one
of the best boys ever raised in Salmon. The entire com-

munity shared the pall of sadness that the Shenon and
McKinney families felt with his death.

Dr. Hart died in 1929 and Minnie McKinney Shenon
Hart died July 29, 1957 in Berkeley, California. Since
1946 she had divided her time between Salt Lake City
and Berkeley to be with her two sons and their families.
No Shenons live in Lemhi County at this time. But the
Shenon name still stands tall on top of the old Hotel
Building and faces out towards the Pope-Shenon mine,
located across the valley above the Salmon Airport.

/^' C. Hudlow,

PAINTER and
APER HANGER.

Paper hanj^ing and iiard
oil finishing a specialty.

SALMON. Idaii...

A. W. Pattison,

UNDERTAKER
AND
EMBALMER.
Calls attended t"

dav or ni"lit.

Residence of)-
positc 1 O O F hali.

Main street

.•->;dnion

In the late 1800's this was what is now
the 600 block on the north side of Main
Street, with the new Shenon Building
at the left. In the background note the
bellfry of the old Methodist Church, at
the corner of Main and Church Streets.

BIRCH CREEK AND THE VIOLA MINE
by Lyie Longhurst

South on Highway 28, over Gilmore Summit is the
Birch Creek Valley. In the latter part of the nineteenth
and early part of the twentieth centuries, the Birch
Creek Valley was a booming area. Estimates vary, to
as high as five thousand people at one time in the
valley, most of them working in the mining Industry,
although there was considerable ranching going on
along Birch Creek at that time.

Lead was discovered, accidentally, in the valley in
1881. A young man by the name of William McKay was
working as a stock tender for the Gilmer and Salsbury
stage lines at their Willow Creek station. One day he
was hunting for horses that that had wandered off, up
in the Beaverhead Mountains overlooking the upper
end of Birch Creek. While resting on the upturned roots
of a fallen tree, he noticed some peculiar looking rock
clinging to the roots. McKay picked some up and was
surprised to find it to be very heavy. He continued on
his search for the lost horses and forgot about the ore
he had found.

A few months later, McKay was at Hailey, watching
ore being loaded into railroad cars for shipment to Salt
Lake. Suddenly he noticed that the ore looked like what
he had seen clinging to the roots of that tree. He asked,
"What kind of ore is that?" The answer, "Lead!"

Young McKay found a partner, headed back to Birch
Creek, found the fallen tree, and filed a few claims. The
mine was called "Viola" in honor of his girl friend, who
later married another fella. McKay and his partner ob-
tained financing and began digging. They ran out of ore
at the six foot level. Discouraged, and thinking they
had reached the end of the vein they offered to sell
the claims for six thousand dollars cash. Captain Charles
B. Rustin took them up on their offer.

Rustun spent seventeen thousand developing the Vi-
ola, then sold it to the La Plata Mining and Smelting
Company of Leadville, Colorado for a hundred and sev-

^ ^'^Vw:

enteen thousand, a neat profit. This company organ-
ized the Viola Mining and Smelting Company.

For a time the Viola produced twenty-five percent of
the lead being mined in the United States. The town
of Nicholia was a bustling town of three to four thou-
sand people. A mill was built in order to mill the ore
before shipment to the railroad near Dubois. Charcoal
was needed for the mill, but little timber grew on the
east side of the valley where the mine was. The timber
was on the west side, and that is where the charcoal
kilns were built. From there the charcoal was hauled
to the mill by team and wagon. Three of the charcoal
kilns still stand today and are just a short drive off of
Highway 28.

The Viola mine changed hands two or three times
while in operation. Prior to the arrival of the railroad
in Gilmore the ore was hauled by teams to the railroad.
For a short time a steam powered train was used to
haul ore, but it proved to hard to maintain under the
extremely dusty conditions of the roads at that time.

♦ M

The charcoal kilns when the mine was in operation. Stacks of
wood can be seen behind the ovens.

j«^^*i

Power house, hoist, and ore bucket at top of the main shaft of
the Viola mine, shortly before the mine ceased operations in 1926.

The charcoal kilns as they appear today

In addition to Nicholia, there was another mining
town, Hahn, on the west side of the valley. For a few
years a mill and smelter were in operation there. There
were several mines in that area; lead, gold, and silver.
There was also the community of Kaufman, located a
bit north of Lone Pine where the road crosses Birch
Creek. North of Kaufman, about a mile, was another
community called Reno.

Mining was a dangerous occupation in those days.
There are no records of the number of men that died
of lead poisoning from working in the Viola mine, but
there were many.

There were many people in the Birch Creek valley
when the Viola was operating at its peak, but today
there are only a handful. Nicholia is no more. Reno and
Kaufman are but a memory. The Viola mine has not
produced any lead for years, and the charcoal ovens
have not been hot for ages. There are three or four
ranches in the Birch Creek valley and a small com-
munity at Blue Dome and Lone Pine.

There have been many great changes in Lemhi Coun-
ty since the boom days of Nicholia and Gilmore.

Main Street, Nicholia, in the 1880's.

The Lemtii
Realty Company

Real Estate
Insurance
Security Bonds
Conveyances
Abstracts of Title

P. J. DEMPSEY, M^r.

Op«ra Hous« Block
Salmon - - - ldabo>

LEMHI COUNTY PROBATES
filed before 1900

compiled by Patsy Stokes and committee

NAME

Agnew, Milton

Beatty, Elwood T.
Beckenbaugh, Peter.
Belcher, Byron
Blackburn, Samuel E.
Burns, Edward

Carney, Patrick

Cates, Charles

Catey, Charles B

Colvin, Jerome

Conation, Patrick

Conrey, Charles

Coy, Henry W

Cronk, John C.

Davis, Adolph

Davis, Caleb

Deriar, W. H

Douglas, William N.

Duray, John H

Freeman, James H.

French, Joseph S

Green, Albert
Gross, Otto B

DEATHDATE

12Augl899

26Marl883

20Decl878

070ctl893

04Sepl880

10Augl878

09Novl893

31Janl889

24Augl898

06Febl882

25Decl892

25Decl872

28Augl900

25JUI1873

04Junl894

23Sepl895

20Mayl892

llJanl888

13Marl891

28Febl886

17Junl890

15Augl877

27Marl895

Guinan, Mark D.

Hagenbort, Frank

Haley, Warren

Halstead, Louis

Hart, A. S.

Hawthorne, Agnes E

Hayden, James

Helen, Warren A

Hewlett, R. G.

Heywood, Henry W

Highfill, John C.

Hines (Hynes), Richard.,

Holbrook, John L.

Horn, Sarah A

Hull, John

James, Samuel M

Jarvis, Joseph M.

Jewell, Isaac P

Kamp, Christian Teoder

Kirtchner, Robert

Lamont, David

Largey, Patrick A

Laughlin, Joseph

Lee, John C

16Augl899

24JUI1870

09Marl893

20Janl899

02Junl891

llAugl880

15Augl877

09Marl893

16Mayl897

25Aprl891

24Aprl883

27Marl882

09Novl896

26Augl897

25Decl892

04Junl897

llAugl899

05Mayl875

02Decl899

07Junl899

23Sepl892

llJanl898

03Junl900

03Augl884

Ludeman, Willaim

Martin, Cynthia

Mayfield, Alexander A.

McCaleb, Jessie (Jesse)

McClain. W. W.

McDaniels, Martin

McElheny, James

McGarvey, Thomas

McGuire, Andrew

McNevin, William

Means, John A.

Merritt, Henry C

Miller, John

Miller, Joseph B

Mills, Charles

Moore, Robert L

Mulkey, Elijah

Murphy, Bat

Murphy, Dennis

Murray, John

Musgrove, Elihu

Nasholds, Egbert

Neumayer, Joseph

Nevill, W. H

Noteware, Asa B.

Okerlund, E. G

Ostrander, Mary J.

Perow, John

Pope, Harry

Potts, Daniel M

Ramey, John S.

Reed, George

Revoredo, Diego A.

Schrader, Myron

Shaver, George G.

Sherman, D. V

Silvey, Samuel

Simmons, James

Smith, F. 0.

Smith, George H

Smith, William

Snyder, Andrew

Spahn, Michael 0.

Steel, E. J

Steel, John

Tingley, Ira

Tracey, Wallace

VanSkiver, Andrew Jackson

Walker, A. D.

Wallace, William

Wheeler, Henry

Williams, Margaret

Williams, Murray

Williams, Richard

Wills, Christopher'

Windover, Charles W

Wiseman, Fred J.

Wolcott, Ella E

07Febl880

04Novl885

20Decl895

llAugl878

23Novl895

100ctl896

06Aprl895

17Febl885

08Marl880

?? Feb 1894

07Novl883

02Novl884

13Mayl900

07Mayl895

03Aprl900

150ctl887

240ctl883

28Marl900

04Decl894

28Aprl895

03Marl884

09Marl892

07Aprl899

16Junl892

15JUI1898

03Jull890

310ctl897

13Mayl878

010ctl898

26Mayl884

19Febl898

21Janl880

01Aprl899

15Decl883

07Mayl898

03Aprl891

01Decl898

19Augl889

21Janl897

27Mayl885

09Decl872

28Mayl885

08Decl899

??Marl880

10Marl884

03Sepl897

24Marl879

25Junl900

18Novl895

02Mayl884

12Mayl875

06Mayl896

07JUI1893

13Mayl895

03Marl881

16Mayl897

140ctl890

22Febl896

Wood, Charles A.
Woodard, Joseph N.
Wright, Joseph

Yaw, William

Yearian, George

Yearian, J. B

Zeller, Henry
Zumbrum, Cyrus L.

14Junl889

19Janl881

19Janl888

260ctl892

22Augl890

27Mayl876

18Augl880

05Febl895

VALLEY FORMATION

by Joseph E. Hoy

Lemhi Valley and the surrounding area is a treasure
trove of visible geological activity, past and present.
Unlike so much of the earth, most of the coverings
have been removed. Before the Continental Divide was
formed, formations were layers of sediment. When lay-
ers were buried thousands of feet down, heat from the
earth's core, combined with pressure and subterra-
nean movement, metamorphosed the sediment into
varied types of rock. Now, eons later, these layers are
now exposed to view. For example, the sandstone bluffs
across the river, running toward Carmen, in which leaf
(elm?) impressions can be found. This formation was
formed under moderate conditions, whereas the slabs
of rock at the mouth of the Pahsimeroi received ex-
treme pressure and heat, resulting in part of the ma-
terial becoming mica. Grandview Canyon, south of
Challis, was formed from boggy ground. The darker
strata contains much vegetable matter.

This valley has filled and emptied many times; once
so thoroughly that traces of sediment remain in the
Kirtley Creek area that haven't been found elsewhere
in the valley. Formation of the Great Divide and sub-
sequent block-faulting (such as just occurred in the
Mount Borah upthrust) are probably responsible for
the initial forming of the valley. The meandering of the
river over the filled valley helps explain why wash-
boulders are found most everywhere. It is conjectured
that the Salmon once flowed out Tower Creek, and
emptied into Hudson's Bay.

Petrified wood indicates tropical conditions existed,
probably before formation of the Divide changed
weather conditions. Glacial times are evident in the
necklace of cirques along the divide, as well as the
humps of terminal moraine along the highway beyond
Gilmore. The massive Challis lava flow, which stopped
at the southern end of the valley, created a temporary
change in the valley by creating a lake.

Stratifications seen are synclines, anticlines, folds,
and on edge. Inclusions such as the white quartz vein-
ing, some with offsets due to massive displacement,
are commonplace below Pine Creek.

1874 - Al Jinegar opened the first barber shop in a dobe house at the
northeast corner of Main and St. Charles Streets.

-i*i^. ..^

THE INDIAN AGENCY SCHOOL ■ HAYDEN CREEK. Top row: A. C. Porter (school superintendant), Irene Porter (daughter), Mrs. Porter, Will
Kadletz, Bob Stalker, Ben Taylor. Bottom row: Mrs. Sarah Slater, Frank Baer, J. M. Needham (agent). Belle Carr, Dr. Whitwell.

This postcard says, "The Stage Mother (Josi Petrowski) and we came to Idaho in - 1886 - from Minn'

1 886 - Mrs. E. Nahsolds of this city has received at their Emporium
of Fashion, an elegant stock of milinary goods direct from Paris. The
stock consists of ladies hats, caps amd hoods of all kinds, merino
underwear, hosiery, corsets, an elegant assortment of fancy ribbons and
a thousand and one other unmentionable articles.

1892 - It is reported on good authority that there are no less than
seventy-five cases of la grippe in the city at present.

1887 - A few days ago we purchased about forty feet of rope and used
It to make a more secure picket fence by lashing a wagon box to it on
the mside. Some thief has appropriated it to his own use. He is entirely
welcome to the same if he will but hang himself with it.

1 89 1 - W. H. Andrews has opened a general merchandising establish-
ment — His terms are strictly cash. He says he has no pen or pencil
and never learned to write.

The U S Mail arrived daily by stage in the late 1890's. Here the Stage rounds the corner at the
Shenon Hotel on Main and Andrews Streets.

r •

The Redrock and Salmon Stage line stops at Midway Station in this photo at about the turn of the

century.

Ed Lyon in 1886, handsome youngster of mystery, was turned into a scar-faced
avenger by gunmen who killed his only friend Red Magee, with whom he had staked
gold claims at Dynamo Camp. Information and photo courtesy of Ethel kimbell and
Frank Rood.

"Queen of the J{!i!s" JY!ine, near Sa/mon. Idaho.

.•'^^'^^■«^=^'

'»^*;vj

■O',''.

DISTINGUISHED LADIES OF THE COMMUNITY - Front: Mrs. Holbrook Crawford,
Mrs. Yearian, Mrs. John Snook. Back: Mrs. E. S. Edwards, Mrs. Spahn, Mrs. George
L. Shoup, Mrs. Pattee.

^""^

■i':A^* '

♦* ^*ff^

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,:5
'1)

/-^^r^l^ ^

■^'

THE BOOMER CAMP - 1893 - near the head
of Kirtley Creek. H. H. Boomer was an early
day construction contractor who tried, large-
ly in vain, to ditch water around almost per-
pendicular slopes from upper Carmen Creek
to Kirtley Creek for placer mining ventures.
Photo courtesy of Rose Bolton

.^drews Hot Springs.

S ALMON CITY, IDAH O.
M MffiEEAL imEl in Ihe Til

Situated in the Mountains at an
Elevation of 6,ooo feet, about
6 miles from Salmon Cit>'. .

SPLENDID BATH.HGO-SES& GOOD
HOTEL ACCOMMODATIONS.

Invalids suSering from Rneuma-

tism or Diseases of the Blood

Will Find a Sure Cure in

Bathing in Tncsc

Springs

WONDERFULLY NOTED
FOR CURING
ALL KINDS OF DISEASES

|T. ICAjidiews, Propr.

Charles Washington Cockrell came to Lemhi
County as a freighter after the Civil War and
'' homesteaded a ranch on what is now High-
•SeV* way 28 near the City Park.

I nl^M

I ■'i

NATIVE AMERICANS

They came long ago

Shoshone braves in picture at Fort Hall about 1870. Note otter
hides with mirrors, on right.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Two Lemhis are pictured in full dress regalia in this early day Chief Tendoy of the Lemhis in full ceremonial dress including
photo taken at Salmon, Idaho. the ceremonial pipe.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson photo courtesy of Heye Foundation

THE LEMHI BAND OF THE SHOSHONE INDIANS

by Fred Snook, Jed Wilson and Teri Wilson Dinnell

The predominant band of Indians in Lemhi County
History were appropriately named, the Lemhi Band.
This group lived along the Lemhi River for generations
before Lewis and Clark arrived in 1805. This feature
displays a wide variety of the history and lifestyles of
this band of Indians whose peacefulness made the set-
tling of Lemhi County by the white man possible.

Familiar Indian names are Sacajawea, Cameahwaite,
Chief Snag, Buttermilk Jim, Willie George, Crow Old
Man, Chicken Nose and many others; but the Indian
who did the most to shape the history of Lemhi County
Is Chief Tendoy.

Chief Tendoy, also known as Tin Doi, was one of the
most respected and honored of Idaho Indians. He was
born in the Boise River Valley about 1834. Tendoy was
the nephew of Snag, who was the chief of the Lemhis
when the Mormons settled at Fort Lemhi. Tendoy was
also related to Cameahwait, chief of the Shoshones
when Lewis and Clark entered Idaho in 1805.

Chief Snag was killed by the notorious highwayman.
Buck Stinson of the Plummer Gang of Bannock, who
was later hung by vigilantes in 1863 near Bannock,
Montana. Stinson shot Chief Snag, while Snag was
bathing in Grasshopper Creek, just to add another notch
to his gun. Other accounts say that Stinson shot Snag
and two other Indians as they were peaceably sitting
on the street in Bannock. In any case, Tendoy pre-
vented the Indians from taking the warpath upon the
white settlers and became Chief of the Lemhis. Many
people referred to the Lemhis as "Tendoy's Band".

Later, in both the Nez Perce and Bannock Indian
Wars, Tendoy refused to join the hostile Indians and
remained at peace. Tendoy's friendship for the whites
saved many lives of Idaho settlers. In about 1880, Chief
Tendoy went to Washington, D. C. to meet with the
Federal Government about treaty relations with the
Lemhis and about a reservation. In appreciation, the
U.S. Government granted Tendoy a pension of $15.00
per month which he received for about the last ten
years of his life.

Tendoy travelled with members of his band through-
out the region. The band was always destitute and with-
out food. They frequently went to the Yellowstone Park
area and throughout southwestern Montana. The Gov-
ernment continued its efforts to close the Lemhi Res-
ervation and move the Lemhis to Fort Hall. ( The first
time Tendoy met with the three commissioners from
the Indian Service in 1873 the officials tried to get him
to agree to move his tribe to the Fort Hall Reservation.)

LEFT: Lemhi Indian Council in Salmon about 1900, at Island
Park. John Tyler, Johnson Keni-botts, Frank Wahtomy, Jack
Grouse aka Queena Moby (Chicken Nose). He was Fannie Silver's
uncle and a champion wrestler.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Chief Tendoy was well known by many influential
white men. Tendoy liked to play poker and was con-
sidered an excellent card player. He had a likeable per-
sonality and enjoyed life even while he struggled against
insurmountable obstacles. Chief Tendoy is quoted as
saying, "Life is hard," and life was very hard for his
band of Indians.

The number of Indians in the Lemhi Tribe varied.
Government reports list different numbers over the
thirty plus years of the reservation; from a high of 1 ,200
to a low of 474, in 1907.

Chief Tendoy's third wife, Ta Gwah Wee, in dress ornamented
with elk's teeth.

Chief Tendoy died May 10, 1907, at age 73 near the
Narrows on Agency Creek. There are many versions of
how he died. Some say he was murdered, others that
he was drunk and fell while bathing in Agency Creek
then drowned, others that he was drunk and fell from
his horse into Agency Creek, others that he may have
suffered a heart attack and died of old age and a broken
heart, as his band was just beginning the final move to
Fort Hall. In Salmon the Idaho Recorder of May 16,

1907 reported that on May 9 Chief Tendoy, his son
Toopompey, and a white man, Joseph Jeffries were up
Agency Creek, and that the two Indians were given
whiskey. Toopompy left Chief Tendoy near the Nar-
rows commenting, 'Tin Doi tough, he come in all right".
A search party found the Chief's body beside Agency
Creek near the Narrows.

The same newspaper editorialized, "While the clos-
ing chapter of his career was not what his white friends
and admirers would have it, yet it does not lessen their
regard for his nobleness of character, his life-long
friendship for his white brother. He died as a victim of
his inordinate longing for the white man's broth of hell.
As he has seen his tribe dwindle away as a result of
the avarice of the whites, so can his death be attributed
to the avarice of his white brother."

His funeral services were held near Tendoy. Most of
the white settlers in the Lemhi Valley attended. Chief
Tendoy was sitting upright and his friends filed by,
shaking hands with the old friend. After the public fu-
neral, an Indian burial was held. Chief Tendoy was bur-
ied on the hillside at the base of the mountains a short
distance south of Agency Creek. His resting spot is just
above the old Indian racetrack which is now productive

farm ground. A monument was paid for and erected
by his white friends. The monument of native sand-
stone reads:

Chief Tendoy

Died May 10, 1907, aged 73 years

Erected by his White Friends

Soon after Tendoy's death the Lemhi Reservation
was closed and the Lemhis were placed on the Fort
Hall Indian Reservation in June of 1907.

The Lemhi Reservation was created by Executive Or-
der of the President in 1875. The reservation was the
smallest Indian reservation in the United States, one
hundred square miles on the Lemhi River; so small that
it was impossible for the Tendoy band to produce a
living for the tribe. The reservation was located be-
tween Tendoy and Lemhi, Idaho. Many present day
names are related to the reservation. Napo Canyon,
Agency Creek, the Post Office, store, school, and com-
munity of Tendoy.

The first years of the reservation were disrupted by
the Nez Perce War of 1877, the Bannock War of 1878
and the Sheepeater War of 1879. All three created
resentment and distrust of Indians among the white
settlers.

The Indian delegation in Washington D. C. in 1880. BACK: Tihee, Agent W. H. Danilson, an interpreter. FRONT: Jack Tendoy, Captain Jim,
Chief Tendoy, Grouse Pete, Jack Gibson, and Tissidimit.

Photo courtesy Bureau of American Ethnology.

Throughout the reservation history many hardships
were endured by Tendoy's band. Many Indians died
during the winters due to inadequate provisions. Four
of Chief Tendoy's own children died within a two year
period, including his fourteen year old daughter. Sev-
eral times efforts to increase their government rations
resulted in the rations being reduced the next year.
(For a complete history of the Lemhi Reservation, see
The Lemhi: Sacajawea's People, by Brigham D. Mad-
sen.)

When the reservation was closed the band trailed
their way to Fort Hall, going in wagons with their live-
stock and possessions. Many Lemhi Valley old-timers
remembered the Indians leaving in their own "trail of
tears" with much grieving and sorrow. One of those
who made the trip to their new home, was Fannie Sil-
ver.

FANNIE SILVER was born in 1897, the daughter of
Charles and Grace Grouse Pandoah. She was born at
Hayden Creek on the Lemhi Reservation. She had an
older brother, Daniel and two younger sisters who died
when young.

When she was a young girl, she and three or four
other Indian girls were sent to Fort Shaw, Montana
where she learned to speak English. While she was at
Fort Shaw in 1907, the band of Lemhis were moved
off the reservation to the Fort Hall Reservation.

After she returned to the family in Fort Hall the family
would often return to the Lemhi country. She recalled
leaving the Fort Hall Reservation with her family and
others, traveling across the Arco dessert in wagons,
down the Pahsimeroi Valley, crossing the Salmon Riv-
er. They would leave the wagons and ride horses to
Camas Creek, where they would spend the summer
hunting and fishing. They would return to Fort Hall in

Jack Tendoy, son of Chief Tendoy,
accompanied his father to Washington in 1880.
Photo courtesy Bureau of American Ethnology.

the fall.

Fannie's uncle was Jack Grouse, also known as
Queena Moby (Chicken Nose). He was very strong and
a good wrestler. He was very wealthy in horses, but
when they moved to Fort Hall he left most of his horses
in the Lemhi Valley.

Fannie married Fred Fisher. Following his death she
married Toenip Silver. Toenip wasthe son of Tom Silver
and Beatle. Toenip and Fannie returned to live in Salm-
on at the Indian Camp. They were some of the last
people to occupy the camp on Highway 93 South ad-
jacent to Bean Lane.

Fannie had one son Archie, who predeceased her, a
daughter Nessie Sheepskin and an adopted son, Jed
Wilson. She enjoyed tanning hides and did beautiful
beadwork.

Chief Tendoy's wife and Mabel Rand

Early day Indian Camp on the bar beside Jesse Creek in Salmon.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Fannie silver and her adopted son, Jed Wilson, at Salmon River
Days, 1981.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Toenip died in 1972 and Fannie lived alone at the
camp. When Jed Wilson became Salmon City Chief of
Police Fannie said, "Fannie's son is now Chief".

Fannie died February 9, 1985 in Pocatello at age
eighty- eight. Her adopted son, Jed Wilson, comment-
ed, "Fannie had the courage to accept changes; and
she saw many. I was awed by the way she faced the
future and her trip through the Sand Hills, to a life
which has no sorrow — a life of plenty."

In the years after the Reservation closed many of
the Lemhis would return to either the Lemhi Valley or
to the Camas Creek area of the backcountry of Lemhi
County to hunt and fish for salmon. On their return to
Fort Hall, the Indians would sometimes trail up Hawley
Creek and cross the Continental Divide near Teepee
Mountain into the Montana Medicine Lodge Creek ar-
ea. They would then go north, down the Medicine Lodge
to Armstead, the current site of Clark Canyon Dam,
then turn south through Dell, Lima and Monida Pass.

V " r

Friendly Indians cluster around the home
of Colonel Shoup, a familiar sight in the
early days of Salmon City. Colonel Shoup
and his first son, William, are in the
gateway, and Mrs. Shoup is in the
background near the house, which was
located on Main Street.

Photo courtesy of George L. Shoup,
grandson of Col. Shoup, and Ethel Kimball.

Heading for Main Street is the title of this
old time photo of a Lemhi squaw with her
papoose walking down Center Street. The
Brown Block building is in the background.
Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

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For Accidents or Sicknoi, for KJon-
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Jim and Roy Tendoy had small bands of about twenty
adults plus children and would alternate years passing
through the Medicine Lodge area on their return trip
in the fall. Roy Tendoy died as a result of a beating
from a railroad worker near Dell in the early 1930's
and that was the last time the bands travelled through
the Medicine Lodge.

Some Indian families moved back to Salmon settling
in the Indian Camp. Their children attended local
schools. As time passed, most of this next generation,
moved out of the Salmon area, leaving fewer and fewer
of the Lemhis in Salmon. Here is an example of one
family that returned to Salmon.

ZUNI WHITE BEAR NAVO. She was born in 1886 in the
Pocatello area, the daughter of White Bear and May
Hammer, members of the Shoshone- Bannock tribe.
She was the only girl in a family of three boys. Yellow
Bear, Spotted Bear and Young White Bear. Zuni mar-
ried Charlie Navo about 1910. They made their home
in Fort Hall where they had a farm. Her husband died
in 1934 at Licking Creek on the Reservation.

Zuni and her family came to Salmon about 1940.
She was a good story teller and family and friends de-
lighted in listening to her tell stories and legends of the
old days.

Zuni passed away in Salmon at age eighty-seven on
January 17, 1973. She was survived by her children
Camille George, Lilie Sawyer, Alfred Navo, Richard Na-
vo and Bill Navo. All of her family have since moved
from the Salmon area.

Another Lemhi tribe member, Cora George recalls,
the Lemhis called themselves Sheepeaters, Salmonea-
ters or Meateaters, depending on how they chose to
get their food. The local Indians often crossed the Con-
tinental Divide into Montana to hunt buffalo.

Cora George married Willie George Senior. Willie
George, also known as Running Bear, was born on the
Fort Hall Reservation about 1888. His father was
Breechcloth, widely known as Billie George. His mother
was Weeto Watsi.

Zuni Navo, with Irene Nappo Arriwite. She was Alfred Navo and
Camile George's mother. Photo taken in 1943 at Indian Camp in
Salmon.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson.

Willie George in a photo taken while he was with "The Wild West
Show".

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Willie attended schools on the Reservation and was
one of the first students of the old "mud house" school
located at Lincoln Creek. Horses were always his great-
est love and he took part in many wild horse roundups
on the reservation as a boy.

At age seventeen he joined the Miller Brothers' 101
Ranch Wild West Show as a horse wrangler. He was
soon performing as a bronc rider, and played parts in
the Indians' attack of the Wagon Train. He learned trick

roping and performed in the arena as a trick and fancy
roper. A nine-horse running catch was his special trick.

He acted in Hollywood. The movie "Covered Wagon"
was the most prominent movie that he appeared in.
He was a movie stunt man and during his career worked
with such celebrities as Buffalo Bill, Will Rogers, and
Tom Mix.

Willie traveled throughout the United States and
Canada and in Europe. During World War I, he returned
to Idaho at his father's request. His father was con-
cerned that Willie's entry into the Army would violate
the tribe's promise in their treaty not to bear arms in
battle.

Willie married Emma Tendoy, granddaughter of Chief
Tendoy, in 1918. Emma died and Willie then married
Cora Pegoga in Logan, Utah, on January 20, 1939.

Willie was very proud of his Indian heritage and con-
tinued to wear his hair in braids until his death. He
became very influential in Indian affairs and served in
numerous positions. He helped establish Idaho Indian
Day, which was the last Friday in September. Willie and
Cora were paid a high honor in 1968 when they were
chosen to serve as Grand Marshals for the Eastern
Idaho State Fair in Blackfoot.

Willie had seven children. The most well known in
Lemhi County was his son, Wilford George, also known
as Willie George.

Willie George Sr. died on January 1, 1971, age eighty-
three, at the Fort Hall Indian Reservation.

Willie George shown in a Wild Horse Race at Blackfoot State Fair.

Willie George is shown here with Buffalo Bill and "The Wild West
Show". Willie is in the front row, left, and Buffalo Bill, front row,
right.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Photo courtesy of Ethel Kimnball.

Buffalo Bill on horse, talks to Willie George, middle front with
arms crossed. This is one of several pictures he had sewn to a
length of cloth, making reproduction difficult.

Photo courtesy of Ethel Kimball.

Last of the Chiefs: Chief Running Bear (Willie George), shown in
1969 at Fort Hall.

Photograph by Jed Wilson

WILLIE GEORGE JUNIOR: The best known Lemhi
Indian in the past forty years was Willie George, Jr.
He was the son of Willie George Sr. and Emma
George. Emma was the daughter of TooPompy, a
son of Chief Tendoy. Willie came to Salmon from
Fort Hall in 1955. He worked as a guide and packer
and also worked for several ranchers. In those days,
many ranchers would give the Indians summertime
jobs. Willie remembered the oldtimers in the
Pahsimeroi Valley, who would help the Indians by
giving them a job.

Willie served in the Navy from 1943 to 1946 in the
Pacific Theater and received the Bronze Star Medal
for valor. He served aboard an Aircraft Carrier and
shot down a Japanese suicide plane. Following his
discharge from the Navy he served in the Army from
1946 to 1949.

Willie was a showman and loved to participate in
Indian ceremonies, fairs and parades. He also liked
to participate in Indian traditional dances.

He and his wife, Camille Navo, raised a fine family
who were very committed to preserving their
traditional Indian heritage including their Indian
language. Willie would often say, "I'm a Lemhi
Indian. I am the great grandson of Chief Tendoy, the
son of Willie George, a descendent of Sacajawea, the
Shoshone."

Willie George had unmeasured talent and ability
but he also had weakness. He had developed a
drinking problem that began in his service days. With
his natural charm, he was a social mixer among
people and that often put him into contact with
alcohol. Willie died February 2, 1981, age 56, on the
Fort Hall Indian Reservation, freezing to death a
short distance from his home, a victim of
alcoholism. His passing was the final break in the link
between the Lemhi Indians and Lemhi County.

Today all of the Indian people have moved from
Lemhi County. The old Indian camp, located on an
acre of ground owned by the late Howard Sims, near
Highway 93 South, is being developed into a

waterfowl, wetland park area. The Lemhis are no
more a physical presence in their beautiful valley,
but it is still the home of the spirit of Chief Tendoy
and many other members of the Lemhis who are
buried on the sloping hills near Tendoy, Idaho.
Editor's comment: Former Salmon Chief of Police,
Jed Wilson has many spent years collecting Lemhi
Indian information, and is the adopted son of Lemhi
Indian tribe member Fannie Silver. Fred Snook's
grand-uncle, Charley Snook, and Fred's grandad,
John W. Snook, grew up beside the reservation in
the 1880's. Both men spoke Shoshone and always
had deep respect for Chief Tendoy. Charley was
extremely fluent in Shoshone and spent much time
with his Indian friends. Charley and John were
always considered good friends by the local Indians.
Fred Snook undertook this article, out of his respect
for his forefathers' respect and friendship for the
Lemhis. Jed Wilson supplied many photos and much
of the individual family histories used in the article.

Willie George Jr. was well known to his Salmon
friends. He is shown at Fort Hall, August 1980.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

"Crow Old Man" of the Lemhis, was the Indian name
of Ben Ariwite, father of Bill, Coburn, Leo, Sadie,
Elvina, and Lillian Ariwite.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Right: Lewis and Clark Medallion that was give to
Chief Cameahwaite in August 1805. It has been
passed down over the past 180 years and is now in
possession of Jed Wilson.

Jed Wilson photo

The abondoned Indian Camp on Highway 93 South and Bean lane at Salmon

LEWIS AND CLARK MEDALLIONS

Lewis and Clark brought with them two dozen
Peace and Friendship Medallions which they
distributed to Indians during their expedition
throughout the West. Six of these Medallions had
been recovered as of 1964. The Medallion bears the
likeness of Thomas Jefferson, who, as President,
authorized the Expedition to explore the Louisiana

Purchase. One medallion is in a vault at Washington
State University and one is now in possession of
former Salmon Chief of Police, Jed Wilson. Lewis and
Clark gave at least one of the Medallion's to Chief
Cameahwaite. That Medallion was passed down from
Chief to Chief.

Reverse side of the same medallion.

Jed Wilson photo

INDIAN BELIEFS, MEDICINES AND FOODS

by Jed Wilson

The old Indian people believed taking photographs
of them would take their spirit away. I used to ask an
old lady, Elmira Beaversack, if I could take her picture,
but she always refused. After the death of a family
member, though, the sons or daughters would ask me
to come and take pictures of the dead, dressed in their
burial finery.

Joe Mink of Fort Hall used to come to Salmon to visit

his relatives at the Indian Camp. He was in his late

seventies, but had hardly a wrinkle. I asked him about

this, and he said he always washed his face in cold

water. ^ ,

Cedar needles on the fire, or on top of the stove,

will purify the air, and keep evil spirits away, and allow

you to sleep well, and have good dreams.

The old ones had the gift of knowing when something
was going to happen. In 1983, one Sunday morning I
decided, on the spur of the moment, to go to Fort Hall
to see my Indian Mother, Fannie Silver. Her health
wasn't very good. She had to walk with a walker, and
Rosetta Eagle, who lived next door, would come over
each morning and help Fannie out of bed. When I walked
in, I asked Fannie if she was surprised to see me. She
said, "No, I knew you would be here today." Later, I
asked Rosetta about this, and she said, "Yes, that was
the first thing Fannie said this morning when she opened
her eyes — that her son would be here today." A few
weeks later I went to Fort Hall again and asked her if
she had expected me that day. She replied, "No, I
thought you would be here yesterday." She had missed
it by a day, but she always knew when to expect me.

In 1985 I decided to go see Fannie, who was now in
a nursing home, before I went to the gun show in Las
Vegas. When I got ready to leave, she said she wouldn't
be here when I came back. I thought she was joking,
laughed and asked, "What are you going to do, run
away?" She answered that she was going to Salmon.
When I got back from the gun show, I received a call
telling me that she had passed away. She had been
trying to tell me this when I saw her. I had always
promised to see that she was buried in Salmon, next
to her husband, Toenip. I had been keeping her burial
clothes for her for fifteen years. She didn't trust any
of her family with them. All their lives, the Indian people
save the best raiment for their trip to the "Happy Hunt-
ing Ground". Fannie had lovely Pendleton blankets and
shawls, a beautiful, beaded belt, beaded high top moc-
casins, and a pretty flowered dress that she had saved
for this occasion, and had never worn. Fannie had a
pair of burial moccasins, made for her by Martha War-
jack, that she let me hang on the wall in my home. It
was a standing joke for her to ask me if I would put
them on her when she died. I would laugh and answer
that they looked good on my wall. She knew I liked
them, and one day, she gave them to me. She had
already had another pair made for her burial.

I was asked to take pictures at the funeral of Hattie
Ariwite. She was one who didn't want her picture taken
while she was alive. At the end of the funeral, everyone
was going by the casket and bidding her farewell. I was
standing back, having taken the requested pictures.
One of her sons called to me, "You were her friend.
Come and tell her goodbye." I did so, then her son,
Leo, arranged the Pendleton blankets a certain way,
and before the casket was closed, he lay a rose branch
on top of the blankets. Placed this way, a rose thorn
branch on a body being buried will keep evil spirits
away. The funeral director waited for everyone to leave,
so he could finish his work, but they stayed on. He
finally asked if they would like to see the casket low-
ered. They nodded, "Yes," and afterward, still sat there.
Finally the flustered undertaker motioned for the dump
truck to come, and after a load of dirt was dumped on
the casket, the mourners were ready to leave. They
have seen too many Indian graves desecrated by the
white man, and were taking no chances with this burial.

Willie George Jr. was a friend for many years. When
his daughter, Emma Lou, was born in the winter time,
Willie told me that to do it right, so that the baby would
be strong and not be lazy throughout its life, the father
should run for a time, with no clothes on, then jump
in a creek, or the river. Willie said, jokingly, that he
wasn't a very good Indian, and perhaps he would just
take a white man's bath instead, since it was so cold.

Smoke cleanses bad spirits off a person or an object,
such as an arrowhead, or a brave, before going hunting
or to war. Also it takes the man scent away. This could
also tie in with the pine needles on the fire. I was also
told that catching some of the smoke in a bag and
releasing it in your place of work will also cleanse the
area of bad spirits. Sagebrush tea is used to treat a
cold or to pack around wounds, and the sage that grows
in the mountains is a healing substance. It is used in
their most sacred ceremony, the Sun Dance.

Grouse or sage hen entrails packed around a wound
will draw out the infection. I can remember my Grand-
mother making poultices of substances, such as soap,
for the same purpose. Tee-um-bump is believed to
be a cure for venereal diseases. (This is a lichen that
grows on the rocks at high altitudes, and can be made
into a tea.) Many years ago, I was helping some of the
Indians digging bitterroots, and I noticed Fannie picking
these lichens, and she told me what they were for. I
laughed, and said, "Why are (you) gathering them?"
She told me that when a person gets old, if brewed in
a tea, it will bring back one's strength. Later, when
Fannie was in the nursing home, she would have me
gather it for her, and a lady at the nursing home made
a tea out of it for her to drink.

If a person drinks badger blood when they are young,
they will have good health and live a long life.

Headaches are relieved by cutting the scalp with a
sharp implement such as obsidian, flint, glass, even
sack needles, and now they use razor blades to punc-
ture the skin near the hairline in three or four places
to allow the blood to flow and relieve the pressure from
the bad blood causing the headache. I have seen this
procedure performed.

It is bad medicine to have a woman around when
she is having her menstrual period. When I was young,
every Indian home had a "moon house" (a small cabin
just big enough for a bed and a stove) where the wom-
en in the family would stay once a month. Now, on the
reservation, only a few "moon houses" still exist.

Years ago I shot a steelhead fish and took it to my
Indian mother, Fannie Silver. The Lemhis are known
as "aqua dika", or fish eaters. All Fannie wanted was
the head, as this was a great delicacy, eyes and all.
The fish entrails were used to make soup for the pa-
pooses.

The old Indians are the only ones left who head for
the mountains about the first week in May, when the
bitterroot plant first comes up and before it blooms,
to search for the plants. They would come to Salmon
from the reservation, and I would take Fannie Silver,
Cora George, Lily Weenee, Phoebe Ponzo, and Agnes
Gould and her family up into the foothills where the

bitterroots grew. They used to use an elk antler to lift
the roots out of the ground. They called the implement
a "burrow", which means, root in the ground. In later
years they used tire irons to dig with. They put the
roots in a bag. When they got through digging for the
day, they would take them back to the camp and slip
the bark from the roots with their fingers, and lay the
roots out to dry in the sun. These would keep indefi-
nitely, and be used in stews, and even as medicine for
diabetes. The bitterroot is well named. It is extremely
bitter, and the younger Indians don't care for them.

Peeled roots of the Bitterroot. These were dug in early may and
peeled. Dried in the sun, they would keep indefinitely, and were
used as food.

Photo taken in 1973 by Jed Wilson

» i - ». c

^.'. ■:>

Digging and peeling Bitterroot. Cora George, one of the last of the Lemhi's who lived on the Lemhi Reservation. She always remembered
the move to Fort Hall which she endured as a small child.

Photo taken in 1973 by Jed Wilson

When I was a boy living at Meyers Cove, I used to
see the Indian graves in the slide rock. It was easy to
bury their dead in the slide rock where the animals
couldn't dig them up. Often, there were horse bones
on the grave, where a favorite horse was killed to trans-
port the dead on through the sand hills to the "Happy
Hunting Grounds".

In September, the Indians gather chokecherries. They
pound the chokecherries and seeds to a pulp, then
form them into a patty and dry them in the sun. These
patties are called "tom-a-num". When completely dry,
they will keep indefinitely. Whenever they want to use
them, they put them in warm water, they swell up and
are ready to eat. As with the bitterroot, the choke-
cherry is well named. Those unused to them would find
them difficult to consume, unless a lot of sugar was
added and they were made into jelly or syrup.

A medicine the Indians use for the "bad sickness",
cancer, is the chaparral bush. It grows up in the rim-
rocks, and the deer browse on it in the winter. They
use the bark and leaves to make a tea, which they
drink. In the last few years, I have heard on the news
that scientists were experimenting with the chaparral
bush, thinking it might contain a cure for cancer.

Austin and Agnes Gould were good friends. I first met
them in early May, 1973. I was working for the sheriff's
office at the time and had taken Fannie Silver and Cora
George up Perreau Creek to dig bitterroots. While we
were there, Austin, Agnes, and Agnes' mother, Phoebe
Ponzo, came to dig bitterroots. They showed me some
of their beadwork they had brought to sell. I particu-
larly liked a belt buckle Phoebe had beaded, and tried
to buy it, but she didn't want to sell it. When I left, I
jokingly told her if she changed her mind, to bring it
up to the sheriff's office and I would trade her a driver's
license for it. Before the month was over, she came
to the office with the belt buckle, wanting a driver's
license. I got the forms, and she asked me to fill them
out for her. She knew she was born in the spring of
1907, while the Indians were being moved from Fort
Lemhi to Fort Hall, at a place on Birch Creek called
Tin-navo by the Indians, which means writing on the
rocks. There was a lot of writing, as the Indians had
for years camped there while going back and forth be-
tween the Lemhi Valley and the Snake River Valley.
Her parents named her Tin-navo, since that was where
she was born. However, she didn't know the exact
month or date. I told her I would give her my birthday.
May 4, as it had always been a good day for me. She
was very pleased by this, and later told others that she
was a twin to me. At that time the Indians called me
"ditta-cony-divo", which means "law-man". Now they
call me "Lemhi Numa Divo", which mean "Lemhi half
breed". It is an honorable name, since the Lemhi In-
dians have been my friends since the I940's. I am proud
to be considered one of "theirs", even if only half. Not
long ago, I was told by an old one that I surely kept
good track of the Indians.

"Ditta-cony-divo" (Law Man) is the Indian name given to

former Salmon Chief of Police, Jed Wilson, pictured here in

full Indian dress. Note Lewis and Clark Medallion.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson

Agnes, Austin, and Phoebe became my good friends.
Every time I visited Fort Hall, I would stop and see
them, and when they came to Salmon, they would come
to see me. Austin was a singer at all the pow-wows.
They made me several items used in their sacred cer-
emonies. On one visit, Austin looked very thin and un-
well. Agnes told me he had diabetes. I suggested they
take him to a specialist. The specialist found a brain
tumor. It wasn't long before he was in the hospital. He
never came home. Toward the last, he called all his
children around him and gave them a blessing. He died
later that day. After that, I made it a point to stop
and visit Agnes. She was very lonely with Austin gone.
All her children were married and had homes of their
own. She sold me a parfleche bag made by her great
grandmother, Maggie Tingo, who was on the Lemhi
Reservation Rolls in 1871.

On Easter in 1991, I was on my way back to Utah from
Salmon, and stopped to see her. I went to her house.
There were a number of Indians sitting in the living
room. I asked, "Where's Agnes?", and started for the
kitchen. Her daughter then told me she had passed
away that morning. Agnes hadn't been sick, but as I
said, was lonely for Austin. She had gotten up that
morning, made her bed and cleaned her room. She put

her extra clothes in plastic bags under the bed, and
lay down and died. I have heard of the old ones being
able to do that, but that was the first time I experienced
the loss of a friend this way.

I went to her funeral. The Indians feel it is very bad
medicine to have a dead person in their house, so they
set up a teepee in the yard and that is where everyone
pays their last respects. I was honored that they dis-
played some of my photographs of Agnes and her par-
ents at the funeral. There are not many of the old
Lemhi friends left to visit any more. These people have
been some of the best and most loyal friends I've ever
had.

^^^SL:

Early day postcard showing Salmon street scene. Lucy Deep
Water is the Indian woman on right.

Jed Wilson photo

Keno Colby, one of the last of the Old Ones, at Fort Hall, 1990.

Photo courtesy of Jed Wilson.

M.M. McPherson, Chief Tendoy and his son Jack Tendoy.

THE IDAHO RECORDER,

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WED.NESDAY JULY 9. 1890.

TERRITORIAL DIRECTORY

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1 888 - The steamer "Nasholds", named after our next sheriff, Egbert
Nasholds, under command of Capt. Elias Suydam and Pilot George
Sandilands, left the Main St. warf on Wednesday morning for Pine
Creek. The steamer was heavily loaded and the captain expects to take
her through in seven hours time.

1891 - A lively runaway occurred on Monday morning. Eddie Edwards'
team was standing in front of Hewitson's shop on Main St, when they
suddenly started on a dead run, turned the corner at St Charles St
and took a short cut for the ranch.

THOMAS PAMBRUN

Editor's Note: George E. Shoup in his History of Lemhi County
says of Thomas Pambruin, that he was the half breed son of Pierre
Pambruin, the Factor at Fort Walla Walla. He was educated by his
father and later sent to Fort Hall, a Hudson's Bay Fort, as a clerk.
There, in 1848, he heard of the large emigrant train that was the
Mormons on the way to the present Salt Lake Valley area. He ar-
ranged a leave for himself, and traveled east to meet the wagon
train. The following concerns Dr. Wright's recollection of Thomas
Pambruin (Pambrun).

In January 1890, I (Dr. Frank S. Wright) was appoint-
ed Government Physician and Surgeon to the Shosho-
ne Indians at the Lemhi Agency, Lemhi County, Idaho.

There I met Thomas Pambrun who was acting as
Interpreter. He had returned from Choteau, Montana
with his family. His wife was dying with consumption
and wished to die where she was born on Hayden Creek.
She was a sister of Chief Tendoy. Tom had married
three sisters of Tendoy. I had many long talks with
Tom.

He was born at Fort Walla Walla, a Hudson Bay Fort,
and his father, Thomas (Pierre) Pambrun, was the Fac-
tor and is mentioned by Washington Irving in his ac-
count of Captain Bonneville. Pambrun refused to sell
Bonneville supplies unless he would turn back east.

Uncle Tom, as he was called, was very much excited
and pleased when I gave him the book of Captain
Bonneville. He had a most remarkable memory. He
said, "I remember that Boston man". Americans were
called Boston men in the Chinook jargon. English were
called King George men. He said the "Boston man"
camped there some little time before he gathered some
supplies and continued west.

While doctoring in Centerville, twenty miles south of
Walla Walla, I had met Tom's brother Alex, who was an
ex-school teacher. Tom and Alex had been sent to
Whitman Mission to learn English. Whitman was no he-
ro in Tom's eyes. He said he was cruel and a slave
driver. He said once Whitman sent him down to water
the horses. It was a cold winters morning and he rode
one of the horses, harnessed — had chain tugs which
were thrown over the horses back. The horses ran
down into the water, splashed water all over them-
selves and Tom. Tom was bare legged and the chain
tugs froze to his bare legs. It hurt too much to tear
the chains loose so he left them and as he approached
Whitman, crying, told him. Whitman yanked the chain
loose tearing the skin, making the blood come, then
scolded Tom for being a baby. When a young man,
Tom was sent to Fort Hall, then a Hudson Bay fort. I
forget whether Johnny Grant or a man named Ogden
was the Factor. I asked him if this man, Ogden, was
the man the City of Ogden was called after. He said
he did not know, that there was a little basin up the
creek from Ogden that the Indians called Ogden's Hole.
The way it got its name was, Ogden was camped there.
He had two or three squaws. Ogden got helplessly drunk

and his women got clubs and nearly beat him to death.
After that the Indians called it Ogden Hole.

One time when camped on the Lemhi, some Indians
visited his camp and told him there were a lot of white
people coming into the southern country; men, women
and children. He did not know what for. Tom said he
had only seen a few white women, and no children. So
he broke camp and started to see them. He traveled
some three hundred miles and met them. It was the
Mormons coming to the Salt Lake Valley. He traveled
along with them till they arrived at the present site of
Salt Lake. This was in 1847. He stayed with them for
a couple of weeks, enjoying the company of white chil-
dren and women. One day one of the men came to
him and told him that Brigham Young wanted to see
him. It seems they had been telling Brigham all about
this trapper and hunter. Young asked him all about the
country to the North and West and especially about
the Salmon River Country. The Mormons in '51 or '52
came and settled about twenty miles from Snake
(Salmon) River at Fort Lemhi, but in a few years were
driven out by the Indians. They named the river Lemhi.

At one time Tom was hired by Jim Bridger, when
Bridger was scouting out what was known as Bridger's
cut off. A cut off to allow emigrants to get to California
through the Mormon settlements. Along with the outfit
was an artist (Tom thought he was one of the soldiers)
who painted a picture of the outfit and Tom was one
of the most prominent guides. He said he was wearing
a beautiful buckskin suit and his black hair fell below
his shoulders in curls. Tom was very vain about his
appearance. Even when I knew him his hair was black
and curly and he kept it well oiled. His only regret was
he would never have enough money to go to Washing-
ton and see that painting. He had been told it was in
the Capitol. Tom told me he was in old Napoleon's
lodge the night he (Napoleon) died. Napoleon was the
father of Tendoy. He told Tendoy, that night, to make
friends with the whites, that they were as numerous
as the leaves on the trees and were coming more and
more every day. As is well known, Tendoy was always
friendly to the whites and fought with them against
Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce.

Tom said there was a good deal of talk as to who
massacred Whitman, some claimed the Indians did,
and some the Hudson Bay men. Tom said it was per-
fectly satisfactory to him, whoever did it.

(signed) Frank S Wright, M. D.

Salmon, Idaho

July 9, 1934

Submitted by Phyllis Caples from the collection of
Philip Rand.

INDIAN RECOLLECTIONS

by Harvey Lipe

When my father, Jacob Lipe, had the Blacksmith Shop
on the ranch two miles below Junction, the Indians
would get permits to come up from the reservation
and have their horses shod and whatnot. They would
pitch their tents and spend a week or ten days. I was
a kid about five or six years old and used to play with
the Indian kids.

One thing I always remember, the squaws used to
make up a little snare out of horse hair, and they would
snare picket pins (ground squirrels). Then they would
take the squirrel, after they got a number of them, and
roll them in mud and put peppermint leaves and other
leaves on them. Next was another layer of mud and
then they would put them in a bed of coals to bake.
Course they never did anything to them, just wrapped
them up whole in mud, but when they were cooked
and you broke the mud open, the hair and skin all came
off and it was very nice-looking white meat that was
real good to eat. That was a delicacy for the Indians
and of course, I always got in on that.

Most people were scared of the Indians, and they
thought we were just crazy to have them come around
our place. But the Indians liked my father very well. If
the Indians liked you they wouldn't take anything from
you. The Indians would go to father's blacksmiths shop
and stand and watch him for hours, but they would
never touch any of his tools. He never lost anything
from his shop and never lost a tool. The Indians we
had here were very nice to get along with.

Few people remember Sunfield, Idaho. That was be-
fore Tendoy, Idaho was on the map. My uncle, Charles
Lipe, ran the store and Post Office at Sunfield. Most

of his business was from the Indians at the reservation.
The Indians had a peculiar way of buying their grocer-
ies. They bought about ten cents worth of flour, and
ten cents worth of sugar. They had no place to keep
anything. Of course, they caught fish and lived on that
in the winter time. In the summer I have seen lines
that were maybe a hundred feet long with salmon dry-
ing them for winter and that was their winter meat.
They were very efficient that way.

My uncle was a good friend of the Indians and when-
ever they had a special occasion they would come and
get Uncle Charlie. They would bring him a horse with
a blanket on it and give him a headdress and Indian
clothes and he would go with them up Pattee Creek,
about two miles, to where they had a kind of amphi-
theater. The Indians would tell stories and they would
always want my Uncle to tell stories, because he was
a pretty good hand at telling them bear stories. When
one of the Indians got sick they would come and get
Uncle and he would check on them to see what was
the matter. He was no doctor, but he would take a can
of peaches or tomatoes or something and usually a
bottle of whiskey with him, and he would go down to
the camp and look them over. So he would make a hot
toddy for them and give them that, and put them to
bed and cover them up good. They just thought he was
wonderful.

The stage coach from Red Rock enroute to Salmon stopped at
the CO. Lipe General Merchandise Store and Post Office at
Sunfield, Idaho around 1900. Passengers, mail and merchandise
were carried by these early day rigs. The town and Post Office of
Sunfield no longer exist.

THE CHINESE

They came from far away

Polly Bemis

THE CHINESE IN LEMHI COUNTY

by Jo Whitcomb

Between 1869 and 1938, the Chinese contributed
to the development of the lifestyle of Lemhi County.
Their influence was greatest for the forty years follow-
ing their arrival.

All of the Chinese had been imported from China,
originally to be employed as "coolies" in the California
gold fields (1849) and in building the Central Pacific
Railroad (1865-1869). By 1870, there were over 70,000
Chinese in the United States. The 1870 census for
Lemhi County counted seventy-seven Chinese in Lees-
burgh (old spelling) and about thirty elsewhere. The
last Chinese in Leesburg died on January 6, 1928. The
last Chinese in Salmon had purchased Small Boy's (Ac-
me Cafe) Cafe in 1937, but his stay was short.

The Chinese worked and lived to themselves, ad-
justing their language, lifestyles and dress to Caucasian
ways only when necessary. For example, in a Chinese
name "Ah" is equivalent to "Mr."; if two names were
used, the first was the family name, but when they
became citizens the family name was last. The Chi-
nese' willingness to do back-breaking work, live in tiny
makeshift shelters with few personal possessions, and
to subsist on starvation rations, aroused the whites'
suspicions and animosity. Words such as hardworking,
diligent, frugal, quiet and unassuming, honest, de-
pendable, kind and gentle, well describe the behavior
of all but a few Chinese. But when the whites saw nec-
essary work which they would not do for any wage,
being performed for pennies, the resulting hatred and
prejudice brought about the passage of the Chinese
Exclusion Act in 1882, successfully baring immigration
for twenty years. The Act had a serious flaw: hatred
and prejudice toward those who had been imported
was not excluded.

Another Chinese characteristic troubling to Cauca-
sians was an unbreakable tie to family. Famine and war
were daily burdens for the peasants in China. Young
men who were brought to this country came with the
unshakable belief that each had the duty to earn wag-
es, not for himself , but to ease the crushing burdens
endured by his family in China. Sending their earnings
to the family inflamed the belief that America's wealth
was being exported. Even in 1849 Americans spent their
earnings as they wished; imported laborers, doing the
type of work that only they were willing to do, were
beaten, spat upon, run out of town or killed for doing
the same.

MINING
The first Chinese came into Leesburg in 1869. Deep
mining was not done at that time, placer being the
easiest method. The Chinese were in evidence in al-
most all placer camps, working for white miners. When
the pay dirt gave out and the white men moved on,
the Chinese remained through lease or occupation.
Chinese did not prospect for themselves and when they

moved from one camp to another, they traveled well
worn trails.

The white miners took out the gold in the easiest
and quickest ways. The Chinese re-worked the fields,
hand washing the rocks and boulders, scratching gold
out of crevices where the streams of water had de-
posited it. There was nothing in the set of laws that
the Leesburg, Moose Creek and Summit City miners
made, that prohibited the Chinese from working over
the vacated mining ground. According to Wah Sing in
1887, a hundred fifty Chinese were at work in the Lees-
burg and Moose Creek areas. One indication that an
area had been worked by the Chinese is the orderly ,
wall-like piles of rocks.

The Chinese never worked in the Salmon River Can-
yon below what is known as Butts' Bar, located two
miles downstream from Corn Creek. When the bar was
abandoned by the white miners, the Chinese took pos-
session. They transported their equipment, supplies and
other necessities in small, light boats which they pulled
or poled up the rough canyon.

From 1883 to 1889 charcoal was produced in the
kilns still in evidence in the Birch Creek Valley, south-
west of Leadore. The charcoal was used in the smelting
of lead. Three hundred Chinese, Irish and Italian im-
migrants were employed in the operation.

The following article appeared in the August 10, 1932
issue of the Recorder Herald:

THOROUGH SEARCH FOR GOLD
IN FAMOUS SALMON RIVER REGION
An interesting story concerning the Salmon River
mining country appeared in a feature article in the
Statesman, written by Robert N. Bell, former State Mine
Inspector and at one time a resident of Salmon. The
incident is in relation to the part the Chinese played in
early day placer mining in this region. We quote the
following: "The creamy high-grade values of the early
day placer operations of Idaho were largely exhausted
by white miners in the first ten year period after dis-
covery. And their tailings and remnant patches were
pretty thoroughly re-worked during the succeeding
twenty years by the Chinamen, whose activities were
still prevalent in most of the Idaho placer districts when
the writer first came to Idaho in 1884.

The Chinese miners were very thorough in their com-
panies with administrative heads, and could make a liv-
ing on ground upon which a white man would starve to
death.

Their operations included some ingenious bucket, belt,
elevator, pumping devices for low-lying, wet ground and
deep stripping operations handled by wheelbarrow.
These Chinamen, mostly of the hard-working coolie
class, illustrated the potentialities of the race in foreign
trade. When making money they would live as extrav-
agantly as a white man and when in low pay, get along
on a straight rice diet.

Their enterprise was illustrated by an incident that
occurred, I think, in the spring of 1889. while the writer
was living in Salmon City. There arrived at that port on
the mythical 'river of no return', since made famous by

Captain Guleke's flatboat expeditions from Salmon City
to Lewiston, a boat shaped like a Chinese Junk with
dragon figurehead and tail. It had been towed and poled
up the Salmon River from its mouth with a crew of ten
Chinamen. This flat-bottomed boat was thirty feet long,
had a six foot beam and carried all the tools, supplies
and possessions of the crew, which had placer mined
along the richer bars that border the river, over a year's
period, and banked a large sum of gold on their arrival
with the firm of the late Senator George L. Shoup.

BUSINESSES

In the early days of Leesburg there were at least two
Chinese merchants. Bu Kee was the most "famous",
being the last Chinese in Leesburg when he died in
1928. Bu Kee, well known and trusted, was also a priest,
maintaining a Joss House (religious shrine), another
merchant was Wah Sing. Wah Sing owned the packstr-
ing that was operated by a Chinese known as "Flor-
ence". Both merchants had wives which was unusual
among the Chinese in this country.

"Boise Sam" operated a freight wagon. He had no
superior in breaking and handling horses and mules,
as well as being an expert roper. His skills were in de-

FONG KEE & CO,

fjjinve Jiiat rooolvpd oiio of th« iRrgeat and
■< ^ fXik moat aelecl atock of

I SILK HANDKERCHIEFS

J I -—AND

I LADIES' UNDERWEAR |

Thai woa ever brouQhl lo Sahnon City. tP

\l LADIES' Ileftdy-MaaoDB ESSES ^

" Of (III Kind*. ,

We btT* tlio jail ttiiliid ■ o«» lol o(

i CHINA m DISHWARE, i

(A Dtn kind of pUliwtr*— iBbratlkbti.)

A Tobaccos, Boots and Shoos. Tea and

• '' f\oitec, t^oWBr Bouqi»ol«. Piayitig

i{ CnrdB, Mn(9, nnd

« Ijade? F'ine Silk Stockings.

Oar Slock

IPROVISIONSI

Are itwejrf
th* beil.

Bu Kee in ceremonial robes.

mand among the whites.

When the numbers of Chinese in Salmon City in-
creased, so did the number of businesses owned by

Chinese. The Chinese lived in an area on the north side
of Main Street at the bridge, where there were tiny
stores catering solely to Chinese, with most of the mer-
chandise brought from China through San Francisco.
Gambling and smoking opium was prevelant in Chi-
natown.

Most of the miners came into town for the winter.
Chinatown had its own vegetable gardens, cared for
by men who stayed here year round. There were Chi-
nese who sold vegetables and fruits to the white res-
idents. It was always a treat for one Caucasian young-
ster to be selected to accompany Charley on his rounds
in his horse-drawn cart. Charley would pay his helper
a nickel and faithfully deliver the child to his own home.
Everyone kept clear of Charley's log house and vege-
table patch at the east end of town, as it was well
protected by several vicious dogs.

In the 1886 newspaper there was a notice by Charlie
Sing: "I wish to announce that I have opened an em-
ployment office in Salmon City and that if you want
wood-cutters, servants, miners, ranch hands, or any
other kind of help, I will furnish the same on short
notice. Contract work a specialty." Charlie Sing was
also proprietor of the Oriental Bazaar.

Two laundries were in operation in Chinatown: Wing
Sing and Wing Lee. In April 1924 it was reported that,
"Wing Lee, the popular washman of Salmon, for 28
years a local resident and steady as a clock in attending
strictly to business, is leaving next week to make his
home in San Francisco."

The laundries may have been popular among the
Caucasian housewives but could not reach the status
that one Chinese woodcutter had with the children.
The following is taken from the Idaho Recorder, Oc-
tober 20, 1916:

A HEATHEN PHILANTHROPIST
Salmon has a philanthropist of an unusual order. This
individual with the commendable characteristic is an
aged Mongolian. He is deaf and almost too old to labor,
but he earns no little money by sawing firewood and
doing other kinds of hard work. His name is 'Petoosey',
among the kids who are his patrons. He has watched
the ranks of little fellows on festal occasions till he knows
the forlorn face of every little boy who has no regular
allowance of spending money. If this heathen philan-
thropist observes a sad and longing look at a toy or a
delicate morsel he will part with his last nickel to satisfy
that longing.

At fair time 'Petoosey' found his usual number of little
boys who could not ride on the merry-go-round. It
seemed to the old man to be a laudable desire that
brought little boys to witness the new show feature at
short range.

"Petoosey" had saved his money since the Fourth
and his pockets bulged with silver. Every kid that wore
the longing look that would not come off was given the
price of a ride. A whole pocketful of dimes were dis-
tributed by the deaf old wood sawyer. He was too deaf
to hear their thanks, but he could see the glow of hap-
piness of their cheeks. His little regiment worked over-
time, but "Petoosey" was happy all the long hours of
this continuous show.

In an 1889 advertisement for the Salmon City Hotel,

Thomas Boyle, proprietor, offered board and lodging
by the week, $8, and single meals for .50 — NO CHI-
NESE COOKS EMPLOYED. From 1892 until 1911, the
International Hotel, E. S. Edwards, proprietor, em-
ployed two full-time Chinese cooks. By 1897 Lum Coy
had opened Small Boy's Cafe (523 Main Street), which
he ran until 1937 when he sold out to Lee Wing. It was
said of Lum Coy, "He cooked excellently but, person-
ally, he hadn't the charm and affability of Charley or
of 90% of the other Chinese citizens." Wo (or Who)
Hop had the New York Cafe in the Brough House (500

Main Street) around 1918, but in 1910 he was located
at the site of the present parking lot behind the bank
at Main and South Center. In 1915, Ah Sam quit work-
ing at Wo Hops and opened a new eating place. The
Palace Cafe, on Main Street, was another Chinese eat-
ing establishment in 1910.

In a December 22, 1910 newspaper, Young Kee's
Chinese Goods advertised fine chinaware and soft pon-
gee silks: "Christmas goods both useful and ornamen-
tal, prices to please all." No address was given for Young
Kee's establishment. Another store catering to the
white shoppers was the American Company at 537 Main
Street. Its windows displayed, along with other items,
elaborate silk kimonos and embroidered slippers.

Some property in Salmon was owned by Chinese. In
March of 1901, Pong Kee and Company sold the lot
on the north side of Main at the bridge to H. B. Fowler,

":;*%■

^^'
■•^i'

A view from the west end of Main Street, early 1900's, showing part of Chinatown on lower right. Fowler's Art Gallery is nearest the
bridge. A sign in foreground says "Wing Sing and Fay Kee, finest grocer and laundry"

photographer, and a month earlier Ty Ho sold his lot
in Chinatown to Ah Wah for $75.

China Jack, who came to Leesburg in 1869 and was
a resident of Salmon from 1893 until his death in 1931 ,
lived in a cabin in Chinatown when it was sold in 1923.
"This venerable old man was compelled to move his
earthly possessions, by wheel-barrow, south across
Main Street to one of Al Smith's old cabins." China
Jack had worked as a ranch hand and did truck gar-
dening. In 1877 he shouldered a rifle and did scout
duty with the settlers against the Nez Perce.

CRIME: BY, AGAINST, BETWEEN
As it is with all sensational events that are not scru-
pulously documented, there are numerous versions of
the "Oro Grande Murder/Massacre of the Chinese".
Oro Grande, more often called Loon Creek, was the
site of the killing of three, or six, Chinese miners and

the theft of their gold. The date was the spring of 1879.
One speculation was that David McNutt, whose placer
mines were on Moose Creek, followed the Chinese be-
cause they owed him money, and killed them or had
them killed. A more accepted version was that they
were killed by Indians. Dave Ketchum and Wils Smith
were sent to investigate. They went to where the min-
ers had wintered and then traveled to Oro Grande.
They found that Indians had been in the area of Oro
Grande, returning down the Middle Fork. The investi-
gators concluded the Indians were guilty of the mur-

ders. Indian drawings found shortly thereafter in caves
along Loon Creek described several hostilities engaged
in by Sheepeaters, but instigated by the more aggres-
sive Bannocks. One story blamed the killings on the
Sheepeaters, but asserted that the gold was taken by
white men.

In 1882, according to a report of the Commissioners
of Indian Affairs, Ah Piu was arrested for selling whiskey
to Indians. He paid a $100 fine and was jailed for thirty
days.

Two related happenings in Leesburg were in 1892.
Leesburg merchants were out $131 for cashing bogus
checks. A cook found some old check books in a cabin,
endorsed two and passed them. One was for $51 and
the other for $80. He paid several bills and got away
with $80 cash. Two weeks later Sheriff Pattee made a
raid on the Chinese liquor dealers, Wah Sing, Sing Kee
and Tifan, charging them with selling whiskey without
a license. They each paid $100 and proved to be the
ones who had cashed the bogus checks.

Ching Quong, an old Chinese placer miner, was shot
to death in his cabin in Leesburg. Suspicion pointed to
Wang Hoh, who was jailed. Ching Quong belonged to
Yung Wah Company and Wang Hoh to the See Yup
Company. It was known these companies, also called
tongs, were not on good terms.

A minor, but noisy war erupted in Chinatown on
March 21, 1907. The difficulty arose over another Chi-
nese selling the ground beneath the cabin occupied by

Small Boy Cafe on Main Street in early 1930's.

Matuchia. Look Fai, or Matuchia, as the Indians have
named him, aimed his Colt 44 and got off two harmless
shots. Matuchia was old, decrepit and fortunately, half
blind, but he made a bee-line for the jail on his own.
The Sheriff was away, but the Chinese told Mrs. Mulkey
he had killed a man and wanted to be locked up. He
was bound over to district court in the sum of $250.
Matuchia said he did not care if he got out of jail or
not, because he had plenty of "good grub" and when
he had to support himself, he lived for two days on
two bits. Peace returned to "Mongolia" and the pris-
oner was enjoying the bill-of-fare. On April 18th he was
fined and paid $50.

Yum Quoy and one white man were in court in 1908
for gambling in the Buckhorn Saloon — The jurymen
asked each their politics! Each was fined and paid $250.

In the January 25, 1918 newspaper A. C. Chury, at-
torney, told the following:

in the early days of Lemhi County, many Chi-
namen found employment in the placer mines.
One of these Orientals, being called as a witness,
the question arose as to whether or not he could
qualify taking the required oath, in view of his
religion. The defendant's attorney insisted the
witness could not qualify, because it was nec-
essary for one taking the oath to believe in the
existence of a God who would punish him if he
swore falsely. After a considerable argument by
the attorneys, which the Chinaman appeared to
ignore, but he completely grasped, the court
questioned the witness as follows; Court: "Sam,
do you understand that you must tell the truth
and nothing but the truth?" Sam; "Yessee, me
heap savvy, me must tell truth." Court; "Do you
know what will happen to you if you don't tell the
truth?" Sam; "Yessee, me know that me go to
hellee allee sammee Amelican man." The witness
was permitted to testify.

DECLARED INTENTIONS (for citizenship)

Way Sing
Jo Lee
Ah Joe
Chung Lee

Ah Wah
Sam Shinfon
Sam Lee San

Ah Wan
Ah Kim

July 3, 1873
August 30 1873
October 3, 1873
October 17, 1873

(aka Boise Sam)
September 22, 1874
September 22, 1874
November 28, 1874
(aka Bu Kee)
April 1, 1878
April 1, 1878

1892 - Sheriff Potter, Charlie Martin & W. B. Jones arrested several
drunken Indians and from them information was obtained which led
to the arrest of two Chinamen, Ah Ki and "Martinely Sam" on a
charge of selling whiskey to Indians.

CENSUS AND CITIZENSHIP
The accuracy in numbers of Chinese in Lemhi County
at any given time is suspect. An educated guess is that
there were 1 12 in 1870, 199 in 1880, possibly as many
as 250 in 1887, 21 in 1900, 51 in 1910 and zero by
1940.

The following is a list of the Chinese as given in the
1870 census taken in Leesburgh, Lemhi County, Idaho
Territory: (76 Miners, 1 cook; all born in China)

Ah Gee

Ah Keow

Sung Gow

Ah Mon

Ah Sam

Ah Ken

Un Gow

Ung Gay

Ah You

Ah Chow

Ah Cot

Ah Shee

Ah Yap

Ah Meain

Ah Lun

Ah Kee

Ah Sum

Ah Lim

Chum Foy

Ah Soo

Ah Jim
Ah Joe

Ah Lun
Tune How

Sim Ling
Ah Say

Ah Sam
Sam Yow
Ah Lee

Ah You

Ty Lee

Ah Fung

Ah Say

Ah Ly

Ah Rung

Ah Sam

Ah Loo

Ah Gotn

Sin Lee

Ah Way
Ah Chum

Un Gow

Ah Lung

Ah Gum

Ah Tin

Ah Kee

He Pin

Lee Shun

Ah Lew

Ah Kop

Ah Ping

Ah Guy

Ah Koon

Ah Keom

Ah Poo

See Wah

Ah Lun (cook)

Ah Kow

Lee Kone

See Way

Ah Chow

Un Kum

Ky Fly

Ah Yew

Ah You

Ah Kee

Ah Wah

Ah yet

Fang Chung

Ah Fly

Lung Chung

Sam Way

Ah Kee

Ah Kow

Lung Choy

Pung Gow

Ah Look

(."Ah" IS the equivalent of "Mr.")

MARRIAGES

August 21, 1883, Ah Pone and Chin Lee were married
in Salmon City, by Henry J. Burleigh, J. P.

March 1, 1891, Ah Lit and Susan Ying were married
in Salmon City by Thomas Elder, J. P.

The marriage of one couple, although it was per-
formed in Idaho County, is of interest here because
the principals lived for forty years, deep in the difficult
to access canyon of the lower Salmon River. It was the
marriage of Polly and Charlie Bemis.

POLLY BEMIS

Her real name was Lalu Nathoy. The name given on
the marriage certificate is Polly Nathoy. She was mar-
ried to Charles A. Bemis in Warrens, Idaho County,
Idaho, on August 13, 1894 by A. D. Smead, J. P.

In an article in Field and Stream, June 1923, Eleanor
Medell Patterson wrote, "Polly told me part of her story,
darting her wise old eyes to see if others were listening.
'My folluks (sic) in Hong Kong had no grub. Day sellee
me slave girl. Old woman smuggle me to Portland. I
cost $2500. Don't look it now, hummm! Old Chinese
man, he took me along to Warrens in a pack train."

The following is adapted from Robert G. Bailey's book
River of No Return:

In 1901 Bailey was in a party in the Loon Creek and
Big Creek section between the Salmon and Clearwater
Rivers. Reaching the Salmon River at the mouth of
Crooked Creek, they hailed a boatman on the opposite

shore, asking him to ferry them across. The boatman
helped them cross several times but refused payment
for his work. The boatman urged the party to come to
his house for the evening. During the visit. Bailey re-
alized the man's wife was Chinese.

Charles A. Bemis was born in 1848, the son of a Con-
necticut minister. Still a young man. Bemis journeyed
to San Francisco and thence to Warrens, in the Idaho
gold fields. Hard work and thrift brought him several
stakes which he frequently spent on his passion of gam-
bling. He played against one Chinese often, but on one
occasion the cards were definitely in Bemis' favor. The
Chinese lost everything until his only asset was a beau-
tiful 18 year old slave girl. Bemis won the girl along with
considerable gold. He and Polly were married when she
was threatened with deportation. The marriage lasted
nearly fifty years.

In 1893 they moved to the Salmon River and took
up a small ranch across the river from Crooked Creek.
They took some gold from the streams, raised a few
cattle, had a vegetable garden and sold vegetables to
near-by mining camps.

Bemis died in 1922 and Polly, then about seventy
years old, lived alone on the ranch until she became ill
in 1933 and her friends took her to the Grangeville Hos-
pital where she died three months later.

Polly endeared herself to every prospector and miner
in the area. Charles Shepp and Pete Kleinkenheimer
eventually located across the river from Polly. They
strung a telephone line across the river and would call
her twice a day to ask how she was getting along. They
provided her with what little she needed and she deed-
ed her ranch to them.

The ranch had 15 acres of tillable ground. It was on
the river, in a canyon that made it accessible to the
outside only by boat or arduous trail. The Bemises had
fruit trees, raised clover, tobacco, berries, corn, mel-
ons and garden truck. They had chickens, ducks and
a few cattle. Polly was an adept fisherwoman.

When Shepp and Kleinkenheimer put in the tele-
phone, which fascinated Polly, if they didn't call her,
she would call them. The converstion might be: "How
many eggs you get today? Six, I get ten!"; a peal of
laughter and, "How many fish you get? None! You no
good! You fella come over Sunday, I cook one great
big one I catch today."

In 1923 Polly made her first trip out to civilization
to see an oculist. She stayed with and old Caucasian
friend of Warren days, Mrs. Bertha Long. Mrs. Long
had a parrot. When the bird began to chatter, "What
does Polly want for breakfast? Polly wants something
for breakfast", Polly Bemis was puzzled that the bird
knew her name. Mrs. Long explained that parrots were
called "Polly". To which Polly B. said, "This first talkee
bird me see since I leave um Shanghai. Most birds in
Shanghai talkee hi-yu bad; this talkee bird talkee nice."

In Pioneer Days in Idaho County, J. C. Safely wrote:

Polly would find Bemis playing cribbage with friends.
She would approach him and count (up to fifteen) and
then say, "You go home and put wood in my woodbox."
Bemis would go.

He once captured a cougar and kept it as a pet in the
Salmon River home. The cat ate at the table from a tin
plate nailed to the table. "Charlie he pet um big cat,
but when stranger come he hump um up and spit um."
Eventually the cougar had to be killed.

Bemis called her to watch some ants. "Bemis, if you
work um like these ants, we wouldn't be poor." In 1933,
just before her death she said, "Charlie wouldn't have
died so soon if he hadn't been lazy. He sat around till
he was no account." (note: Bemis died in 1922 at age
74)

Polly knew the art of gold-smithing. She fashioned
nuggets into hammers and picks and aften sold them.
For one of her dresses, she made nine gold coin but-
tons, although one source said Charlie made the but-
tons. Some of her personal effects are in the museum
at St. Gertrude's Academy at Cottonwood, Idaho.

Mrs. Long said to her, in 1933 when she was in the
hospital, "You'll soon get well." Polly replied, "No, me
too old to get well, me have to go to other world to
get um well." On November 6, 1933 Polly Bemis went
to the other world.

From the Recorder Herald, June 25, 1987:

POLLY BEMIS MUSEUM OPENS

Jim Campbell, president of the Salmon
River Resort Club, located on the Salmon
River at the Polly Bemis Ranch, 44 miles up-
river from Riggins, reported that the Polly
Bemis Historical Museum is now open to the
public.

Dedication ceremonies were held June 5,
1987, at which time it was announced that
the remains of Polly Bemis had been re-
turned to the ranch after 54 years.

Polly died in Grangeville in 1933, and
though it was her wish to be buried at the
ranch where she had lived for more than 30
years (note: 40 years) arrangements could
not be made and she was buried at Grange-
ville.

More than 75 guests gathered at the re-
stored cabin to hear speakers Idaho Gov.
Cecil Andrus and Historian Cort Conley, plus
"Old Timers" John Carey and Fred Shiefer.
(both men had known Polly)

DEATH
When a Chinese died, it was customary for relatives
and friends to leave dishes of food and fruit on the
grave. They also left many small confetti-like papers
with small holes in them; the idea being that the devil
could not get to the body, being too confused by all
the supposed obstructions. Alien Chinese belonged to
well established societies or tongs, and the tong was
obligated to return their remains to China. The body
was covered by only two feet of earth to allow the flesh
to dry so it could be easily scraped from the bones.
The bones were then put in a container for shipment.

The cost, which involved a tong member's coming to
retrieve the remains, was about $1500.

A number of Chinese died in the Leesburg area. Un-
der the pines in the old cemetery, you will find several
empty grave sites. The bodies have been sent back to
the Flowery Kingdom. Two Chinese graves are known
to still be in the Leesburg Cemetery. Sing Chow (Mary)
died in April 1915. Bu Kee, her husband, died January
6, 1928.

San Lee Sam (Bu Kee) and Sing Chow (Mary), his wife, in later
years at Leesburg. They were in Leesburg before 1870 and died
there.

An item in the October 1890 Idaho Recorder:

The wife of Wah Sing, a well known Chinese merchant
of Leesburg, died at her home on Saturday afternoon.
The funeral ceremony took place on Tuesday at 2:00
pm. The McGinley band was hired for the occasion and
every livery rig in town was out and filled with Chinese
friends of the deceased. No expenses were spared to
make the service as impressive as possible.

Two recorded incidents involving an agent of a tong,
sent to recover the remains of a member, should have
made other agents hesitate to perform their duty in
this area. A continuation of the article written by Rob-
ert N. Bell detailing the arrival of the Chinese Junk in
Salmon in 1889, says that one of the boat party had
died and was buried on a bar at the mouth of a large

creek, in the most inaccessible portion of the canyon.
Ten years later a representative of the tong came from
San Francisco, bearing a crude map of the grave's lo-

cation, at what is now known as Horse Creek. Two
trappers and horse wranglers agreed to take the agent
on his errand for $1800. The journey involved a detour
almost into Montana, but was successfully completed
in two weeks.

Another incident was more colorful. Among the Chi-
nese working at Butt's Bar, two died. They were buried
and left when the work was abandoned. Several years
later, an agent from the tong came to Salmon to secure
the remains of the two Celestials. The route would be
hazardous, but a packer finally agreed to take him. The
packer arranged for an additional packer and the nec-
essary mules. The agent secured $1500 from a draft
on a San Francisco bank and advanced $600 to the
packer. The trip was completed. The morning after re-
turning to Salmon the agent discovered the remains
had been stolen during the night, and he received word
that they would be returned for $400 cash. He ap-
pealed to certain influential men in town and they un-
dertook solving the problem. They demanded the un-
conditional and immediate return of the remains. It
was reported that, "The robbers lost no time in com-
plying with this demand as they knew to comply was
now the only way out of it with a 'full hide'".

The remains of two men, dead many years, were
found buried in the slide rock where C.C.C. workers
were constructing the Salmon River road, down river
from Salmon, in the 1930's. Speculation was that they
may be the remains of the two Chinese who escaped
during the Birch Creek Massacre of 1877.

UNRELATED ANECDOTES
Chinese New Year is celebrated several weeks after
January first. The celebrations are in full swing for a
month. White friends called on Chinese friends and were
greeted with warmth and courtesy. The guests were
offered tea and rice wine along with imported Chinese
"goodies". To the delight of the young granddaughter
of the International Hotel's owner, her grandfather
would take her with him on occasion. Her favorite treats
were candied ginger and litchi nuts. She always came
away with a tiny paper parasol or folding paper "toy".

No such treats were given to the many white boys
who tormented the Chinese. Because the tiny houses
in Chinatown were built on ground below street level,
the roofs were easily accessible. Many a Chinese would
be smoked out because a tin can had been slipped over
the top of his stove pipe. It was rare that a boy, passing
by on the wooden sidewalk on the north side of Main
Street, near the bridge, did not deliver several kicks to
the buildings edging the sidewalk. (In 1992, this writer
questioned several current residents who were boys
when Chinatown existed, but all deny being among the
tormentors.)

A Chinese named Matutsi was viewed with amaze-
ment on two counts. First he had, on one hand, two
complete thumbs, each having a nail. Secondly, he was
an extraordinarily adept fisherman. He introduced

steelhead fishing to Salmon. He would walk into the
river, waist deep, and by using a hand line he hooked
his game.

Then there was Ah Foo. In the early days of this
county, he tirelessly scoured the hills in search of a
gum boot which he claimed some Chinese miners had
filled with gold and cached there. " Ah Foo lost some-
thing else — his mind; in an insane asylum."

Crazy Jack was another Celestial character in the
community. He bagged an owl, took it home and cooked
it. A few days later he went to the butcher shop and
asked the butcher, "Watsa molla, watsa molla? Me
cook-um big eye chick three day. He tough like helly."

From the March 16, 1905 Idaho Recorder, Salmon,
Idaho:

Jim England came out from Blackbird Saturday the
11th of March, and says the social atmosphere of his-
toric Leesburg was torn asunder and cracked in all kinds
of directions by a wee bit of a cock fight about 4 p.m.
Friday afternoon. Frank O'Connor was just importing
some fine Plymouth Rock chickens for his Big Creek
ranch. One of the birds was a handsome rooster and
some of the boys challenged the newcomer against a
bird belonging to Bu Kee, the Leesburg Celestial. Chal-
lenge (was) accepted but the birds showed no inclina-
tion to scrap. The fight went on for 15 minutes when
O'Connor's fowl drew first blood and the gamesters were
separated. The fact was the winner had spurs an eighth
of an inch longer than the China bird, but Bu Kee de-
clares the Plymouth chick must have come over in the
Mayflower.

A Chinese dwelling at Leesburg.

1918 - The new managers and owners of the Wo Hop Chinese res-
taurant, will keep up the high standard maintained by their predecessors.
The new men are young and trained in the work of cooking foods.
This is the restaurant adjoining the Idaho Recorder printing office.

1919 - Lum How, famous Chinese cook long time conneaed with the
Wo Hop restaurant in Salmon, has returned to that well known eating
place. Good waiter lady in attendance on tables.

191 1 - December. Wong Yu Lung, pioneer chinaman died.

The interesting lifestyle and customs of the Chinese
added much to Lemhi County's early atmosphere, to
say nothing of their labor at the work no one else was
willing to do. It is hoped that with this small history
they will be remembered with a kinder attitude than
that which prevailed when they lived among us.

I am indebted to Marjorie Burnham Sims who has done extensive
research for several years on various aspects of the history of Lemhi
County and its people. Mrs. Sims gave me free access to all of her
research on the Chinese, for which act of generosity this writer and
the readers of this section owe Mrs. Sims our admiration and grat-
itude.

Other sources: River of No Return, Robert G. Bailey. Caxton Printers.
Idaho Herald, Salmon, Idaho. Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho.
Thousand Pieces of Gold, Ruthanne Lum McCunn. Dell Publishing
Co. Pioneer Days in Idaho County, J. C. Safely. Patchwork 1988 &
1990, Salmon High School. The Recorder Herald, Salmon, Idaho.

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The Salmon Valley before 1940

THE BUILDERS

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They came to build a better life

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THE HOMESTEAD

(Beginning in 1918)

by Bessie Cannon

Way up in the mountains near the Sawtooth Range

There's a lonely cabin, a homestead there

The panes are gone from the windows

And dobbin gone from the cracks.

It had been there many a winter

And I know it will still be there.

Only once thru the long cold winters

Did we stay to keep it warm.

The camp in the valley was silent

So we stayed in our basin home.

Our babies were two that winter

In the spring there would be three.

We had had our first harvest,

Just hay for the stock.

The cold grew colder

And snow so deep

We could just see the willow tops.

Our only neighbor was trapper Jack

Who lived across in his own little shack

How happy we were to have him come

And tell us tales of bitter years in the Klondike

And the Black Hills, never one the same.

Slowly the months passed as we marked each day.

Dad and Grandad would take the team

And go to town for flour and beans

Little Bill out at play, wanted to go.

As he watched them drive away.

He hurried to catch them, but all in vain.

He fell, his mittens came off

I slowly made my way down the trail

And met him coming back

His arms held out from his mittenless hands

And the moan from his lips

I know he had frozen his finger tips

With snow and ice I thawed them out
Praying to God to save my scout.
Christmas came and I said to Dad
Let's have a tree for Billy and Joe
We got a tree from the hill close by
For trimmings, well there were none
So we cut some stars from bright tin cans
Some diamonds and shapes of other things
Dabs of cotton scattered here and there
Bright red candies tied on with strings
Some rose berries and popcorn finished our scheme.
When evening came I sat by the fireside
And told them of baby Jesus born in a manger
How he slept in the hay
Why the birthday of Jesus is celebrated
By giving gifts on Christmas.
I tucked them in their homemade bed
And sang them songs till they fell asleep.
We trimmed the tree with out any noise
When morning came we warmed the cabin before they

awoke.

The homestead cabin on Big Timber Creek 1920 Don Casterlin,
Bessie Cannon, Young Bill Cannon, William J. Cannon.

Oh the joy that Christmas brought

To our cabin in the hills

Joe with his horn and Bill with his train

Once while the tree was nice

We thot we'd have a party

We fussed and cleaned and New Years Eve

Everyone came, from over the hills.

Some on horses some in sleighs

Till the cabin could hold no more

The moon was full and sky so clear.

There never has been a winter quite as happy

As that winter in the cabin in the hills.

Someday I'll go back to that cabin on the hill

And relive in memory the times that can never be again.

The cabin where five sons grew and went off to war

Where the bluebirds greeted us each spring

Until heavy snow one year took the life of the mother

And left the little ones to starve in the cabin roof.

I have gone back to that cabin

Up there in the hills.

I've climbed to the highest cliff

And watched the storm clouds roll

I've listened to the angry thunder

As it echoed from hill to hill

And wandered by the rushing stream

And watched the rainbow leap.

It seems I hear boyish voices

That once played hide and seek

Or played Indians on a raft

As it floated down the stream.

I could not hear the eagles scream

Nor the blat of a baby lamb

Nor the tinkle of the sheep bell.

The cabin is sad, so lonely and the roof caved in

I'm sorry I ever went back

To that homestead in the hills

And yet each year something calls me back

To that homestead up there

To dream of the days of long ago.

The fences are gone and seem to say

Why did you leave?

The creek has changed its course

Due to a beaver dam

The meadows are brown and bare,

The stable and corrals are no more.

And the cabin belongs to the ages

Only the cliffs remain

Where I went when troubles came..

As when we thot we would loose our Jakie

Or Joe would loose his legs

Or our home because of taxes we could not pay.

Where I would go and listen to the night noises

The owls and the night hawks

The coyotes call and their chatter

The challenge of a bull on the range

All are gone now, but only the cliffs and memories

remain.

RECOLLECTIONS OF EARLY DAYS IN LEMHI COUNTY

by Nora Y. Whitwell-1962

A few years ago, the older citizens of Salmon organ-
ized The Historical Society of Lemhi County in order
to preserve some history of this part of the State of
Idaho. I, as an early-day settler, will endeavor to add
a bit as I remember it.

First, I'll give the earliest history of my family as told
to me by my father and mother, George and Elizabeth
Yearian.

They first lived in Du Quoin, Illinois. Father was a
merchant in that city. As he was not in the best of
health and had heard that the mountain air was good
for lung trouble — also, I suppose, there was the lure
of gold, as word had reached them that rich gold mines
had been discovered in the Rockies — he and his broth-
er Jacob Yearian and family decided to "cross the
plains," ... to the Rocky Mountains.

In April, 1864, they left Du Quoin, going to St. Jo-
seph, Missouri. There they prepared for their trip, buy-
ing oxen and covered wagons and such goods and pro-
visions as would be needed on their way; then they
were off for the West.

Their only fear was the hostile Indians. They never
encountered any Indians, nor saw any . . . Traveling
eighteen to twenty miles a day, they were on their way
about three and one half months before reaching Ban-
nock, Montana.

They were desirous of procuring mining property at
Horse Prairie, near Bannock. It was up a gulch, which
father called "Horse Prairie Gulch." Father and his
brother purchased some placer ground from a few
chinamen who were mining there. They wintered in
Bannock. The next summer they built some cabins and
prepared for their families to live there.

In the fall of 1865, father returned to Du Quoin. He
road the stagecoach for sixteen days and nights with-
out stopping (except for food and a change of horses)
to the railroad terminus . . .

In the spring of 1866, father left again for the west,
with his wife and two sons, John and Thomas ... He
hired two young men to drive the ox teams. On this
second trip, a milk cow was led behind the wagon, also
a pony. It was important to have milk on the way as
the younger son was only two years old; the older boy
John was six years old . . . Father's train fell in with
another wagon train going west, so they traveled to-
gether, covering the usual eighteen to twenty miles a
day. When they stopped at night, they placed their
wagons in a circle and camped inside, as a protection
against the Indians. They arrived at Bannock after about
three and one-half months travel and spent the winter
of 1866-1867 in Bannock. The next spring, father, his
brother, and their families settled in the Gulch. Then
the relatives began to come west and settle in the Gulch:
father's two brothers, John and Joseph, and their fam-
ilies; mother's two brothers, John and Elijah Stroud,

and their families; mother's sister and husband Zeph
Yearian and their son, Edwin.

Some of the men worked in the mine and some in
the blacksmith shop. The mining was done by water
power and in order to have pressure, a ditch was dug
twelve miles long. The water came from a mountain
stream high up in the canyon and the ditch carried it
along the hillsides and down a steep hill, through an
iron pipe, to give pressure for hydraulic mining, wash-
ing the gravel into sluice boxes which caught the gold.
Once a week, father and his brother cleaned up the
gold in the sluice boxes, getting, usually, a half gold
pan full. Father would take it home and put it under
the bed for safekeeping. The next morning he did the
retorting. The gold dust was kept in buckskin bags,
closed with a drawstring at the top. Gold was valued
at eighteen dollars per ounce.

During the winter months, father and his brother
Jacob made long gold watch chains for their wives and
themselves. Mother's was about six feet long. Father
had gone to Bannock and learned a pattern from a
jeweler there. He practiced first by making a long silver
chain. They also made plain gold rings for their families
and short chains for the boys. Neither of them was a
jeweler — just handy men. They worked in the black-
smith shop which had a dirt floor. A number of years
later, after our folks all moved from the Gulch to Lemhi
County, the chinamen "panned" the dirt in the shop
and recovered about five hundred dollars in gold that
had been wasted in making the jewelry.

All the cabins in the Gulch had dirt floors and home-
made furniture — bedsteads, tables, stools, and cup-
boards. The families had to make their own amuse-
ment. They would get together in the evenings and play
games, such as blindman's buff. Uncle Joseph played
the "fiddle." Later they were able to get lumber for
floors in their cabins, so they danced too.

There was one family that came to the Gulch that
was not a relative — Mr. A. M. Stevenson, his wife, and
widowed daughter with one small child. He was a car-
penter and built the sluice boxes for father and did any
work in his line that was needed.

Our lighting system was tallow candles. They sold at
one time for one dollar a piece. Flour was one dollar
a pound and was bought by the fifty pound sack.

In the spring of 1869, father and family went back
to Du Quoin on a visit. They went by team and wagon
to the railroad point, which by then was at Green River,
Wyoming. They feared being robbed and, as a precau-
tion, my Uncle Jacob built what he called a false bot-
tom to the wagonseat and the bags of gold were placed
there . . .

They went to St. Louis first. Mother said they were
all shabbily dressed and wanted to fit themselves out
in the best attire before meeting their relatives and

friends in Du Quoin. When they went into the store,
mother told the clerk she wanted to buy some clothing
and asked for a coat and bonnet. The clerk brought
out a very cheap looking coat and bonnet. Mother said,
"I don't want such as that. Don't judge us by our looks.
I've come here to dress up. We are from the mountains
and have the gold to pay for what we get. We are on
our way home to visit relatives." Then, as the saying
is, they "fell all over themselves" to wait on mother.
She bought a coat and paid fifty dollars for it. That was
something good, as prices were then . . .

After a few weeks visit, they returned to their home
in the west and father continued mining until the richest
ground was finished, producing about a million dollars.

I was born in the Gulch in 1869. When I was three
and one-half years old, we moved over to Idaho and
settled on a ranch in the upper Lemhi Valley. Father
had purchased the ranch the year before (1871) from
Joseph Pattee. All the relatives moved over too and
settled on ranches. Mr. Stevenson settled about eight-
een miles up the valley from our place, at the junction
of the roads-one coming from Montana and the other
one running through the valley down to Salmon. Mr.
Stevenson become postmaster at Junction and served
through his lifetime.

After a time, father built a new frame barn, quite a
large with one with a good floor. All the other buildings
in the valley were made of round logs with dirt roofs.

Dr. William C. Whitwell and Nora Yearian Whitwell - 1890

Lemhi County Museum photo

This barn was something to take notice of , as it was
larger and different. So a dance was given in the new
barn. People came from Salmon and Junction. This was
the first event I remember, and I remember the dress
I wore — a white brocaded material with a little black
figure scattered over it (something like a dollar sign)
and a sash of red ribbon which father had bought for
me in Bannock. And was I dressed up! I was as proud
as a peacock and I danced that night and ever after
through the years. It is an amusement I enjoy very
much.

The next thing special that I remember was my first
school. Father employed as teacher, a beautiful and
charming young lady, Miss Belle Vernon, who had come
out from Missouri to visit her sister, Mrs. Anna B.
McCaleb, in Salmon. She lived with us in our home.

Father added a large room for a billiard hall and pur-
chased a fine marble-topped table. He loved to play
the game and would sometimes stop strangers on their
way to Salmon and have them stay overnight to play
billiards with him. My brother Thomas became a near
expert at the game. One end of this room was used
for our school room. I remember one of the lessons
in my reader: there was a picture in the lower corner
on the left-hand page of a little boy with a hatchet and
a small tree broken over and a man and a verse — the
George Washington story.

When father took possession of the ranch, only a
part was under fence. That was the meadow land of
wild grass in the valley. Some of that was cut for hay.
Then the bar, as father called it, soon was cultivated.
It was an elevated piece of ground sloping nicely for
irrigation — still one of the fine fields in the valley. It
was thickly covered with sagebrush, so the land was
plowed by single plow and team. Then Indian squaws
were employed to pull out the sagebrush and pile and
burn it. (The bucks were indolent, except a few would
work in the hay field for some of the ranchers). As
many as twenty squaws would work at a time. Mother
served them the noon meal. They sat on the ground
in the yard and that was where they were served. There
was one squaw that washed for mother, regularly.

We still used our tallow candles for a time after we
came to Lemhi; then we were able to get coal oil and
lamps. We felt that was quite an improvement. The
lamps were portable and we carried them from room
to room as needed. There was the chore of cleaning
the smokey chimneys and trimming the wicks each
morning.

Soon each rancher had a vegetable garden. Seed
was selected from a catalog and purchased in the east.
It was really a treat to get our first early spring vege-
tables — lettuce, radishes, and green onions; then peas.
The hardier vegetables were also grown and matured
and stored in our cellars for winter use — potatoes, on-
ions, beef, pork, fowl, wild game; also milk, cream, and
butter; some eggs were packed in the summer for win-
ter use.

The year 1876 was a presidential year. Hays and
Tildon were the candidates. Our mail came in from
Dubois. A carrier went out and one came in each day.
The Post Office was at Fort Lemhi. Mr. Sharkey, a
rancher, lived there. The post office was in his house
and he was the postmaster. His ranch was at the lower
edge of the Lemhi Indian Reservation, which extended
up the Lemhi Valley for ten miles. Our ranch on Yearian
Creek was two miles above the reservation line. The
agent for the Indians lived near the lower end of the
reservation on Agency Creek, as it was named. The
mail carrier's route was from Fort Lemhi to Dubois,
Idaho. As they passed the ranch houses, one (the re-
publican) would shout, "Hurrah for Hayes;" the other
(a democrat) would shout, "Hurrah for Tildon." That
continued for about a month as it took that long before
the results of the election were known. Rutherford B.
Hays won by one vote.

George L. Shoup was in the mercantile business in
Salmon. His freighters brought goods for his store from
Dubois and they camped at our ranch on their way in
to Salmon. We bought staple groceries, getting it off
the wagons: flour, sugar, hominy, and dried corn. Green
coffee was bought by the fifty pounds. We browned it
in the oven and ground it as we used it. Some dried
fruits were available: apples, peaches, and pears. Later
we were able to get some canned goods; at first, corn
and tomatoes. Gradually we were able to obtain other

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iP^roi'ioEi.i

Tlic lORW.iRDUfG HOUSE of Geo. L. Shoup 4 CO., at Red Bock, Mon-
tm* l5 no^y open and rendy- for business.

A D TM? D Q ^'" f"'?''' '"f^ *' ""• *"" "' ''^°- ^ SHOn? 4 CO., Salnoo City, or
{JlXUili L\U ""tb Jihi D. bticiab, at Esd Eoolc. irill b» promptly itteaded :o.

varieties. The only fresh fruit we had was wild goose-
berries. The squaws gathered them and sold them to
the families in our neighborhood. Mother paid the
squaws in sugar, butter, or money, whichever they
wanted.

In the earliest days in the valley, our only vehicle for
travel was the dead-ax (axle) wagon — no springs at all.
Then, later, we were able to get the spring wagon; light-
er weight and with springs under the box and also un-
der the seat. Quite an improvement, we thought. Fa-
ther bought the first buggy in our part of the valley. A
friend of his, Mr. N. I. Andrews, who lived farther down
the valley, had ordered it from Springfield, Ohio. When
it came, the price was more than Mr. Andrews wanted
to pay, so father bought it. It was of fine quality, with
a leather adjustable top and leather cushioned seat.
Then a span of horses was needed. Father's brother,
Joseph, had gotten a span from Canada. Father ad-
mired them so much, his brother sold them to him.
They were small but strong and good travelers. Father
always called them "my little blacks." They were shiny
black and very pretty. He sometimes drove them fifty
miles in a day. He also bought from the Indians, saddle
horses, as others in the valley did. They were small-
bred and spoken of as Indian Ponies. We children each
had a pony, as did others in the neighborhood. Horse-
back riding together for pastime. Girls had to ride side-
wise in those days and wear long riding skirts to look
their best.

Another amusement was families visiting each other
on Sunday — our social day. Families took turns enter-
taining, as dinner was always served. Then we often
went visiting relatives or friends and stayed over night,
as everyone did. We had visitors too. It took some time
to travel in those days. Another pleasure was playing
croquet, as we young folks did.

One of the hired men made a beaver robe for our
family; it was lined with red flannel. It was used as a
lap robe when riding in the buggy in cold weather. The
beavers were caught along the Lemhi . . .

The first ministers that came to "our neck of the
woods" were Mr. Riggin and Mr. Van Orsdale, later
known as Brother Van. They were sent from Helena,
Montana, by the Methodist organization. They would
spend their first night in the valley with my Uncle Joe's
family, near Junction. They would have prayer service
for the family and some of the neighbors; then they
would come on down the valley and stay at our home
over night and again have a prayer meeting; then go
on their way to Salmon for church services. On their
way back, their stops were at the same ranches and
meeting were held again. Brother Van was the songster
and led the singing. He had a large mouth and opened
it as wide as he could, so it seemed to me, and I was
fascinated. Those meeting gave us children our first
knowledge of a religious service . . .

The first cattle in the upper Lemhi were bought by
father in Corrine, Utah, and were driven from there to

John Yearian's ranch near Junction. The cattle were
divided among three Yearian's — John, George, and
Zeph. Each would choose a head, in turn, and place
his own brand on the animal. George leased his share
to the Stroud brothers, John and Elijah, for a few years.
As the herds increased, the best cows were chosen for
butter-making and that became quite an industry. Lat-
er, George bought some Texas Long Horn cattle in
southern Utah, the milk cows, ranged the year round,
out in the open in the foothills and mountains. There
were no restrictions on grazing land then. In the fall,
the steers were brought in from the range and sold.
The stockmen rode in groups and gathered up the cat-
tle for each other. Large three and four year old steers,
with some younger ones, were priced at fifteen dollars
a head. In the spring they rode again and gathered in
the cows in order to brand the calves.

Through the years, mother made her own soap; it
was of a soft consistency, like jelly; a good quality soap
for all cleaning purposes. She had plenty of tallow and
obtained the lye by saving ashes as they accumulated
and placing them in a barrel and pouring water on them
to drain through the lye.

After father had his nice buggy, we visited rather
often along the valley. On one visit to Uncle Joseph's
home, we children had been playing around outside
and in the late afternoon we decided to have prayer
meeting. We had learned something about conducting
such a meeting from two ministers. So, we sang some
hymns, then called on Lizzie Perry, a cousin who was
visiting there, to pray. We knelt by our chairs and this
was her prayer: "Oh, Lord, ain't this a hell of a day!"
Outside a fierce blizzard was raging. Sometimes through
the years, if we planned something and couldn't carry
it out, we would say, "Well, this has been one of Lizzie
Perry's days" — a fitting expression once in a while.

In 1877 came the Indian Scare. No one can know
the torture of fear unless he has experienced it. All the
ranchers watched all day through field glasses for signs
of the Indians approaching. At first we watched mostly
across the hills toward Hayden Creek, as a trail came
from the Pahsimeroi side of the mountain and down
the creek.

Early in the summer, my father and my brother, John
who was grown then, left home for a week. I think they
went over to the Gulch. During that week we had such
a fear of the Indians that, when night came, we packed
some bedding on a horse and went down into the field
and made our beds in the thickest brush we could find.
Each night during that week we went there to sleep.
We understood Indians would not enter thick brush.

Then General Howard and his soldiers came, coming
over the Hayden Creek trail and to our place. They
camped near our house for two weeks. And, oh, what
a relief! We slept athome, feeling so safe. General Ho-
ward and his men just trailed the Indians, but never
did catch up with them. The people thought he wasn't
brave enough to fight. I don't know how many soldiers

were there, but a good man, and father furnished them
with fresh beef while they were camped at our place.

After the soldiers went on out of the valley, we went
to the fort near Junction. It was built in a central place
relative to the homes around it and very near the school
house. The women and children stayed in the fort and
the men folks went to attend to necessary work. We
children played games around the fort during the day
and at night the older people danced in the school
house. Evidently they were not too unhappy.

Late in the summer we went back home. Our Lemhi
Indians had fear and were watching too. They sent
scouts out to learn what they could about the hostile
Indians. One Indian, Bannock John, a good friend of
ours, came to our house every day or two to learn if
we had any late news. It was believed that a few of the
young Indians of the Lemhi tribe were treacherous.
They left the valley and one, Major Jim, whom we knew
and whom the whites didn't trust fully, never came
back to the reservation until the Indian scare was all
over.

The next summer, 1878, the Indians were on the
rampage again. We went to Junction and the men held
a meeting to decide if it was not best for all of us to
go to Salmon, as there were not many people all to-
gether. Some wanted to go and some didn't; so, our
family, all in our neighborhood, and a few in Junction
went to Salmon and camped on the Salmon River bank,
just north of the town, in a little meadow along the
river — a nice place. There we camped all summer.

In the spring of 1876, two more families had come
from Du Quoin and settled on the ranches in our neigh-
borhood. They were the Thomas Pyeatt and Gillihan
Rees families. They were fine people and we had a good
friendly neighborhood all through the years, each one
always ready to lend a helping hand if needed. So, they
were here to pass through the frightful experience and
went to Salmon and camped with us.

One day in Salmon we had a dreadful fright for a
brief time. About noon a horseman came galloping into
town shouting, "The Indians are coming! The Indians
are coming!" The word spread quickly and in a short
time people were running to the fort, some with kettles
of food they were cooking. Mrs. McCaleb was running
with her two children: a daughter named Hope and a
son, Hugh. When she got near the fort, she was calling
"Hope, Hope, Hope," and those in the crowd who heard
her thought she was trying to give them encourage-
ment. Instead, she had gotten separated from her
daughter and was calling her name. The women and
children were all placed inside the fort and the men in
a trench around the fort with an earth embankment;
from there, they were to fight. We, inside, expected
them all to be killed and then the Indians to come in
to torture and kill us. No one could ever know that
dreadful experience of fear, unless they were there. It
was a short duration for the big dust up the Lemhi
about a mile and a half, which was seen from town.

proved to be a man driving a band of horses.

Later that summer, the Indians did come into Junc-
tion. A girl who was playing in Mr. Stevenson's yard
saw them coming out of the Road Canyon. So, the mad
rush to the fort was on. It was told that Mrs. Stevenson,
who was hurrying to the fort and carrying a kettle of
beans, set the kettle down in the road and in her ex-
citement rushed on without it. The Indians came down
the road, passed Mr. Stevenson's house across the
valley, and camped on the west side of the Lemhi River
in sight of the fort. There were only twenty people in
the fort, but fortunately, the next morning the Indians
moved on, got out of the valley and over on to Birch
Creek, where they met some freighters. The wagons
were loaded with goods for George L. Shoup and Com-
pany in Salmon. The Indians murdered the four men
and burned their wagons and took their horses with
them. A chinaman who was with them escaped. He ran
to the creek and hid in the willows. Later in the season,
we all came home from Salmon and there was no more
"Indian Excitement." So we were all back on our ranch-
es and thankful that we could live peacefully.

After the scare was all over, the young Indians came
back to the reservation. Major Jim would come to our
house often and always in time for the noon meal. One
day Mother said to him, "Jim, you come so often and
have your dinner. I think you should pay me." He spoke
English well and he said, in a firm voice, "All right,"
and he went into the living room, borrowed a quarter
from father, and then went back to the kitchen and
paid mother.

A school house was soon built in our community;
about eleven children attended. We who were the far-
thest away rode horseback to school in the winter time.

Soon after we were back on our ranch, father put
up a building quite near our house for a store. He car-
ried groceries, hardware, dry goods, yardage, Indian
blankets, and shawls in beautiful colors for the squaws;
also beads which they used in trimming their buckskin
gloves and moccasins. The Indians were good custom-
ers and good pay and good friends of my father. They
called him "George Yaggett" as the word Yearian
seemed difficult for them to pronounce. Their Chief,
Tendoy, was a good friend, a man of fine character,
honored and respected by the white people. His own
tribe adored him and put great faith and trust in him.
He was a staunch friend of Colonel Shoup and his busi-
ness partner, M. M. McPherson, and other leading men
of the valley. He often consulted them on problems in
which he thought he needed advice. During the Indian
Scare he would consult with these men. In that way
we were in touch with our Indians. We thought they
feared the hostile Indians too.

Then father added a tin shop to his store. My older
brother was attending school in Kansas City and father
wrote him to sent him a good tinner, which he did. This
man, Mr. Tyler, could make almost anything that could
be made of tin. The principal work was making milk

J. W. YEARIAN,

SKALXR IK

HARDWARE,

TIHW^RE,
ggUent^ral Merchandise.^

MAITDTXCTUEKE OB"

IBUTTER C4lNS,

MM tared*.

pans and butter cans. The pans held four quarts and
the butter cans, ten to twenty pounds of butter. Each
rancher had a herd of milk cows, fifteen to twenty head.
They used the pans for milk, placing the pans of milk
on shelves in the milk house. They packed the butter
in the cans, which were sealed, and sold. This was one
means of income for the ranchers.

In about 1880, father and two of our neighbors bought
organs, the "Beaty." They were the first brought into
the valley. Then a music teacher was needed. Out tin-
ner, Mr. Tyler, knew a widow in Kansas City who's
daughter was a music teacher. In due time, Jessie
Bucklin came out, lived with us, and taught us. We
didn't advance very far but learned the fundamentals
of music, my brother Thomas and I, and to play some
selections. A pleasant pastime. A little later, Jessie's
mother came out and married our tinner, Mr. Tyler.

In the early 1880's, a rich quartz mine was discov-
ered at the head of the valley and the camp was named
Nicholia, for Mr. Ralph Nichols who owned and oper-
ated the mine. That made Junction a "boom town."

Father bought lots in Junction for a store building and
a dwelling. The former was a two story building — the
upstairs was a hall used for dancing, socials, Christmas
entertainment, etc. Father sold his store goods at the
ranch and went into business in Junction. He bought
the rancher's canned butter in the fall and shipped it
by freight wagons to Challis by way of Birch Creek,
Arco, and through the Big Lost River Valley, on up the
Salmon River to the mining camps at Clayton and Bay
Horse. Father had bought young wild mules over in
Montana and they were tamed and trained to drive,
so they made up the team. He had a good driver to
do his own freighting. His goods for the store were
brought from Red Rock, the railroad point, to Junction
by his freight outfit. In 1883 the dwelling for the family
was completed and we moved to Junction that fall.

Mr. Stevenson had put up a new two story frame
building for a hotel. The post office was in this building;
Mr. Stevenson was the postmaster through his life time.
He and Mrs. Stevenson were the only grandparents in
the county and he was always called "grandpa." There
were two other stores in the town, a blacksmith shop,
and also three saloons — a "necessary evil" I suppose.
Even so, I believe they were less harmful than the pres-
ent day so-called "lounges." Minors, women and chil-
dren never entered the saloons in those days.

About 1885 the Methodist Conference sent in a min-
ister; he was located at Junction, and made regular
visits to Salmon. His home was next door to ours and
our families became close friends. Church services were
held in the Junction school house, as well as Sunday
School and church socials. Later, the minister, Mr.
Mintzer, was sent to Salmon and that was his head-
quarters. He would then make his trips regularly up to
Junction to preach . . .

So we lived on in Junction attending school there
until 1887. Father was in failing health and he sold his
store to his son, John.

That summer, father and mother and I spent in the
Gulch. Father owned a hay ranch above Junction about
a mile and a half and when it came time to make hay,
mother asked me which I would rather do — go to the
ranch and cook for the hay men, or stay in the Gulch
and keep house for father and she would go. I chose
the former. Father had sick spells that frightened me.
So, off I went to the ranch! My cousin Milt Reddington
and family had come out from Kansas City a couple of
years before and his daughter Sadie helped me with
the cooking. She and I were pals as well as second
cousins. It was a "lark" for us. On this ranch lived a
cousin of mine, her husband Thompson Denney, and
their children. Mr Denney worked for father and raised
the hay. They lived in the only house on the ranch and
it was just one large room. They cooked at one end of
the room and we at the other end. We were there for
six weeks and cooked for six men. We slept in a covered
spring wagon placed by the side of the house.

Sadie and I pulled a "stunt" one beautiful moonlit

night. We asked our cousins if we could sleep on the
hay stack which the men had put up in the corral near
the house. The hay stack was only partly built, so it
was not very high. They gave their consent and we
gathered up some bedding and out we went. Soon we
were in bed and, when the light went out at the house,
we got up and were off to town. We walked, of course,
and when we got to Junction we located some young
folks and our boyfriends. We visited around a while,
then the two boys walked back to the ranch with us.
That was one secret we kept from our cousins. In the
late summer, we moved back to our home ranch.

That year Miss Emma Russell came out from Ches-
ter, Illinois, and taught our school. My cousin Sadie
lived with us for a while and we attended school to-
gether. That was our last term of school, 1887-88. Sa-
die's home was on a ranch up the Lemhi where the
house stood on the bank of the creek that flowed into
the Lemhi. It was too far from our neighborhood school
house for her to live at home and attend school.

In 1887, Dr. W. C. Whitwell and another man. Bob
Stocker, came to Lemhi. They and Miss Russell came
in on the stagecoach the same day and stopped at
Fort Lemhi, the stage station and post office. It was in
the ranch home of Frank Sharkey, who was postmas-
ter. Then Dr. Whitwell and Bob Stocker went on up to
Lemhi Agency and Miss Russell went on to Mr. and
Mrs. Thomas Pyeatt's home, in our neighborhood, to
teach our school. They had come in from Red Rock,
Montana, our nearest railroad station. The stage road
had been built up Agency Creek and on up the canyon
over the high mountain that divided Idaho and Mon-
tana. It was a shorter way than going up the valley
through Junction. At that time the mail was carried
each day to the Agency and on to Junction. Previously
the mail, and passengers, were brought from Dubois,
Idaho, then our nearest railroad point.

There was a rural system for the ranchers of the
upper Lemhi. The stagecoach went on to Salmon each
day. They changed horses four times on the way to
Red Rock — at the Seventeen Mile house out from
Salmon at the foot of the mountain, then over the
divide, and changed horses again at the foot of the
mountain on the Montana side where they stayed over
night, then down on Horse Prairie Valley for the noon
meal and a change of horses, and on to Red Rock.
Coming in from Red Rock to Salmon, they stopped at
the foot of the mountain over night on the Montana
side, called Midway. It was a hard pull over the moun-
tain. In the winter time they took two days to make
the trip, but we received the mail each day. There were
no oiled roads or even graded roads in those days. I
have seen the mud so deep and the road so sliding in
the canyon that a man was put out to stand on the
brake on the upper side to keep the coach from turning
over.

Dr. Whitwell was a native of Tennessee. He finished
his medical course at Vanderbilt University in Nashville.

At graduation, he was awarded a gold meal of honor
for being the highest in his class in gynecology. He
began his practice in his home town, Linden, Tennes-
see. He moved to Decatur, Texas, then he accepted
the Government appointment as doctor on the Lemhi
Indian Reservation in Idaho.

I never knew the Doctor well until the late summer
of 1888. Father's health continued to fail and Dr. Whi-
twell was often called to see him. It was then we learn-
ed my father had heart trouble. His case was incurr-
able, and he never seemed to gain .

The Government for several years had been planning
to move the Lemhi Indians to Fort Hall Reservation in
southern Idaho. Government representatives would be
sent out to consult with Chief Tendoy and others about
moving, giving their reasons, but the Indians never were
willing to move. While Dr. Whitwell was at the Agency,
again officials came to consult, meeting with the In-
dians and the white employees. After the case was
again presented to them. Chief Tendoy made a reply,
giving the reasons for their not wanting to move. He
told how they had lived there through many years, had
reared their children, fished in the streams, hunted the
deer in the mountains, buried their dead on the hills,
and that it was their home and dear to them. It was
an eloquent speech. Will Kadletz, the blacksmith, was
the interpreter.

A few years later, the Indians were moved to Fort
Hall, but against their will. They trailed out through the
valley with their families and pack horses, dragging their
wickiup poles. They were weeping as they went and
the white people were sorry for them. Chief Tendoy
died soon after, of a broken heart, and was buried on
the Lemhi Reservation. The white people placed a
monument to his memory at the grave.

Several physicians had preceded Dr. Whitwell at the
Lemhi Agency. Dr. Wright succeeded Dr. Whitwell and,
after a few years, he also located in Salmon. Dr. Ken-
ney was there from the very early days. Then Dr. Mur-
phy came to the Agency, later going to Salmon. Dr.
Hanmer was practicing in Thunder Mountain, a boom-
ing mining camp. After the mining business decreased,
he, too, came to Salmon. While there were several
doctors in Salmon then, the population had increased
in the town and county. Dr Stratton came for a few
years, they went away for several years, then came
back again. He was in poor health and did not live very
long. Dr. Murphy died after a few years.

The former doctors at the Agency, as well as Dr.
Whitwell, practiced among the white families too. Dr.
Whitwell made strong friends with both the white peo-
ple and the Indians.

The employees at the Agency, except the school
teacher, were all single men and they lived together in
a two story building (which still stands). They had a
cook who was also their housekeeper. A school had
previously been established for the Indian children, al-
so a cooking school for the girls. They attended through

the winter, then back to their wickiups and into their
native dress. The parents of the children objected to
their being educated. They thought the confinement
was injurious to their health. After a time, they were
reconciled.

In April 1889 my brother, Thomas, and Emma Russell
were married. They lived at the home ranch and Thom-
as carried on the business as father was not able to.
In June of the same year. Dr. Whitwell and I were mar-
ried. We spent our honeymoon at the Agency.

In the fall. Doctor resigned his position and we moved
to Salmon. (For a number of years after we located in
Salmon, some of the Indians would come to see him
to have him prescribe for them). Before we settled in
Salmon, I went to Dillon, Montana, our nearest railroad
town, with my Uncle Zeph and Aunt Jane, to buy fur-
niture for our home, getting what was necessary for
housekeeping. Some of that furniture is still in use in
my home after sixty five years!

After we rented a year, we bought the house and
built on to it, as we needed more room. We also bought
more ground as it was necessary for Doctor to keep a
horse and buggy. We kept a milk cow and chickens. I
did the milking; I still like ranching. Doctor made his
many calls throughout the county by horse and buggy.
He also made some trips by horseback, the only means

.i% -v.

..J

Gladys Whitwell (Radford), Laura Whitwell (McKinney)

of travel to see his patients at mining camps, riding on
trails high along the mountain side with the Salmon
River swiftly flowing far down below in the canyon. Gib-
bonsville was then a prosperous mining town and he
was often called there to visit the sick. A wagon road
extended that far from Salmon.

Dr. Whitwell was a Mason and affiliated with the Lodge
in Salmon, No. 11, A. F. and A. M. He was active in
lodge work and served as Worshipful Master a few times.
In 1891 Doctor and I joined the Hugh Duncan Chapter
No. 2 of the O.E.S. He served a number of years as
Worthy Patron in the Chapter.

In 1890, our first child was born, a son named Earl.
We were proud parents. In 1892, our daughter Laura
was born. Another joy.

In 1893 the Doctor and I took a trip to the Chicago
World's Fair. A most enjoyable time and wonders to
see. Father had died in 1890, and mother kept our
children while we were gone. Daisy, a daughter of our
good friend, N. I. Andrews, accompanied us; also my
cousin Arthur Yearian, who was going to Chicago to
continue his studies in dentistry. That trip to Chicago
was a wonderful experience for people from the "back
woods country." After we came home, mother came
to live with us.

In 1894, Gladys was born. Ours was a family to be
proud of. Parents should have the right to praise their
children, I think.

We were still using oil lamps for lighting, although
they were somewhat improved over the kind we used
in the earliest days. In about 1896, a few local citizens
put in a small power plant on the Lemhi River east of
town. Allen Merritt was interest in this project and
placed the poles through the town for wiring. This plant
provided enough current only for lighting through the
night, so it was turned off at the plant each morning.
After a few years, another larger plant was installed.
Then we were able to get electric irons. Although very
heavy and awkward, they were a great improvement
over the cold-handle irons that had to be heated on a
coal range.

From the earliest days we had one church in Salmon.
It was attended by Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists,
Episcopalians, and sometimes a Catholic or two; also
nonmembers. It was one big family that worshipped
together. No one thought of denominationism. We
worked together in church affairs, socials, religious
concerts, Christmas exercises, etc. The minister was
never paid a fixed salary. The women members, and

W. G. WHITWELL. M. D:

•O-Omcc iq the McNicolI
Building

nonmembers, would take turns (two or three at a time)
canvasing the town each month for money to pay the
preacher. The nonmembers were generous also in pay-
ing the preacher. There was always good attendance
at church; at the evening worship, the church was filled.
Happy times! That little church knew the joys and sor-
rows of the community . . .

Most of the people worked together in obtaining es-
sential improvements. Dr Whitwell was always inter-
ested in the welfare of the community, as was Allen
Merritt. The water supply for the town came from some
shallow wells and it wasn't considered healthful. So,
steps were taken to get water piped into our village
from Jessie Creek, a mountain stream coming high up
on the west side of the town. It was the purest and
best water in the world! In due time the pipes were laid
and water reached every home; a luxury enjoyed by
everyone.

Then a new school house was needed. The old one
was deteriorating and not large enough, so Dr. Whi-
twell, with Allen Merritt and others, labored for that.
There was some opposition from a few of the oldest
citizens, but they did accomplish getting a two story
brick building to replace the old one. That was about
1901.

Dr. Whitwell was interested in politics too. He served
three terms in the State Legislature as Senator. I vis-
ited Boise during the 1903 session. We were royally
entertained . . .

In 1907 Dr. Whitwell was elected Grand Master of
the Grand Lodge of Idaho and served through 1908,
visiting most of the lodges in the State. That was elec-
tion year and Doctor was a delegate to the Democratic
State Convention. There was some strife in writing their
platform and some of the delegates bolted and nom-
inated a ticket, so there were two tickets. Doctor was
nominated for Governor on the regular ticket. When
he arrived home, he was met at the stage station by
many of his friends and escorted to his home. We ap-
preciated the honor. Then the State officials had to
decide which was the legal ticket and the decision was
made in favor of the bolters, so Doctor was out.

I don't remember when the Gilmore and Pittsburgh
Railroad began building out from Armstead, but I re-
member the company buying right-of-way through the
valley. Mrs. Stevenson (the second) owned the land
around Junction, and the company wanted ground for
a depot. Her price was so high that they went across
the valley and bought ground on the west side of the
Lemhi and built their depot and round house, leaving
Junction high and dry. The businessmen moved over
to Leadore, as the village was named, some moving
their buildings as well as their goods. In 1910, in the
month of May, the road was finished to Salmon. The
first train arrived in the afternoon and there was the
driving of the golden spike and in the evening, a ban-
quet. It was one interesting and exciting time for Salm-
on. The Railroad Company did some surveying on down

the Salmon River and the people of Salmon thought
the road would continue on to the coast, but they were
disappointed. Then we had train service only three
times a week, when with the stage, we had mail each
day. After a few years a special gasoline car was put
in operation, bringing mail and passengers every day —
going out from Salmon in the morning and back in the
evening . . .

So, the years passed. We educated our children in
Salmon through high school; then each, in turn, went
away to college; and, in due course, married.

In the fall of 1918 came the dreadful flu epidemic,
hitting us hard, as well as all the country. The doctors
were exhausted from over work, going day and night.
Doctor Whitwell had a flu treatment that was quite suc-
cessful. Some would say, "We won't mind getting the
flu, if we can get Dr. Whitwell." He also had a treatment
for simple goiter, which was very good and which re-
moved the goiter without surgery.

Late that year. Dr. Whitwell was stricken with pneu-
monia and died December 29, 1918, leaving many
friends in the county and State to mourn his loss. I
wondered how I could ever carry on without him, but
life has to go on. There were many lonely years. My
mother was with me, after having lived a few years at
the home ranch, and she was a great comfort to me.
In August, 1920, my mother died; another great sor-
row. In 1923 my family began to scatter. At different
times I visited my daughters in San Francisco, St. Louis,
Cheyenne, Washington, D.C., and Boise. I also spent
several winters with my cousin in Miami.

I am now ninety two years of age, February 1962.
The years have brought many changes. The happen-
ings of the later years are known to residents of Salm-
on, so there is no need for me to include them here.
It has been a pleasure for me to think back over the
years and set down on paper for the Lemhi Historical
Society the events of the early day, as I remember
them. I hope these reminiscences may be of interest
to the younger generations — and perhaps to those to
come.

edited by History Committee

LEMHI LODGE NO. 1 1 , F. & A. M.

Slated cninmtinic:ition5; n( I.cmlii
l.f.'lcre No. II, V.& A. M. will be
Ik Id ;U llnii Ilnll tiiitil fnillirr
IK. tier, nt y'A o'clock I". M. on tlic
cvciii^jj (if llic Satiii'Iny on ui
bcloic lull moon cnrli niontli. All
Mn-tcr Mason."; iiicood si niulinj;

nre cordi^IIv invited to allcnd.

\V. C. Wimwr.i.i., \V. ^L
Will.. U. Slioi'i', Sccictaty.

GEORGE BRYAN

Tl2<^ Bevrben.

Shaves 3 inches closer than any
barber in town.

1 9 18 - J. D. Bohney, Tendoy rancher, told of a swarm of bees that
literally tried to pitch on his team while at work in his hay meadow.
The bees also swarmed around Mr. Bohney's head covering himself
and horses, but not a one of them stung man or beast. Mr. Bohney
said he thought he was in for the time of his life until, after stopping
the mower and its noise, the little insects could then hear and heed
the hum of thier queen in her commands to take them away about
their business.

BASKET SOCIAL AT SANDY CREEK
about 1910

by Bessie Cannon

I was born in the Sandy Creek area in 1894, ninety
years ago. The years went by. I knew of and attended
the Basket Socials given at the old log school house.

The one that stands out in my memory most was
when I was sixteen years old. It was my first date with
a boyfriend. I made a basket shaped like a boat, cov-
ered it with green crepe paper, decorating it with red
buttons, beads and artificial flowers. It had a wire bail
wrapped with white baby ribbon, but I carried it in a
flour sack so no one could see it. I had it filled with
fried chicken, ham sandwiches, cake and fruits.

We went with my family in the old lumber wagon
getting there just as the dance started with a waltz,
"The Good Old Summer Time."

After several dances my boyfriend came to me say-
ing, "You're brother Roy Moore wants to see you out-
side." I went out and he said, "Will you go over to the
neighbors and sew my pants. I climbed over the barb-
wire fence and tore my new pants on the seat." Of
course I went with him. When we got there, there were
only two little ones four and six years old. They didn't
know where anything was, so I searched and found a
darning needle, but no thread. Roy went to bed with
the kids while I darned the tear with hair from my long
braids of hair.

It was close to eleven o'clock when we got back to
the dance. Mother said, "Where have you been," so
angry, but laughed when I told her.

They were making arrangements to sell the baskets,
first one a shoe box with wild roses "first of the spring"
sold for one dollar, then two dollars, and two dollars
and fifty cents and three dollars, then mine sold for
four dollars. I was to get the prize as it sold for the
highest price.

There was an old goat named "Charlie" who roamed
the valley, all the girls were afraid he would get their
basket, but he got mine. I wasn't going to eat with him,
but my mother said, "Oh yes you will," but when he
wasn't looking I gave my boyfriend a sandwich. I said,
"Why didn't you buy my basket?" He said, "I did try
but I couldn't give but three dollars."

The sad part of the Basket Social was when I had to
dance the "Home Sweet Home" waltz with "Charlie."

Oh yes, my prize was a bar of Lysol soap. I gave it
to Charlie hoping he'd take a bath.

A HISTORY OF THE LEADORE WARM SPRINGS
ON BIG EIGHTMILE CREEK

At the mouth of Big Eightmile Canyon in a pictur-
esque setting along the creek with a backdrop of pine
covered mountains, miraculously springs a large flow
of warm water at a "just right" temperature, feeling
warm if one is cold and a bit cool if one is hot.

A structure was built for bathing and swimming here
sometime in the 1880's and the Dunlap family resided
there. The community used and enjoyed the benefits
of this marvelous spring.

Catherine O'Callahan obtained the property in 1897,
and shortly afterward, the Bohannon family became
the owners, adding to the acreage through the follow-
ing years. The property stayed in the Bohannon family
until it was sold to George Carl and Elizabeth Udy short-
ly after they moved onto the ranch in 1937 and began
leasing from the Bohannon family. Eventually, Orion
Peterson enlarged the swimming pool area to be about
thirty two feet by sixteen feet while he and his widowed
mother were living there in the late twenties. The
pool was always busiest in the evenings. Whether they
came by hiking, horseback or auto, the children, young
people and families came for wholesome recreation, a
good soak, just relaxation or for health benefits. They
came at all time during the day or evening. The pool
was also used by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter
Day Saints for baptisms. The occupants preceding
the Udy family, concentrated on income from the
swimming pool and selling food and "drink." Carl and
Beth concentrated on building up the ranch, their cat-
tle herd and having a wholesome environment for their
three children and so no food or "drink" were sold and
the pool hours were limited. They did continue to sell
swimming privilges for twenty five cents which included

a towel, swimming suit and a bar of Ivory soap. Ivory
was used as it stayed afloat during use or when left in
the pool. The swimming pool, with a large flow through
of the natural warm water, was drained and the plank
walls and floors scrubbed each morning. The opening
at the floor on the back side was then closed and the
water rose to about four and a half feet to the overflow.
The suits and towels were washed in Beth's gasoline
run Maytag washer. The water was carried from the
spring and heated in a boiler on the wood range in the
kitchen and the children carried little buckets of warm
spring water to fill the three rinse tubs. The kerosene
lanterns, which were hung above the pool, in the hall-
way and the two dressing rooms, also had to be filled
and the chimneys cleaned.

Under the large Cottonwood trees which arched over
the entrance of the building, was a little boxed in area
with a lid where the main spring rose before flowing
under the dressing rooms and into the pool. Water was
carried the few steps from here to the home for do-
mestic use. Water for drinking and cooking was carried
from the creek.

Before the power lines were put into the area, con-
sideration was given to generating electricity from the
fall of the warm water as it tumbled down the hillside
into Big Eightmile Creek. The potential was great for
this warm water spring in this beautiful natural setting;
however the family was forced to close down public
swimming, which the residents of the valley from Gil-
more all through the Lemhi valley had enjoyed for so
many years, because of the 'sue fad' and the high cost
of liability insurance. The building and pool was com-
pletely dismantled about 1958.

GILMORE

by Roberta Goodman -1991

The mining camp of Gilmore, originally called Horse-
shoe Gulch, started when gold was discovered there
in 1873. In 1906 the principal part of the townsite had
been built on the hill, but in 1910 A. S. Ross laid out
the present townsite. The old road, replaced by High-
way 28, ran through the lower part of Gilmore, along
the base of the mountains. The town was to be named
after Mr. J. R. Gilmer of the Gilmer and Salisbury Stage
Company, but in the process of getting a Post Office,
the spelling was altered, apparently by mistake, in
Washington, D. C. Mrs. Grooms was the first Post-
master in 1900.

The town's existence was dependant on the profits
received from working the mines. In 1903 a flume was
built from Meadow Lake to the mine. It brought water
about three miles to the mine and from the mine water

flowed by way of a creek through the town for domestic
use. In winter water was hauled in from Spring or Clear
Creek, or snow was melted. Some families kept a water
barrel standing in a corner of the kitchen and by adding
fresh snow, had water for household purposes. "Water
was sold for twenty-five cents for a five gallon can, at
one time", remembers one of the old timers. Near the
townsite was a large reservoir where ice was cut and
stored in winter for summer use.

Gilmore had three hotels. The Jaggers Hotel was the
stage stop and the last stage arrived in April 1910.
There was also a livery stable, a general store, and a
bank known as the Lemhi Valley Bank. A. S. Ross was
president of the big mining company and of the bank,
which was later moved to Leadore. Gilmore had a drug
store, a saloon called "The Blazing Rag", a butcher

shop, blacksmith shop, three doctors and a four ward
hospital of log construction. The Catholic Church was
never used, however the Methodists used it for their
services.

In 1914 the population was between six and seven
hundred people, dwindling to about twenty-five in 1946.
The store continued to keep its doors open for business
and also Eve Daily's boarding house and the saloon.

The Company Store was operated by Mr. Fitch, and
later by Grover Tucker and his brother Elmer, from the
east, who took over until they closed the doors per-
manently.

When Grover Tucker arrived from the east in 1911,
he stopped at the hotel. The following morning, while
he was out, looking the town over, the hotel caught

fire, and everything he had burned, except the clothes
he was wearing. Elmer and Grover had a quarrel over
a woman friend in their early years and never spoke
to one another again, although both continued to work
in the store daily. Even on the coldest days of winter,
they both stood about the old pot bellied stove and
never spoke a word. Elmer was the water boy for the
store and he could be seen carrying water in two large
pails, on a neck yoke, from the stream to the store.
The store used coal-oil lamps hanging from the ceiling
and later they used gasoline lamps. These, too, were
hung from the ceiling, with the gasoline being pumped
to them from outside the building. At the peak of busi-
ness, Grover said they did $100,000 a year and bought
merchandise by the carload, even candles, before they

Tt- 111 "IS

Wm)^ 111

The Jaggars Hotel in 1915. Proprietress Ann Jaggars could whip any man in town.

■^-^^.i.

••*. M,

The mining town of Gilmore, located near Gilmore Summit on Highway 28. It is a ghost town today.

had other lights.

The Latest Out Mine was originally staked by a man,
or two men, who sold it to R. A. Nichols from Birch
Creek, for $300 and a barrel of whiskey. The Latest
Out, when Nicholia was operating employed one hun-
dred twenty-eight men. It was a rich mine.

The Gilmore and Pittsburg Mine produced galena that
sparkled like diamonds. At the time they were also em-
ploying two hundred men.

In 1902 the Pittsburg-Idaho group of claims uncov-
ered quality gold, lead and silver ore and began freight-
ing it to the railroad at Dubois, by horse and wagon.
Between the time the smelter at Nicolia was torn down
in 1890, and before the no rail "Iron Monster" came
on the scene in 1909, they freighted the ore by horse

^»^> • •»-

Meadow Lake in July

Doug Carlson photo

Gilmore, located at the base of the
mountains, with beautiful Meadow
Lake a short distance away.

The Jaggars Hotel show its age. Destroyed by arson in 1980

is tlie New Town of

GILMORE

Terminus of. the Gil-
more &L Pittl'Jburgh
R.'R., Over Which
the Mines of

GILMORE

Are xOaily

Marketing

Shipments of

High Grade Lead Ore

'*-(•*■;

DOBtlil; payroll is Lenlii Coosly
Write for leros asi prices

Gilmirs Townsih Co.,

drawn wagons. The drive for additional tonnages of
lead-zinc ores has renewed the interest of prospectors
in the old Gilmore district of Lemhi County.

By far the most interesting sight along the rocky hills
and flats of the area, is the remains of the "Iron Mon-
ster". The Gilmore Mine at the head of Lemhi Valley
was eighty-five miles from the nearest railhead of the
old Oregon Short Line Railroad. Freighting by horse
drawn vehicles at the height of the mine's operation,
in the early 1900's, was costly; almost prohibitively so.
As a consequence, backers of the mine organized a
separate company called the Dubois and Salmon
Transportation Company and they bought a "traction
wagon"; a steam engine which ran on land. It was ca-
pable of hauling four cars, each containing fifteen tons
of ore. The trip to the railroad took four days. Mostly
it was downhill running over the flat, ancient lake beds.
Streams were bridged, but the "train", during its jour-
ney, was capable of fording small creeks on its own.

Cowboys, hunters and prospectors frequently en-
countered the one hundred ten horsepower monstros-
ity, clanking over the countryside. The train was kept
moving, day and night, its way lighted with a large acet-
ylene lamp when darkness fell. Travel was possible only
during late spring, summer and early fall, when snow
or moisture was absent from the arid lands traversed

When you coiiio to
ILMORE.

errin and

niLiMOKE. neiTin i

j^ot nicHls at the Kriiitt,
\Jilniore Hotel. 1 rops.

by the engine. The tram crew rotated duties. Those off
duty, retired to a sheep wagon at the end of the train
to sleep and rest, while the ore caravan groaned over
the dusty desert.

In 1910 the Gilmore and Pittsburg railroad arrived,
offering new stimulus to the miners at Gilmore. The
decline of Gilmore started about 1929 when the De-
pression was sweeping the country and Idaho mines
were closing down. The railroad hung on until 1940,
when the rails were torn up during the drive for scrap
metal to help the war effort. The Gilmore Post Office
closed its doors in 1956. Gilmore, a town which once
was lived in, is now deserted, with a mixture of recent
construction. It is strange to walk down the empty
streets, trying to imagine the pulsating life which once
made the town so alive.

The "Iron Monster" was used to haul ore from Gilmore before the
railroad arrived.

Information taken from the Salt Lake Tribune
These Mountains, by Pearl M. Oberg.

and from Between

'^mH^

The Gilmore Mercantile Compay sold general merachandise in earlier days. One of the last businesses to close at Gilmore. Photo 1970.

Valley
Bank

Gllntore,

Idaho t

Opened for Business f
November i6, 191 1 ^

Domestic and Foreign
Exchanges

Collections

We Solicit Yoor
Account

""lesident [
V. Pies. \
Cashier >

Offlcers:

A. S. Ross.

J. H. Crch.in,
■ W. J. Crehan,

Directors:

A. 5. Ross, J. H. Crehaii
H. F. White, ]'.. C. Ross
V\', J. Crehaii.

Top, ,Widdowson & Ransom's Livery Stable.
Below, Perriii e^ Pruitt's Gilmore Hotel.

THE GILMORE AND PITTSBURGH RAILROAD

by Lyie Longhurst

At the turn of the century transportation in Lemhi
County left a lot to be desired. Although the automobile
had been invented, no one could predict the future of
cars and trucks. Water transportation was non-exis-
tent. Freight wagons could cover ten to fifteen miles
in a day. It was a two day ride on a stage coach over
Lemhi Pass to Armstead. Better and faster transpor-
tation was of prime importance if the area was ever to
develop. The only answer was rail transportation. The
G&P appeared to be the answer, and served the Lemhi
and Salmon River valleys for thirty years.

The Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined tracks
at Promontory Point, Utah, to complete the first trans-
continental railroad on May 10, 1869. The first railroad
in Idaho began as the Utah Northern in 1874. It be-
came the Oregon Short Line, a subsidiary of the Union
Pacific. The Oregon Short Line was completed from
Salt Lake City to Butte, Montana in 1881. In 1884 the
OSL completed a line across southern Idaho. The Great
Northern completed its transcontinental line across
northern Idaho in 1883, followed by the Chicago, Bur-
lington & Quincy in 1884, and the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul in 1909. By the early 1900's four transcon-
tinental railroads crossed Idaho. But Central Idaho was
still without a railroad. For a time there was a frantic
race to see who would be the lucky concern to build
a railroad into the area. Surveyors swarmed over all
of Central Idaho.

The winners of this struggle incorporated in 1907 as
the Gilmore and Pittsburgh Railroad company. Cor-
porate officials were W. A. McCutcheon, President,
Thornton, Pennsylvania. From Pittsburgh, Pennslyvan-
ia were R. B. Little Vice President, J. H. Crehan, Sec-
retary, and C. H. McCracken Director. W. F. Stone was
the Director from Gilmore, Idaho.

McCutcheon owned 696 shares in the in the cor-
poration and the other four men each owned one share.
It was McCutcheon who financed the building of the
G&P until the Northern Pacific loaned the G&P four
million and put up other monies from time to time to
help cover expenses.

Construction began in 1909. The original line ran from
Armstead, Montana to Leadore, with one branch to
Salmon and another to Gilmore. In addition to this orig-
inal line, they planned many more miles of track.

The most impressive of their plans was a line from
Salmon down the Salmon River to Riggins and on to
Lewiston and the west coast. A branch from this line
was to run through Dixie, Elk City and Stites to Lew-
iston. Just below Riggins there is only seven miles sep-
arating the Salmon and Snake Rivers, but the Salmon
is about four hundred feet above the Snake. Plans and
surveys were made for a tunnel from the Salmon to
the Snake. Water flowing through this tunnel would
power a large power plant to operate the train on its

run from Salmon to Riggins.

From Salmon, a branch was planned to run up the
Salmon River to Stanley Basin. From there it would
continue on to Boise. A branch of this line was to run
up Morgan Creek and down Panther Creek to the Salm-
on River and join the line going down the river. Another
branch was to run up the Pahsimeroi, and down the
Lost River to join the Boise line. A branch was planned
to leave Leadore and, utilizing a long tunnel, cross the
mountains to the Pahsimeroi Valley and join the line
coming up the valley. From North Fork a branch was
planned to go over the mountains to the Big Hole and
join the line coming from Horse Prairie. Most of the
above mentioned track was surveyed and filed with the
State of Idaho. Many other branches in southern Idaho
and Montana were planned, and others were planned
but never completely surveyed.

The railroad arrived in Salmon in April 1910, and an
impressive golden spike ceremony celebrated its com-
ing. The honor of driving the golden spike was given to
Frank Sharkey, one of the discoverers of Leesburg.

There were great expectations for growth in the area
with the coming of the railroad. The mining industry

was expanding and appeared to be a permanent source
of freight. It was hoped that the cattle and agricultural
industries would double in a short time. These were
only dreams, and as Thomas T. Taber once wrote, "It
started from no place, ran through nothing, and ended
up nowhere." He also stated that, "The G&P was
doomed from birth."

Almost insurmountable problems were a common

everyday occurrence. Snow and floods made opera-
tion of the train a gigantic job. Wrecks were common
along a line that was poorly maintained. There were a
few years that operating income exceeded operating
expenses, but not in any year did the income cover
interest and taxes. Several solutions were tried but
failed. Sugar beets, potatoes, and peas were all given
a chance, but trying to make farmers out of ranchers

'ih^.

Frank Sharkey drives the Golden Spike, others unidentified.

Loading wool onto car at Tendoy

«[®,^ia;ijit y •JpiiiiP'^'*''

— ""V,

- Map showing the tunnel at Bannock Pass and the switch-
ing arrangement on each side of the tunnel.

Engines no. 10 and 11 outward bound from Leadore for Armstead.

■UP^H^EC^ ■■"■ .'*^^'*'*^^ ^ j'^ i_^"*-"* X.' ~* "-*.^_

A wrecker - Ed Lambert, shop foreman, at left.

Snow cut near Bannock Pass.

l^* ^1^"

High water caused problems along the Lemhi River.

was a complete failure. Freight service was cut to one
round trip per week to Armstead. Tonnage on the line
never approached original estimates, in fact it was less
than half that figure. The line slowly deteriorated, due
to lack of proper maintenance. It was soon apparent
that it was just a matter of time till the G&P must
abandon the venture. On May 1, 1939 the G&P ceased
operations. During the next year the tracks were pulled
up, equipment salvaged. The rails were sold to Japan
as scrap. It is possible that some Lemhi County service
men could have been hit by ammunition made from
those rails during WWII.

Not much remains of the G&P. From Clark Canyon
Reservoir to Leadore and on to Gilmore the railroad
bed can be seen in most places. There were sidings all
along the line. Just west of Clark Canyon Reservoir was
Medicine Lodge, Grant, Brenner, Donovan, and Wyno
on the Montana side. On the Idaho side was Keefe,
Cruik, Leadore, Purcell, Gilmore, Cottom, Maier, Lem-
hi, Tendoy, Baker, and Salmon. Armstead was buried
by the Clark Canyon Reservoir. The tunnel at Bannock
Pass is still visible but impassable. The remains of a
fancy passenger car can be seen in Leadore, as well

A Slide at Desmond Cut, five miles west of Grant, Photo shows
passengers walking over the slide to board another train, in order
to continue their journey.

as a couple of not so fancy freight cars. The foundation
for the Leadore depot remains, as does a large storage
shed. The boxcar that served as the station house at
Lemhi still stands, and the foundation for the Salmon
water tank is seen just off Shoup Street. When the line
was abandoned the right of way from Salmon to Lea-
dore was deeded to Lemhi County for a highway. Very
few people traveling state highway 28 realize they are
taking a ghost ride on the old G&P. The right of way
from Leadore to Gilmore wad deeded to the Lemhi
Telephone Company.

A number of local people worked for the G&P over
the years, but not many are still with us. Names that
come to this writer's mind include Kenneth Yearian,
Vern Chandler, Chuck Lipe, Bob Smith, Eli Smith, and
Harvey Lipe. Seth Daniels was one of the hardy men
who surveyed the G&P line down the river to Lewiston.
Pete Mckinney, an area rancher, was one of the di-
rectors from shortly after the G&P began operations
until abandonment.

The G&P owned two ranches, just south of Salmon,
called at that time, the Andrews place and the Steele
place. They purchased the original telephone line that
came into the valley and incorporated the Lemhi Tel-
ephone Company primarily for necessary communi-
cations for the railroad. They also had their own bank,
the Citizens National Bank of Salmon. They bought
ground, laid out a city and sold lots to build the town
of Leadore. Total investments in property and equip-
ment over the years was about five million dollars. In
1939 the total capital liabilities amounted to nearly
eleven million with the Northern Pacific Railroad hold-
ing the bag. The G&P was a grand effort by a few daring
men. Hand the money been available to finish all the
planned track nearly two thousand miles, it is possible
that things would have turned out quite differently for
Lemhi County, and all of Central Idaho. Many believed
Salmon was destined to become the transportation hub
for the entire Northwest. Who can argue that it would
not have happened?

^gir-i '. 't^Si.Mfm^.r^;^^^^^

This was the town of Junction before 1910 when the G & P Railroad put its route through the present town of Leadore, and almost everything
in Junction moved to Leadore. The number on this old photo indicate that #1 was the schoolhouse, #2 - Granpa Stephenson's Hotel, #4
George Yearian's home and #5 The Yearian Tin Shop & Store. George Yearian constructed his store so that it might be moved, if necessary.
Later he moved it to his son Thomas' ranch when others moved to Leadore.

The Leadville Mine near Junction

The depot at Leadore - a busy place when the G & P railroad was in operation. The old depot
burned to the ground in the 1970's.

Stock the Lqirgest.

Prices the Lowest.

Satisfac.ioii Guaranteed.

—FULL LINE OF—

Coffins.

Caskets, rdid

Undertaker's

S1TJH'!I'IXjiXI33,23.

G. T. PAUL, Manager.

Dillon.

Moutaua.

r3~-x--i-i:x_

ii^imfmfggg!^^

inh:\A*.uu*:m.t

,| IM.l ltl^ 111 Ml" rn» I ol I 11

The Junction Postoffice moved to Leadore when the railroad arrived and everyone moved to
Leadore from Junction.

photo courtesy of Micheal Hernandez

LEADORE

Early patrons of the Railroad Tavern at Leadore.

photo courtesy of Michael Hernandez

it it Ihc division point of the new tailrnad
vilh cttablished «hup!i, round houfes and supply
de|(ot; the three terminals of the tob'I (ho far a»
completed) heinu Salmon on the north, G'Imore
on the aouth and Armslead on the cast.

Beeiden the 25,000 acres of land now under
cultivation, 30.000 more acrca under the Carey
act ia bclne reclaimed adjoining and aurtoundini;
Iht new town.

The aliver-lead mining camp of Gllmore lo the
eoLth, 15 niiica; the rich fungalen mines of
Pa:lcraon creek to the west, 20 mllea; and (he
extenalve lead silver-cupper belt, itnown aa the
Leidville contact, to the east, three miles; are
all tributary lo the coming city of Leadore.

The center of the largest,^ stock range in the
wist.

rO SOMMAniZE- Railronda, Farmlne, Slock-
raialng and Mining.

If you Want lo know more about us, address,

LEADORE STANDARD

(L. A. Klinger. I'ub.)

Belter still subjcribe for it. Secure a copy
and judge for yourself.

Our bureau of Information pertaining to the
resources and eapeciallv (he mines of Lemhi
county is open to all.

From THE LEMHI HERALD
January 11, 1912

BUSINESS DIRECTORY.

A fairly complete list of the bUEJ-
ness concerns of Leadore, gleaned
mainly from the advc;rtising pages of
the Standard, is as followa:

Bdndanza, P. M., barber.

Biough, Fred,- hotel.

Campbell, T. F., physician and
surgeon.

Christensen, H. C, hack and trans-
fer.

C. 0. D. meat market.

Friedorff, M. W., lumber and fuel.

Hotel Sullivan, John Sullivan, prop.

Ivie, S. M , pool hall.

Leadore cafe.

Leadore Commercial club.

Leadore Livery stadle, J. E.
Shorett, prop.

Leadore Pharmacy.

Leadore Standard, L. A, Klinger,
editor and publisher.

Leadore State Bank.
Lee, r.oy H., general merchant.
Lemhi Telephone Co.
Lipe, J. H , blacksmith.
Nichols, Geo., bowling alley.
Noble, G. W., attorney at law.
Poole & Pyeatt, contractors.
Stone, W. F,, general merchant,
Vezina, Wm., soft drinks.
Walcott, F., dentist.

FROM MEDICINE MEN TO MIDWIVES

by Jo Whitcomb

If you are shot, or need one, in Lemhi County, what
can you do? In the eighteenth and nineteenth centu-
ries, those were difficult questions to answer. By the
middle of the twentieth century the practice of med-
icine had made significant strides, and alcoholic bev-
erages, for medicinal and other purposes, were legal
and readily available.

In early times in the country, whether you were shot
by arrow or musket ball, your treatment was rendered
by anyone near at hand. A skinning knife and poultices
of leaves were almost the only items available. If you
needed a shot for pain, you didn't get it via a hypo-
dermic; you were given a quantity of fermented grains,
fruits or herbs, and your next- day pounding headache
was cured only by time.

When Lewis and Clark and their men spent about
three weeks in the area, beginning August 12, 1805,
any medical needs were taken care of by the two Cap-
tains, who had some knowledge of first aide. Merri-
weather Lewis was the more skilled of the two, and
bleeding was a popular cure for many illnesses.

The Indians who roamed the valleys and mountains
discovered the therapeutic value of the various hot
springs nature provided. The Indian's use of herbs and
sweatlodges was the first line of care. When the Lemhi
Indian Agency was established in 1875, a white doctor

was sent to the Agency by the government. The "Great
White Father" neglected to discuss the presence of a
doctor with the Indians on the reservation. Dr. George
A. Kenney became a good friend of the Indians, but his
medical prowess was wasted. Dr. Kenney left the Agen-
cy in 1886, setting up practice in Salmon. In 1887, Dr.
W. C. Whitwell became the Agency doctor. He moved
to Salmon in 1889 and was replaced by Dr. F. S. Wright
of Boise, who remained at the Agency for over a year.
Dr. A. E. Murphey was the Agency doctor from 1900
until it closed in 1907.

Dr. Kenney, who had been a nurse during the Civil
War and had practiced as a veterinarian, was eventually
educated in homeopathic medicine, a philosophy not
accepted, then or now, by medical societies. A ho-
meopath relied on herbs and botanicals, but Dr. Ken-
ney did not limit his skills to homeopathy alone. He
performed surgery and was considered to be a general
practitioner. When he left the Agency he developed a
large practice among those white settlers who were
beginning to populate the county. Dr. Kenney visited
his patients in their homes, always traveling horseback
with a six-shooter strapped on his hip. In 1900 he built
Brooklyn Hospital on Courthouse Drive, across the
street from his home. After the devastating Spanish
flu epidemic in 1918, Dr. Kenney, then about eighty

Dr. William C. Whitwell

Dr. George A. Kenney

100

years of age, essentially retired from his practice of
medicine. Dr. Kenney lived to the age of ninety-two. A
conversation with anyone who lived in the area during
the early decades of this century will bring forth hair
raising and humorous tales of Dr. George A. Kenney,
the man and the doctor.

Doctors in Salmon, following Dr. Kenney, were Dr.
W. C. Whitwell in 1899, joined by Dr. F. S. Wright in
1900, Dr. Wrights's partner Dr. Charles L. Kirtley in
1902, Drs. A. F. Murphey and C. F. Hanmer, who formed
a partnership in 1907, and Dr. 0. T. Stratton, in 1911.

Practicing medicine in Lemhi County between 1911
and 1918 could be hazardous to your health. On July
28, 1911 a farmhand by the name of Neff Pratt, suf-
fering with an impolite disease, for which he believed
Dr. Murphey was taking his money, but not affecting
a cure, entered the doctor's office, and pumped eight
shots into the doctor's chest and abdomen. Afterward,
he left the office which was upstairs in the Brown Block
(504-6 Main Street), went down to the street and fired
one shot into his own chest. He was treated in the
County Jail by Drs. Whitwell and Wright, but did not
survive, and, of course, neither did Dr. Murphey.

In 1918 an epidemic of Spanish influenza swept the
county. At that time Dr. Hanmer and Dr. Stratton were
serving with the Army Medical Corps, leaving Dr. Whi-
twell and Dr. Wright as the only active physicians in
the county. The doctors worked around the clock for
weeks, exhausting themselves. Dozens of deaths were
attributed to the flu, in some instances entire families.
Among the victims was Dr. Whitwell, who died on De-
cember 29th. Dr. Stratton had been discharged and
returned to Salmon within ten days of receiving a tel-

Dr. Owen T. Stratton

egram from Dr. Wright, telling of the desperate situa-
tion.

Between 1925 and 1940 several doctors came and
went. Dr. J. L. Mulder practiced from about 1940 to
1966, and in 1948 Dr. Walter Blackadar joined him. Dr.
Zach Johnson joined Dr. Roy D. Sinclair in the 1950's.
If Dr. Kenney was the source of hair raising and hu-
morous tales, the same could be said of Dr. Blackadar.
As medical practitioners they could not be faulted, but
wearing a six-gun or driving at breakneck speed is not
the image most have of doctors.

The most chronic, recurring "ailment" was preg-
nancy and the ensuing birth of the baby. Travel to town
could involve a whole day, so every creek or group of

Dr. & Mrs. (Fanny) John L. Mulder - 1940's

«^ES«t^t^MXi«

If You Suffer

■ «

From Epilepsy, Epileptic SpellsVFits,

St. Vitus' Dance, Falling Sickness,.

Vcrtlfo, etc., tiavc clitldren or

relatives that do 'so, or know

people that arc afflicted,

My New Discovery,

Epllepticide,

Will cure Ihom, nntl nil jou Aro*5kctUo
«lo is lo send for n I'rce Uottlo imllry it
1 ftm (jiiite propairctl to abide by tlio
resuItT 7th;\scu red" thousands— whcr»,
everything el.so liRfl failed. Please give
fun name, ACVIil, and posloflicv^nnd
express nddrcss * '

WM. H. MAY, M.K)., May Uboratory,
94 Pine St., new York aty.

"Not to 'ak* m run tor an cKh<rr»llM fatal
«ll>«aa« It t* fx-actlcall/ comnilt •uKI>l«."
KniTOR'i ^'OTK — All •itfTtrer* «rr aJvlnoJ to tenvl (or Ciratultout R»p«rt Advice and a Frr«
llotlla of thli New Discover jr. whU h U an Unfailing Cure for an jr and a1l| of the (rif htfal f»rni» «<
Bpner»y^«"d allitd nervou« dUeaict. When wrilinf Doetor May, plea»« tnenllon thla pap«r.

101

ranches had at least one resident who was experienced
in midwifery. Mrs. Chandler was a midwife to dozens
of pioneer women in the Baker area. At the turn of the
century, an Indian woman Angelic Bartle, delivered most
of the babies born in the North Fork area. The doctors
had their share of deliveries, but midwives were in great
demand.

One branch of medicine that cannot be ignored in-
volved the treatment of animals. It is known that both
Dr. Stratton and Dr. Blackadar occasionally aided in-
jured dogs; other doctors must have also. Dr. Kenney
had the only hospital in Salmon in the early 1900's,
but Dr. J. D. Lee, D.V.S., maintained a hospital that
accommodated horses, cows etc.

Salmon Hot Springs is located six miles southeast
and 950 feet higher than the townsite. It is known that
Indians often stopped to bathe and to drink the water.
Around 1880 it was used as a "mule hospital", to rest
and restore the many mules used in hauling freight
from the railhead in northern Utah. As early as 1890,
under the ownership of Thomas K. Andrews, it was a
popular spot for its "healing waters, as well as excellent
cuisine". At the turn of the century news articles de-
scribed elaborate plans for improvements that would
turn it into a health resort to rival similar resorts in the
East. Salmon Hot Springs never achieved such an el-
evated status. Through the years and through many
changes in ownership, until it ceased being used as a
recreational facility in 1971, many local citizens knew

1892 - Miss Addie Rippey arrived from Challis on Thursday via the
trail. She rode the entire distance, sixty miles, in one day, over half
the journey being made on horseback over a dangerous trail. She came
in response to a message summoning her to the bedside of her mother
who is very ill.

IMrs. Angelic BartI, 2-Mabel (Sylvia Gill's mother), 3- Laura, 4-
Rachel, 5-Lucy Leiande, 6-Nellie Sullivan (Reese), 7-To!bert BartI,
8-Rena BartI, 9-Charlie Trowbridge, 10- Thelma (Laura's oldest).
1900-1904.

courtesy Julia Randolph and GIA

lol Ifor

*H0T SPMMGS.*

— THOt. K. Andkbwb, Prop'r.—

At all leanons of the year. These Springs

unTer fail to c jro all kinds of disoaBos.

TUrj are silu-ited six miles

•outheadl of

SALMON CITY IDAHO.

«OUD HOIKL, ACC0M.v6dATI0NS.

j^ :^3e:.a.tjti:e'xjxj

PARKIEOilSPRINCS

for rionic Parlies, Excursion Parties, Eti ,

3Px>ioefii IVCod-oxTA/te.

EniTORiAL Norr.— The Doctor Slocum System is Medicine rotluced" lo as
Exnct Sciciicoby'lhc World*s>n1osl I'nmons Physicinn.- All renders of this pT^V
nnxioiHMxKnrtliMfj the IichIiIi of. Ujonisolvos. children., relatives OC. friend*, m«f
hrtvc Ihrcc froo IxUllc^ a.>; represented in the obovo iUnslrnlion, wub comp1el9
direct iuiis. v«»'"p'''<^'^- lc''tii»<>'>"ds. ndyico, etc., by Bcndipc their full address to
Dr. T. A. Sloc\nn. tIioSlocun> MuildinR, New York- City. This is n plain, honest*
FtrniKhtf«)r\vnrd olTer. nnd i3 nmdc to introduce the merits of Tlio NeWSystem of
Treatment that Cures, nnd we ndvisenll siifTcrers to accept this philanthropic
offer nfonce. When writing tlio Doctor jileaso mention this poper. All Icltcrt
receive imi\jcdlate and careful nltcn.lion.

102

'^ '^

Dr. Walter Blackadar died doing what he loved most ■ Kayaking. He drowned in the Payette
River in 1978.

Dr. Zach Johnson - 1955

of, and made use of the therapeutic benefits of the
water's temperature, which was at or above one hun-
dred degrees.

Prescription drugs, as we know them today, were
non-existent at the turn of the century. All doctors
compounded for themselves, any medicines or oint-
ments that their patients used. Many doctors. Dr.
Stratton among them, had originally trained as phar-
macists. Around 1910 the Red Cross Pharmacy was
begun by Dr. A. E. Murphey. By the time it became
what is now known as the Rexall in 1925, its operation
had been taken over by Dr. W. C. Whitwell and by a
dentist, Dr. Hubbard. In the early 1900's the W. C.
White store advertised "Pure Drugs and Chemicals".
In 1910 Meitzler & Co. Drug Store was constructed at
505 Main Street, current site of the Owl Club.

Except for Dr. Kenney's hospital built in 1900, the
only other building designed as a hospital did not come
to fruition. Begun in 1910, the Murphey-Hanmer Hos-
pital is the structure on State Street now known as the
Salmon Apartments. This hospital was to accommo-
date thirty patients, and was to include a kitchen and
dining room, laundry, an operating room and nurses
quarters. The assassination of Dr. Murphey a couple
of months prior to opening, halted the enterprise. From
1916 to 1918, Dr. Stratton operated a hospital in the
large frame house on Fairmont at Broadway. It was
equipped with six beds, an operating table, coil x-ray
machine and a large kettle as an autoclave. Early hos-
pitals were usually large two-story houses, owned or
operated by nurses. Buchanon Hospital, also called
Salmon General and operated by Mrs. Buchanon and

Mrs. Chamberlain, took over the Stratton Hospital,
closing it in 1941. The only facility with an operating
room was the Rose Hospital, now the site of the Shady
Nook Restaurant. Bertha Rose, a practical nurse, op-
erated the hospital from the 1920's until closing in the
late 1940's. The Spahn house, built in the 1890's on
Main Street at North Daisy, and now moved south to
Twelve Mile, was a hospital twice. From 1940 to 1946,
Ala Stine, a midwife, provided care for new mothers
and their babies. In 1946, Ala bought the house next
door and re-located the Stine Maternity Home there.
Dr. John R. Goggins opened the Goggins Hospital in
the Spahn house in 1946. One room served as an op-
erating room.

The need for small hospitals was ended in February
1950 with the opening of Steele Memorial Hospital. At
present, the hospitals closest to Steele Memorial are
a small one in Arco, 140 miles to the south, and one
in Hamilton, Montana, 99 miles north. Health care be-
yond the abilities of Steele Memorial is now available
in less than and hour through the service of small planes
and helicopters. Salmon doctors and nurses are still
practicing "general" medicine in the same spirit as they
did one hundred years ago: they are ready and capable
of setting a fracture before they deliver a baby, as they
mentally prepare to perform major surgery. If you are
shot, or need one, professional service is close at hand.

The Idaho Recorder 1910-1912 & 1918-1919 Patchwork. Salmon
High School, 1987,89.90,91. Medicine Man. Owen Tully Stratton, U.
of Oklahoma Press

103

WORKING ON THE G &: P
RAILROAD

by Harvey Lipe

I started working for the railroad when I was just a
boy about fourteen years old. (About 1913) I was an
apprentice for the machinist trade. It paid twenty cents
an hour and I had to be on the job ten hours a day.
Then in six months they raised us up to twenty-two
cents and eventually after four years we machinists
were getting thirty-five cents an hour. The engineer
was getting fifty- five cents, the conductor fifty cents,
the fireman forty-five cents, and the brakeman forty
cents. The train crew could get in eight, ten, or fifteen
hours a day, so I transferred from the shop to the train
crew, and fired the locomotive out of Salmon for two
years. Then they put me on running the bus that
connected from Salmon to Leadore. The Galloping
Goose was the bus that left Salmon every day, except
Sunday, at 6:15 a.m. The bus held about eighteen pas-
sengers and had a baggage compartment for five tons
of mail. It was built on a Big Mack frame with a Big
Mack truck motor; a four cylinder motor. In the winter,
the only way you could leave Salmon was by the train
service. Many days we had standing room only. I had
as many as forty-eight passengers on the bus, the seats
were full, people standing, and others riding on the
front fenders, the hood and the pilot in front.

The train left Salmon and the first stop was Baker,
the next stop was Tendoy, then Lemhi. On the train,
we hauled all the cream out, and every other day we
would pick up cream from Salmon to Leadore and load
it onto the train there. Many times we had a thousand
pounds of cream out of Baker and sometimes as high
as fifteen hundred pounds at what they call Meyer's
Lane. They had a big dairy up on the D C Bar with
about a hundred fifty cows. Some days we got so much
cream they had to put a trailer on behind the bus. The
trailer box car would carry about eight to ten tons and
we had to pick up those milk cans and load them into
the trailer.

They used to ship butter out of Salmon by parcel
post. Sixty pounds was the limit in a package and I
have taken out as high as three to four tons of butter
at one time. They shipped parcel post, which was
cheaper than the freight rate.

Once we were hauling three trainloads of stock out
of Salmon in the winter time. They were having a dif-
ficult time with the snow on Bannock Pass. The first
train made it over going through drifts that were eight
to ten feet deep. We had a train with seven cars of
stock and two engines and a snowplow. At one of the
switchbacks we became stalled, the snow had blown
in so fast that they had ten foot drifts. They decided
to back the train into the tunnel, but while doing this
they pulled the snowplow apart. I was firing on the one

The Galloping Goose ■ the "bus" that left Salmon daily carrying up to eighteen passengers. Harvey Lipe on left.

104

engine and had the Superintendent of the Railroad with
us. Before we got to the tunnel, my engine was out of
water, but we still had the steam on. All three of my
superiors got off and said, "Well kid, drain her."

I had no tools and it was impossible to drain the
engine at forty below zero. So I decided to unhook the
engine and back down to a big snowslide, where I could
push snow into the tank to make water. It took about
three hours to get the water back up and I got my
steam back on again. The other engine was separated
about a mile away with four men. We all worked all
night. The first car in the tunnel had about twenty-five
or thirty cows freeze to death. It was severely cold and
a blizzard. We were there for four days with no food
and nobody came to look for us. Finally they got a snow
plow from Livingston, Montana and plowed us out. I
quit the Railroad in 1926.

Editor's note: This information taken from an interview with Harvey
Lipe by KSRA radio. Tape courtesy of Melva Kauer.

THE CIRCUS COMES TO SALMON

by Harvey Lipe

Few people in the valley remember anything about
the large circus that came to Salmon in the early days.
The Ringling Brothers brought in fifty train carloads
and they had twelve Pullman cars with their cooks,
crew and everything, and then they had thirty-two cars
of stock.

I was working on the railroad as a fireman at the
time. When we got to Leadore we split up the train.
They brought the circus in on three trains. We had an
extra engine from Montana because we didn't have
enough engines to run three trains. They brought the
stock over the hill first and down to Leadore. Then they
had to send the engines back over the hill to pull the
pullmans over the hill. That left one engine to bring the
thirty-two cars down. My engineer got sick and there
was nobody to run the engine so I became the engineer
from Leadore to Salmon.

When we got to Salmon we unloaded the first car of
elephants at the dock. Then they dismissed the engine
and the elephants pushed the cars around, unloading
all the other cars. The Circus people felt so good about
getting to Salmon without getting wrecked, going
through rough country, sharp curves, and everything,
that they gave me four passes to get into the circus,
in the finest seats they had.

They had a three ring circus, and the three tents
were packed. I have pictures of the elephants, about
twenty-six I think, coming down Main Street.

The rotary snowplow cleared the way.

WITHINGTON CREEK, ALIAS DESPERADO CREEK

by Heather Smith Thomas

The following is from bits and pieces of stories about
our creek as told by old-timers and their descendents
who have returned to visit. Its colorful past gave With-
ington Creek the nickname "Desperado Creek".

Long ago, mountain buffalo roamed these hills, as
evidenced by the old horn shells we find on our cattle
range. This range was also a hunting area and summer
horse range for Shoshoni Indians. Chief Cameahwait,
Sacajawea's brother, ran horses here, and traded
horses to Lewis and Clark.

White settlement began in the late 1800's when the
Withingtons homesteaded at the mouth of the creek.
Lester P. Withington had the oldest water rights on the
Lemhi River. Mr. Withington came from Apollo, Penn-
sylvania in 1864. He homesteaded on the bank of the
creek, building a home of cottonwood logs, and With-
ington Creek is named for him. The logs were hand-
hewn and the roof was of sod. The home originally had

eight or nine rooms and was used as a freighter stop.
Mr. Withington and his wife had twelve children, all
born in this home. The first homesteaders on the
creek itself were Martin and Louise Chandler, who
crossed the plains by ox team in 1877. They home-
steaded 160 acres in 1884. The Chandlers had eleven
children, three of whom were born here in the log house
they built in 1885. We live in that original log house,
with additions we have built onto it.

The Chandler children walked three miles to the Bak-
er School, which had an attendance of about 20 chil-
dren at that time, usually walking barefoot, carrying
their shoes. When neighbors fell ill, Mrs. Chandler did
a bit of nursing, and was also midwife to dozens of
pioneer women in Lemhi County. When a neighbor came
for help because his wife and infant son were desper-
ately ill, Mrs. Chandler had one of her sons hitch up
the team, and she hurried up the road in the wagon.

105

By the time she got there, the baby had died. She
ministered to the young woman and sewed a little gown
for the baby, then helped the young father bury his
small son under a big fir tree on a hillside covered with
wildflowers.

A number of homesteads were established along the
creek, but some soon passed into other hands. Most
of the creek ranch land changed hands many times in
those early years. It was difficult to make a living on
places that were too small to support enough livestock
for a viable ranching operation, and some places were
sold for delinquent taxes. The homestead at the upper
end, taken up by Tillie Cheney and her husband, went
back to public domain, and is now BLM land. The old
ditches are still visible, as is the caved in cellar and
remains of old buildings at the forks of the creek. Til-
lie's parents, Arthur and Matilda Cheney, were from
Kentucky and settled on the creek in 1916. The Che-
neys were a "wild bunch" and were probably the rea-
son why people started calling this Desperado Creek.
Old man Cheney, whenever he was indoors, always sat
facing the door with a gun close at hand. The local
suspicion was that he had come west to escape the
law. The Cheney boys were a bit outside the law; their
favorite sport was stealing horses. One time they stole
a buggy and hid it under a straw stack, and Deputy
Sheriff Bo Roberts had to come and get it. One of the
Cheney boys spent time in prison for a crime assumed
committed by their father; the young man "took the
rap" because the family feared that doing time would
kill the old man.

When Tillie Cheney was very young, she and her little
brother took the family buckboard to Baker to meet
the stage at the Baker Hotel, to pick up chewing to-
bacco their father had ordered from Kentucky. On the
way home with the tobacco, the children tried it, and
by the time they got home they ere sick and gagging,
lying in the wagon bed.

Tillie was an adventuresome tomboy. She had no
horse of her own, but loved to ride, and often borrowed
a horse from the Dawsons, who lived on the old Chan-
dler place by that time. One time she arrived just as
the Dawsons were leaving for town, and they told her
she could ride old Nelly who was down in the corral.
Also in the corral was a young, frisky grey horse and
she thought he would be a lot more fun to ride. The
grey was a rodeo bronc, left in the corral by a friend,
but Tillie didn't know that. She and the bronc got along
just fine.

Tillie spent a lot of time riding in the hills. Once, over
in Baker Creek, she came across some men who had
rustled a cow and were intently skinning and butch-
ering the animal. She quickly departed before they no-
ticed her. Another time she came upon two men at a
hidden still up Cheney Creek, but when they fired a
couple of shots at her she rode out of there in a hurry.

Another family that homesteaded on the creek was
the Bartletts. Thomas Bartlett filed on 320 acres above

the Cheney ranch and Richard Bartlett on 320 acres
over on Baker Creek a few years later. These home-
steads were steep and rough, with no bottom land to
speak of for making fields. They tried to make a home
on the lower one, building a cabin, putting in a well,
and blasting the rocky hillside to put in a cellar. That
site turned out to be a rattlesnake den, and Mr. Bartlett
collected two big cigar boxes full of rattles. The cabin
they built was later moved down to the ranch where
the Witteborgs lived from 1934 to 1955; the logs were
numbered and lettered when the cabin was taken apart,
so it could be easily reassembled at the new location.

The Bartletts had a hard time making a living on their
rough homestead. The old Indian who drove a freight
wagon to the Harmony Mine with supplies for the min-
ers, would often stop at their place on his way and
quietly leave off a side of bacon or a sack of flour. Mrs.
Bartlett always offered to pay, but he wouldn't take
money, telling her the miners would never miss the
stuff. Big sheep outfits farther up the Lemhi (Yearians,
Tobiases and others) trailed their sheep across the low
foothills on their way to summer range, and took them
across the homesteads on Withington Creek. Some-
times a few lambs would get left behind, and the Bart-
letts would round them up and raise them to butcher
in the fall. A Bartlett daughter married a Cheney and
homesteaded nearby, planting the maple trees on the
property now owned by Gordon Binning.

The Harmony Mine was operating in the 1920's and
a power plant was built at Baker to supply the mine
with electricity. An earlier power line built from Salmon
was not successful, and the old wires can still be found
going across Mulkey Creek and upper Withington Creek.
One of the cooks at the Harmony Mine, Nancy Jane
Campbell, lived in a cabin she built by herself, at the
upper end of the Bartlett place.

Eventually, the various homesteads coalesced into
three ranches: the Dawson place, which included the
old Chandler homestead; the Wilson place, just above
Dawson's, was later owned by Johnsons and then War-
ren Gooch; and the Witteborg place which included one
of the Bartlett homesteads. The other Bartlett place
eventually ended up as part of the old Dawson place.
It was later owned by Morgans, Grounds and then
Thomases, with several other owners in between.

The Dawsons built a large barn and corrals, using
their big round corral for Sunday rodeos, bucking out
horses they rounded up off the range. In those early
days many ranchers had more horses than cattle. The
horses stayed out on the range most of the time, only
being rounded up as needed for sale.

The Witteborg place had a small round corral with
very tall sides for breaking horses, and their rangeland
pasture on Cheney Creek had wide gates on the ridges,
for running in horses off the range.

Johnsons lived between Dawsons and Witteborgs and
owned a lot of horses. They had an Army Remount
stallion, a Thoroughbred named Cheyenne Chief, who

106

was a son of Pillary. Pillary won the Belmont and the
Preakness and placed second in the Kentucky Derby
in 1922.

During the 1930's two of the Dawson boys died of
typhoid, contracted, some thought, from drinking creek
water that may have been polluted by the Harmony
Mine upstream.

The range area was used mainly by the large sheep
outfits and local horses from 1900 to the 1930's. In
the 1940's, after the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, sheep
use declined and range use was predominantly cattle
and horses. Most horses were removed from the range
by 1955.

This is only a sampling of the things we have learned
and the tales we have heard during our years here. I
have lived here since 1956, and it is always fascinating
when old-timers drop by and tell us other interesting
stories of earlier days.

DUDE RANCHING

by Velma Ravndal

1920

Jerry Ravndal began packing and guiding in 1931.

The year 1920 saw the beginnings of the first guest
ranch business in the Salmon area, when Colonel Hen-
ry Adams, Mrs. Adams and their three daughters came
from New York City to spend about six weeks "rough-
ing it" in tents pitched at the Diamond L Ranch located
on Hughes Creek and owned by Eric Ravndal and fam-
ily.

Colonel Adams had made arrangements through
George Oliver of Salmon who at that time had a livery
stable in New York City. A main tent and smaller sleep-
ing tents were set up. Evening meals were taken at the
ranch house, in the spacious kitchen presided over by
Mrs. Ravndal, who was a fabulous cook.

The Adams family enjoyed horseback rides, hiking,
fishing and being amused by "Bitterroot", the pet year-
ling buck deer, who made himself at home right in the
middle of their camp.

From this beginning grew the idea of building three
small log guest houses and a larger cabin for a family
with a unique bath house nearby. In 1924, Jerry Rav-
ndal began running a summer pack and hunting trip
service in connection with ranching.

In 1931 , he helped pack out the Zane Grey party into
the Middle Fork and Roosevelt mining site for material
for Zane Grey's book. Thunder Mountain.

The first bus service from Butte to Salmon over the
Gibbonsville hill via Wisdom, Montana, was started by
Hana Lawson of Wisdom. Visitors of the guest ranch
were brought in over the route.

The Diamond L Ranch was the first guest ranch in
the Salmon area and the only one until the Indian Creek
Guest Ranch was begun twenty years later. The Dia-
mond L Ranch, later known as the Rocking Horse Ranch
served its last paying guest in 1951.

The Zane Grey party on the trail.

Zane Grey, a dentist, performs emergency dental work at camp.

107

GIBBONSVILLE, IDAHO

by Julia Randolph

Lena Dellen Heidt, an early pioneer of the town, en-
titled her book about Gibbonsville, The Ghost Town
That Would Not Die. Located on the west side of the
Bitterroot Mountain Range, Gibbonsville was named for
General John Gibbon who fought the Nez Perce Indians
in the Big Hole Valley in Montana in 1877. But, General
Gibbon was never in Gibbonsville!

The first cabin was built by George D. Anderson and
he also had the first mining claim. Gold mining was at
its peak between 1880 and 1900, at which time the
population rose to approximately 2500 to 3500. By
1899 the American Development and Reduction Min-
ing Company had produced $560,000 in gold bullion
In just four years. This company was the major cor-
poration and when, in 1907, a disastrous fire took their
mill and chlorination plant, it brought about a quick
decline, which left the town destitute. Due to the re-
moteness of the area, the mill was never replaced.

Gibbonsville, Idaho about 1902. View is from A. D. & M. mine.

Lean Dellen, Mrs. Dellen, Rose Carl, Tom Glavin - Main Street.

108

•i^

A 1905 baseball game at Gibbonsville with the school in the
distance. Now the GIA Center, the building was constructed in
1902.

GIA photo

GIBBONSVILLE PUBLIC AND
COMMUNITY SERVICES

Idaho Dept. of Highways
Volunteer Fire Depart-
ment

Emergency Medical Tech-
nician
G. I. A.

Lost Trail T. V. Association
Cemetery Custodians

Community Church

Westland Bible Mission

Keating Outfitters

Deanies Collectables &

Museum

Broken Arrow Store &

Cabins

Lost Trail Inn and Motel

93 Club

Gibbonsville Post Office

Bernie Bradshaw
Wayne Randolph

Don Smith

Larry Webb
Maurice Usher
Wayne Randolph
Earl Keating
Joe Eraser
Pastor Sam Gupton
Earl Keating
Ludine Webb

Ron & Rose Marie Ramey

Wayne & Barbara Young
Ted & Connie Holeman
Norma Scarborough

All photos courtesy of Julia Randolph and the GIA.

The town is still far from dead! The Gibbonsville Im-
provement Association, known as the G. I. A., is the
hub of the town. It consists of under a hundred mem-
bers, who elect a Chairman, Secretary/Treasurer, and
three board members. There is a meeting once a month
in the old school building, to discuss social and eco-
nomic business of the area.

The old school, built in 1902, serves the community
in many functions and is called the G. I. A. Center.
Besides community affairs, the G. I. A. sponsors the
Volunteer Fire Department, the Emergency Medical
Technicians, and acts as caretaker of the Gibbonsville
Cemetery. Quilting parties as well as Church services
are held in this center. Weddings and funeral dinners
are held here. Easter Egg hunts, Halloween Spook Al-
leys, and Valentine Box Socials all come to life here in
this old building.

Yes, Gibbonsville is far from dead, although relics
from a time gone by can still be found. Amidst the
television antenna's, power poles, and many other
modern conveniences one can still find parts of a tram-
way hidden by trees and brush. A small lake, where
iron remnants still protrude, now abounds with fish,
and strangers must be made aware of old mine portals
and shafts which could be dangerous.

Yes Gibbonsville is very much alive! One can enjoy
prizes and dancing at the annual Hunter's Ball every
October; and on the second Sunday of August each
year one can find newcomers and old timers alike at
the annual Old Timer's Day Dinner.

If Lena Dellen Heidt were here she would surely say,
"This town will never die!"

109

ATTENTION THE WHOLE world:

Nations Right Whcol

3E'ox*x'^«^x'ca 3VXA.x*ola t

VWK UIOIIT INTO
33. 23^. tE-Xc>iiax3AlnLgoi*'ei

new nnJ po|iiil:ir resort on NCaIn Mroet at
Olblionsville, Malio, whero llie besl nt

Wines, Liquors and (Jigars

nro oonxtftiitly on liuiiU. Only 125.; cents (i
••.imllc." Drop In and sample goiKlc.
/tfo "DAD."

THE BIRTH PLACE OF
SACAJAWEA

by Philip Rand ■ 1936

The following are the introductory remarks by Philip Rand at the
celebration held at Tendoy, Idaho on July 26, 1936, to mark the
birth place of Sacajawea. Courtesy of Phyllis Caples.

Mrs. Laura Tolman Scott of Armstead, Montana, in
an interesting paper on Sacajawea, read before the
Montana Federation of Women's Clubs at Lewistown,
Montana, June 1914, claims that, "Sacajawea belongs
to Montana by right of birth." She explains further, "It
will never be known which state was her birth place,
but Montana seems justified in claiming the proud dis-
tinction."

It is true that the Shoshones of the Lemhi Valley in
certain years crossed the continental divide to hunt
buffalo. It might be possible for an Indian baby to be
born on the march, but not probable in this case, as
the squaws as a rule were left at home, and if not left
at home it is most doubtful if Sacajawea first saw light
of day on any such expedition. This statement of Mrs.
Scott cannot be taken seriously. The oldest Indians in
Lemhi Valley for years have stated that Sacajawea was
born in, or near, the old Shoshone camp near Tendoy.
The oldest white settlers have always believed it and
have ever taken it for an established fact.

In 1934 Mr. Charles Snook of Lemhi valley, who grew
up with the Indians and can talk their language, and
myself had a long conversation on old Indian lore with
Joe Nappo, an old Indian of some ninety years. It seems
when Joe was a little boy his mother talked to him
often about Sacajawea. His mother told Joe that Saca-
jawea was born on the right hand side of McDevitt
Creek and lived there several years after, then disap-

peared. She also told him that Sacajawea came back
later and lived in the valley, then went away again. Joe
Nappo was positive as to these statements made to
him by his mother.

The late John E. Rees, Lemhi historian, is authority
for the following statements contained in this para-
graph. "Sacajawea returned in 1835 to live perma-
nently in Lemhi County. At this time her nephew Snag
became chief of the Lemhis. This was soon after Chief
Cameahwait, brother of Sacajawea, lost his life in a
battle with the Pahkeeks." Chief Snag, a son of a broth-
er to Cameahwait and Sacajawea, in 1863 was wan-
tonly shot down at Bannock, Montana by Buck Stinson,
notorious road agent, whom the Vigilantes hanged in
1864. "On the day following the assassination of Snag,
Chief of the Shoshones, Tendoy was selected chief in
his place." Statement by George L. Shoup, first Gov-
ernor of Idaho, who was at Bannock at the time. Ten-
doy was a nephew of Snag. Tendoy's mother was a
distant cousin to the mother of the renowned Was-
hakie, Chief of the Shoshones at Wind River, Wyoming.
This made Sacajawea also distantly related to Was-
hakie and after the killing of Snag they removed from
Idaho to Wyoming and took up their abode with one
of Washakie's bands. Sacajawea visited her people in
the Lemhi valley in 1882 and died at the Wind River
Reservation in Wyoming in April 1884.

Mr. William C. Smith, the first white child born in
Lemhi County and at present time County Treasurer,
is authority for the statement that Sacajawea was not
only born near the site of the recent marker erected
at Tendoy but also that she visited her people in Lemhi
in the year 1882, thus substantiating the statement
made by Mr Rees. Mr. Smith states that when he was
a lad of fourteen living at Tendoy, he heard a conver-
sation between his step father, Mr. Pattee, and Two
Bits and Major Jim, two Shoshone Indians, both over
eighty years old, concerning Sacajawea, and his father
told him what the Indians had said. Mr. Smith remem-
bers vividly the statement that Mr. Pattee made to
him, namely, "Billy, Sacajawea is here!"

It was a nice spring day in May of 1894 when John Tumidja (an
Indian policeman at the Lemhi Agency) and his wife were working
a short distance from their cabin when John told her to go and fix
dinner. She left and an hour later when John opened his cabin door
he found his wife dead on the bed. He hurriedly summoned other
Indians and soon the Agency Physician, Dr F. S. Wright, was there
too. He examined Mrs. Tumidja, but first he had to remove a scarf
that was tight around her neck, with a knot under each ear. There
were numerous bruises on her neck and chest. The actual cause of
death was probably from beating or strangulation. John was known
as a wife beater and her family had to be restrained from taking a
hand to John. However, it seems that everyone had the wrong slant
on Mrs. Tumidja's untimely death. The court ruled . . . .could it
have been suicide?

-Julia Randolph

110

IT ALL HAPPENED AT THE SCHOOL HOUSE

by Candace Burns

Elizabeth Reed once wrote, "No story of the pioneer
schools would be complete without an acknowledg-
ment of our debt to them as a valued American insti-
tution. They were cradles of democracy because they
were community centers where all the people could
come together for their good times and to consider
their problems. That close cooperative spirit and unity
of effort is what rural communities lost when they gave
up the rural school."

Built and funded by parents, the one-room school
was every bit a community effort. Families generally
boarded the teacher, supplied the firewood, provided
hay for the children's horses, and tended to other
physical and financial needs. Students split the wood,
often hauled drinking water from a nearby creek, and
kept the fire stoked during school hours. After hours,
the school house was the hub of the community, host-
ing such gatherings as weddings, funerals, dances, par-
ties, and public meetings.

It seems that nearly every young woman in the coun-
ty took her turn at teaching in the school house. Many
of the first teachers were young ladies who had come
West on stagecoaches to find a job and husband. Later,
the young women who filled in had a year or two of
training before they taught. A few, in emergency sit-
uations, began teaching even before they had finished
eighth grade.

When the very earliest schools were started, teach-
ers were so scarce that they stayed at each school
only three or four months before they moved on to
the next one, usually teaching at three different schools
in a year. But then as families moved into the valley,
and as young teachers from the East began to come
West, each school had its own teacher for an eight-
month long school year. Class sizes ranged from seven
to fifty pupils.

Teacher Mabel Kadletz, 1907, rides to school in Gibbonsvllle.

It seems that if a teacher was firm, loving and rea-
sonable, the students cooperated with her and there
were only the ordinary pranks; but if she was mean,
or just not able to keep order, the kids played havoc
with her. Some teachers say their word was law. I sus-
pect they were respected by students and parents alike.
Parental support was important, because what was
dished out at school had to be fortified at home. This
was important with some of the bigger boys, who could
(and did) easily get out of hand.

Not everyone, though, had the full support of the
parents. One old-time resident recalls a dispute at the
Leesburg School that resulted in some parents throw-
ing all of the teacher's belongings out into the street.
The problem was eventually resolved and the teacher
finished out the year. Others were driven off by the
devilish tricks and rebellions by older boys. Many taught
for just one year before they either moved on or were
whisked away to the tune of wedding bells by a nearby
rancher.

Oren Sassman, retired school superintendent, says
a teacher's life was not her own, as her social life was
under constant scrutiny. However, Mae Mulkey and
others report that being a teacher was fun. They were
the belles of the ball, and were invited here an there
for dances and parties. It wasn't long before each
teacher was snatched up by a lonesome rancher in
search of a bride. Most teachers boarded with district
families until the teacherages were built. They had no
idea who they would end up staying with when they
took on a job.

Teachers were paid about $60 per month plus $5
extra if they did their own janitorial work. Unless they
lived near the school, they generally boarded with one
of the trustees who charged about $20 for room and
board. Teachers were not, by any means, given the
deluxe bedrooms.

Students devoted much energy to devising creative
and outlandish pranks. Teachers could expect to find
mice, snakes or frogs in their desks. If they reacted
hysterically they could expect to find more of the crit-
ters, but if they were nonchalant, the pranks quickly
subsided. On Halloween it was tradition to tip over the
school outhouses. On Sandy Creek the kids once locked
their teacher into the outhouse. One teacher was so
scared by a critter in her desk, that she jumped up on
the chair and wet her pants, reports one of her ex-
students.

Because they had so far to walk and so much work
to do, children often got to school late, especially if
the snow was deep or the weather bitterly cold. Many
simply played hooky or meandered to school, arriving
as late as 2:00. Some simply sneaked out the window
to play while an elderly teacher snoozed in the after-
noon.

Ill

Kids went to school, come hell or high water. Most
everybody had to walk, or ride at least two miles to
school, no matter what the weather. When it was bit-
terly cold, some parents would hook the team up to
the sled and pick up kids along the way. Mother would
heat rocks to put under the robes and keep the chil-
dren warm. If it was too far to school, even the very
young children often boarded with relatives or neigh-
bors.

Recess was a high old time for kids and teachers
alike. The teachers regularly played such games as
Softball, Annie Over, Fox and Geese, Tag, and Pom Pom
Pullaway. In the winter they had snowball fights or sled-
ded, if there was a nearby hill. Irene Bolander recalls
a "sledding train" roaring down the hill behind the Gib-
bonsville School where she taught. Some of the boys
also made skis out of old barrel staves. Nearly all the
old timers mention the Field Days in which students
would get together with other country schools to run
races, etc.

Old timers remember their school days with great
fondness, and when asked to compare them with life
these days, almost all agree they'd rather be living then
than now, when people worked harder, but had more
time for each other.

The following are the numbered school districts of
Lemhi County:

DISTRICT #1 - SALMON. The first school in Salmon
opened its doors in 1867 with nine students from the
Holbrook, Ellis, Wimpy, Carmen and Demoss families.
Fannie Price was the first teacher in the school which
was behind the Odd Fellows. The next year the school
was moved to a "doby" building near the southeast
corner of Main and Water Street, then in 1870 to a
larger log building with a dirt floor and shakes, near
the northeast corner of Main and North St. Charles.
The students were very wild and gave their teachers
a bad time.

As the number of students increased, the elemen-
tary school stayed in the log building and the second-
ary students moved into the Odd Fellows building. Lat-
er both elementary and secondary classes were held
in the Odd Fellows until a frame structure was built. It
was sold in 1899 to make room for the Lincoln School
which contained ten rooms and cost $18,000 to build.
It was built by W. W. Schultz of Carbondale, Kansas, at
the present site of the athletic field bounded by Daisy,
Lena and Challis Streets..

Lumber for the Lincoln School came from Wagon-
hammer Creek and over 200,000 bricks were burned
on-site by Frank Pollard. The site of the brick kiln was
later used for a community skating rink cared for by
the students. The Lincoln School was opened for use
in 1902. The first high school classes in Salmon began
in 1904. Three students graduated in 1906 from the
two year high school. In 1909 the high school became
a four year institution.

The new Lincoln School opened in 1902.

191 BEB

The Brooklyn School was built of local brick and completed in 1911.

Built on swampy ground, the Lincoln School building
began to sway and was torn down in 1940. The ground
was made into a football field.

Meanwhile, the Brooklyn School was completed in
1911. Designed by Allen Merritt, it's bricks were also
fired at the Pollard kiln. In 1940, the building which is
the current Junior High was completed and used as
the High School until 1979. At that time the present
High School opened its doors in a new building costing
just over $3 million. The Pioneer Elementary School,
so named by Marjorie Sims, opened its doors in 1958.

DISTRICT #2-LEAD0RE. The first school in what is
now the South Lemhi School District, was a one room
log cabin located between the old "Highhouse" in
Junction and the Ed McRae Ranch. Founded in 1873,
a Mr. Ramsden taught four students. In 1878 this school
became School District #2. By the early 1880's en-
rollment had so grown that parents built a larger log
structure with a sod roof. At the turn of the century,
a frame building was built in Junction and Grade school
was held in this building until 1918, when a magnificent
new brick building was contructed in the new railroad
town of Leadore. It was two stories, sported ten class-

112

rooms, an auditorium, a gymnasium, an electric light
plant, steam heat, and "long corridors which became
the delight of the students and the frustration of the
teachers for over thirty years". Both elementary and
secondary schools were housed in this building.

DISTRICT #3 - PLUM. Established in 1878 in a log
building on the Tom Pyeatt Ranch, currently the Sam
McKinney Ranch. Mr. Don Pyeatt, son of the early pi-
oneer, recalls that there were no outhouses, and the
location of the school was near the river in dense brush.
"It was ladies to the right and gents to the left", said
Don.

The 1888 Census Marshal's report, indicated twenty-
eight students who came from a handful of families
and included such names as Yearian, Cottom, Red-
dington, Rees and Pyeatt.

DISTRICT #4 - FOUR MILE. In 1889, earliest records
show forty-one pupils, including children from the Hol-
brook, Cockrell, Goodell, Elder, Schofield and Beattie
families. Originally called the "Bridge School" because
it was built near a bridge that crossed the Lemhi, the
school house was later moved closer to the center of
the district. Philip Goodell says that at one time the
Four Mile School was a log building near where the Van
Almelos now live. According to Philip, the school was
torn down, log by log, before 1916, and moved to its
present location on the south side of Highway 28. Bill
LaMunyan who completed grades 1 - 8 says, "That's
all the education I had. In them days experience was
more important than your education." He also says he
walked four miles to and from school, wearing gun-
nysacks on his feet to keep them from freezing. "We
all walked in those days, there was no such thing as a
school bus. We learned what the weather was like. The
wind used to blow hard enough that we would jump
into a culvert to keep from freezing our faces."

The school appears to have closed in 1943 since
playground equipment was moved to town in 1944.
The census for the final year included Capps, Clark,
Smith and Studebaker.

DISTRICT #5 - BAKER. The earliest records of the
Baker School in 1899 included children from the Geert-
son. Barrack, Bohannon, Mulkey, McDevitt, Chandler,
Rippey, Ball, Withington and Schofield families. Be-
cause census reports began in 1889 it is difficult to
know exactly when this school opened its doors. The
forty-six students, in 1889, must have been quite a
handful for one teacher.

The last census show thirty students from the
Kadletz, Withington, Hayden, Wiegand, Malcolm,
Muenkres, Searle, and Baker families. The school closed
in 1955, along with the Sandy Creek School.

DISTRICT #6 - GIBTOWN - 1888 is the earliest record
of the Gibbonsville School, but the school was built
much earlier. Maple Jones McElvain was a student there
in 1915-16, and taught therefrom 1926-28. She recalls
that one of her two male teacher had a very quick
temper and would get bright red when angry. "He would

grab a kid by the hair, drag him into the adjoining room
and pound him to death with a board paddle. It was
terrifying. When he came back the teacher would be
white as a sheet and shaking, and would have to sit
himself down till he calmed down."

The Gibbonsville School closed in 1965 because of
overcrowding.

DISTRICT #7 -Bohannon Creek. In 1888 the first re-
cords show thirty-four students and include the Har-
graves and Miller families. By 1930 there were just five
students, including the names Schofield, Marshall and
England among others. Because enrollment was so low
and the 1930 census was the last, one must assume
that the Bohannon Creek School closed about then.

If i'^^^-fc'

The Gibbonsville School - about 1918

FRONT: Edna Knock, Gladys Glavin, Donald Gott, James Kellogg.
MIDDLE: Francis Gott, Dick Bradshaw, Claire Bradshaw, Mrs.
Verna Kellogg. BACK: Curtis Ricketts, Marion Glavin, Warren
Trowbridge, Clarence Bauer, Clyde Bradshaw.

The Gibbonsville school about - 1940.

113

DISTRICT #8 - TENDOY. Earliest records, 1890, show
thirty-three students, including those from the Shar-
key, Pattee, and Pyeatt families. The first school was
at Sunfield on Pattee Creek, about two miles from its
present site, to which the school was moved in 1912.

One day Margaret Ball Morphey fell from a swing,
landed on her head and was knocked unconscious. Old-
er boys carried her to her home just around the corner.

One teacher, Mrs. Woods, was well known for taking
naps that extended past the lunch hour. The big boys
would open a window and sneak out, while the rest of
the students would be very quiet so that their recess
would last longer.

In 1945 the school still had thirty-three students,
among them children from the DeCora, Alder, Ma-
haffee, Holbrook, Shoup, Riggan, Pope and Gage fam-
ilies.

Still in operation today, the school has seventeen
students.

DISTRICT #9 - SANDY CREEK.The earliest record of
the Sandy Creek School is an 1889 school census, but
the school probably opened earlier in a rented house
or someone's outbuilding. By 1889 there were twenty
students, including children from the Snook, Holcomb
and Kadletz families. Only five of the children lived with-
in two miles of the school; the rest traveled a long way,
either by foot or on horseback.

Fred Snook Sr. remembered a male teacher at the
Sandy Creek School who seemed to have two suits —
one blue and the other brown. The first half of the year
he wore his blue suit, and the second half, his brown
suit.

The Sandy Creek School, 1917-18

Frances Donlan taught at Sandy Creek, and for sci-
ence she took students on long walks during which they
would find arrowheads. "It seems the salmon would
go up the creek to spawn. The Indians would sit and
make arrowheads, and the long ones they would spear
the fish with. Anyway, we would take these arrowheads
and make pretty collections with them ... We did a
lot of things like that, that they don't do in today's
schools." The Sandy Creek School closed in 1955.

(Quote from 1988 Patchwork article by Shawn Ankrum)

DISTRICT #10 - BANISTER. An 1890 school census
showed thirteen students on the roster. The school
was built on Queenie Lane near the Ellsworth cow camp
and Mr. Bruce was the first teacher. As the population
changed, the school was moved, first down Texas Creek
to the Stewart place, then to the north side of Texas
creek close to where Highway 28 crosses it. Finally the
school was closed and the building moved to Leadore,
where it served as housing for the janitor. It was sold
to Smith Implement and is now located just north of
Lee Creek on the Farm to Market Road.

DISTRICT #1 1 -MAY. Records begin in 1890 at which
time there were twenty-three students. The last cen-
sus in 1934 showed forty-six students including the
Mulkey, Ziegler, O'Neal, Popejoy, McDowton and Cor-
rigan families.

Why the census stops in 1934 is a mystery, since
the school clearly carried on for many more years. It
consolidated with the Patterson school in 1961.

DISTRICT #12 - Patterson. Earliest record is 1894
when there were eighteen students including children
from the Snodgrass, Bohannon families. The last rec-
ord shows forty- six students and included those from
the Mahoney, Prestwich, Popejoy, Crofts, Kirkpatrick,
Lish, Patterson, Shurtliff and Whing families, among
others. The school still operates but is in the Challis
School District.

DISTRICT #13 - ULYSSES. Records begin in 1909
with thirteen students from the Hibbs, Bevan, Arms-
trong and Trowbridge families. The last census, 1923,
showed fifteen students from the Downing, Hale, Casey
and Barton families. This may have been the last year
the school ran, since the town of Ulysses came and
went as quickly as the gold that brought it into being.

DISTRICT #15 - ELLIS. 1895 records name children
from the Eldridge,, Hudson and Morrell families. There
were twenty- eight students. Billie Cannon taught at
Ellis from 1936-38. She remembers three children, one
a six year old girl, who lived about seven miles away.
They walked over the hills from the river, and never
missed school except one week when it was -45 de-
grees.

Billie lived with a family and walked across their field
to school. She swept the floor, built the fires, some-
times curled the girls' hair, and taught them to tap
dance. She says she had three boys in about the 6th
or 7th grade who said right off they weren't going to
work for her. "OK, we'll just sit here until you decide

114

*»

,^- ' .^'Ife'' i— f« -.-^f- ^jt^-^'t:f'f^ft^

you are going to work", Billie said. She kept the fire
going until after dark, when the boys finally decided to
start their work. "I had them eating out of my hand
the rest of the year." The last census was in 1941 when
they had a whopping forty- seven children from such
families as Coleman, Coiner, Hamilton, and Ellis. Like
other schools in the Pahsimeroi, this school probably
consolidated with Patterson and May in 1961.

DISTRICT #16 - CARMEN GENERAL. The 1888 cen-
sus recorded thirty-seven children from the Young,
Palmer, White, McCracken, Mulkey, McKinney and Nei-
mann families. The school was probably built in the
seventies. Winnie Sassman attended first grade there
in 1906, when she was seven years old. Winnie says
her parents kept her home the extra couple of years
so that she would be more able to make the four mile
ride with her brother. That is why her father built the
Big Flat school the following year.

The 1944 census show seventeen students from the
McCracken, Daniels, Brown, Slavin, Burch, Kohl and
Stevens families. The school probably closed in the late
•40's.

DISTRICT #18 - Cobalt (Lower Forney). An 1889 cen-
sus shows seventeen students began school with no
school house. By 1945 the number had dwindled to
eleven and the school may have closed, but the 1949
school board minutes show the hiring of Mrs. Morrison
for the Blackbird Mine School. In 1950 a bid of $27,000
was accepted to build the Blackbird Mine School. Jim
Caples says it was a four room school and that a bond
issue was levied. It was built by the Calera Mining Com-
pany, under budget!

In 1964 Teddy Miller moved to Cobalt, but taught
her children at home. The next year, after the mine
opened and other families with children moved in, Ted-
dy resurrected the ofd schoolhouse, restocking it, since
everything had been removed. The children held fund
raising carnivals to raise money for books, encyclo-
pedias and school supplies.

The Carmen Creek School: These children walked or rode
horseback for miles from around the countryside, which was not
too densely populated. The dress code - plain and simple,
designed for work and wear. FRONT: Arlen Matthews, Harvey
Mylander, Warren Matthews, Vernon Matthews, Cecil Palmer,
Stanley Daniels, John Palmer, Georgia Palmer, Eloise Barton,
Willard Rood, Daniel Slavin, Ida Wenzig, Bessie Carlson, Sarah
Palmer, Jessie Palmer, Virginia Palmer, Adeline Palmer, Evelyn
Slavin. BACK: Lester Barton, Edgar Daniels, Hazel Hemstead
(teacher), Dorothy Daniels, — Conley, — Carlson.

DISTRICT #19 - BIG FLAT. Built in 1907-08 by Winnie
Sassman's father, it may have replaced a school known
as the Red Rock school, built before 1889; or it may
have replaced the Red Bluff school that was down clos-
er to the river.

Irene Bolander boarded with her grandmother, aunt
and cousins, because they lived closer to school. They
took their own lunches of roast beef, pork or peanut
butter sandwiches, cookies or cake and as Irene says,
"Everybody on Big Flat had apples". Irene remembers
that in 1918 a boy who lived near the river, would bring
one huge, thick pancake, soaked with chokecherry
syrup and the hind leg of a rabbit. His father was a
trapper. If there were only ten or twelve students, the
mothers would take turns making stew or scalloped
potatoes or other hot, one-dish lunches.

This school closed in the late 1940's.

DICTRICT #20 - GILMORE. A tent was the first school,
with dynamite boxes from the mine serving as desks
and seats. Some of the boys chewed tobacco, so each
had a tin can by his box, serving as a spittoon. An 1889
census shows thirty-four students from the Denny, Lipe,
Lee, Reddington, Stroud, and Yearian families, al-
though the tent school was probably prior to this cen-
sus. The first school building was an elaborate frame
structure with four rooms, that served the community
until 1937. Two of the rooms opened to each other
with French doors, to accommodate social gatherings,
and each was heated by a coal furnace, one of which
caught fire and burned down the building. After the

115

zr^^ik.

fire, the county decided not to maintain another school
there, so two mining companies went together and
built a cinder block structure. It had an upstairs class-
room, and a basement storage room that doubled as
a recreation area for recess, during inclement weather.
This school served Gilmore until Leadore schools con-
solidated.

DISTRICT #21 - LEE CREEK. A 1909 census records
seventeen students. Among the names present were
Mulkey and Gautier. School started in an old sod roofed
building until a frame structure was built near where
Carol and Cal Whittaker now live. It was later skidded
across the snow by several teams of horses, to a spot
across the creek from the Darrell Net Ranch. In 1930
a barn was built next to the school to house the stu-
dents' horses, and remains, although the school house
has been moved to Leadore.

In the first grade. Bob Carlson played hooky with
George Swanson every day for four to six weeks. When
Bob's mother found out, she took a piece of rope, a
Sears Roebuck Catalog and a pair of scissors to school,
telling the teacher to tied Bob to his desk and keep
him occupied by cutting out pictures from the catalog.
Each fall parents got together to saw wood for the
school woodstove. The last census, 1945, recorded
twelve students.

DISTRICT #22 - FOURTH OF JULY CREEK. This school
opened about 1909 with twelve students, including
names such as Buster, O'Neil, Noble and England. In
1945 there were twenty-three including the names

Gilmore School about 1920

Stenerson, Gautier, Hoffman, England, Casey and In-
fanger. The school closed in 1948.

DISTRICT #23 - IRON CREEK. There were ten stu-
dents on the first census in 1909. Schultz, Ibach, Sha-
nafelt and Hellman families were represented. Schultz
and others apparently built the sixteen by twenty foot
structure in 1903. There may have been another school
as early as 1895.

John Waddington remembers one winter when his
father, Mr. Waetzig and Mr. Benjamin all jacked up the
school house, hooked it onto a team of horses and
skidded it about a mile down the district, so that the
kids at the lower end wouldn't have to walk so far. The
parents at the upper end called the Sheriff, who round-
ed up the three fathers and hauled them off to jail for
the night. A last census, 1944, shows eighteen students
named Benjamin, Waetzig, Kilpatrick, Evarts, Marvin,
Gage and Goodwin.

DISTRICT #24 - TEN MILE. Thirty students were on
the 1909 census including Yearian, Pyeatt, Carrigon,
Tobias, Pugh and Holbrook. The number of students
suggests that the school was established much earlier,
and the names suggest that the school was in the Up-
per Lemhi. It is difficult to tell which more common
name was applied to this school. In 1945 twenty- three
students represented the Tobias, Frazee, Yearian, Ma-
haffey, Lish, Pugh, Blood and Baker families.

116

DISTRICT #25 - BOYLE CREEK. 1909 was the first
census for this school located on the present Norton
Ranch at the forks of Tower Creek. John Jewett, Mrs.
F. B. Winterowd, and Donald Martin, later Judge Martin,
were listed, among others. Later, Gladys Swanson and
her sister rode "Old Nancy", and if Nancy felt like going
to school, they went. Some days she didn't, and they
stayed home. She also remembers the Adams boys,
who lived down by the river, and the very cold day
when the teacher took off their shoes and put their
feet into a pan of water to thaw them out. Gladys re-
members wearing gunny sacks on her feet during the
Depression. Winnie Sassman (Miss Winnie), not much
older than her pupils, taught there. She remembers
the superintendent coming while she played "Annie
Over" with the kids. She sat in her car for a while;
watching, trying to decide which was the teacher.

The school closed in 1948 and the building was sold
in 1952 and moved to the Joe Scobel Ranch.

DISTRICT #26 - LEMHI. A 1909 census records thir-
ty-six students from the Tobias, Yearian, Pyeatt, Pugh,
Porter, Holbrook and Hikson families. Probably estab-
lished at the turn of the century. Jean Simonson Amon-
son recalls her years at the school.

I went to teach at Lemhi in the fall of 1939, after I
had finished two years of teacher training at Pocatello.

Boyle Creek School 1928-29. FRONT: Twins Varnie and Virgil
Aikens BACK: Stella Aikens, teacher Irene Smith (Bolander),
fourth from left, Dorothy Aikens. Other children are from the
Frey family. #16

Iron Creek School about 1907.

FRONT: Jennie Lambeth, Dave Lambeth, John Lambeth, -

Redwine, Dave, Dora, and Florence Schultz. BACK: Jessie and

Viola Schultz, Myrtle Campbell (teacher), Viola Shanafelt, Laura

Lambeth.

117

I was nineteen years old and felt capable of the task.
The course of study for elementary school had been
phased out with nothing to replace it, but we had good
textbooks for each grade. We started on page one and
progressed through the year. Everyone learned to read,
write, and spell, do arithmetic, and a few other things
too. We had a wonderful case of maps and the students
learned where the countries were. England's colonies
were all in deep pink.

I had gone to a one room school in South Dakota, so
I did many things at Lemhi that my teachers had done,
including a hot lunch program. Our school room had a
large airtight heating stove with a flat top, and it made
a good place to do our cooking. We got a tea kettle, a
large cooking kettle, an oven grate and an ash box from
the unused teacherage, to set up our kitchen. In the
morning, we filled the stove with wood that lasted until
noon. The children had a bowl, cup, and spoon, and
brought a baking potato with their initial carved in it.
During recess, it went on the grate, covered by the ash
pan and was done by noon. Parents sent some money
and milk, and during the week, we had cocoa, baked
potatoes, and Campbell's soup. The tea kettle was al-
ways on to warm water for handwashing, and for the

This desolate looking building, once the Nicholia School, must have
been rather dark during those long school days.

team to wash the dishes.

One Friday afternoon, we made popcorn balls. An-
other time, we made taffy and in spite of everyone lining
up for handwashing, some of the taffy got strange shades
of gray.

One time, we had a good, packed snowfall. The chil-
dren cut the snow into blocks and made an igloo that
measured fourteen feet across, with a tunnel entrance.
The whole school of twenty-six students and the teach-
er could crawl inside at once and sit down. The children
were very resourceful.

When the weather was good, we played Softball and
volley ball. It was the first athletics for some of the
children. I was young and energetic, and enjoyed the
teaching and activities as much as the children.

At the end of each school day, I swept the floor while
listening to music. We had a phonograph with nice re-
cords, including Fritz Kreisler playing 'Liebestraum'.
Whenever I hear 'Liebestraum', I close my eyes and
remember the Lemhi School.

The last recorded census was in 1945 and claimed
twenty three students from the Frazee, Williams, Ma-
haffey, Yearian, Lish, Cope, Blood and Baker families.

DISTRICT #27 - HOOPER. This was somewhere in
the Pahsimeroi. A 1910 census records fourteen stu-
dents from the O'Neal, Marley, Bauman, Turner, Howe
and Hooper families. It probably was somewhere on
the Hooper Ranch.

DISTRICT #28 - SPRING CREEK (HULL CREEK). This
school opened in 1908, but the first census was 1912,
recording seventeen students from the Roske, Conroy,
Hull, Eldridge and Jones families. In 1945 there were
ten students from the Walchli, Hitesman, Montgomery
and Prestwich families. The school closed in 1949.

DISTRICT #29 - COTTOM. Ernest Benedict, John

The D C Bar School ■ 1921 or 1922.

Greta Hudelson, Edna Sims, Veola Ling, Isabelle Berridge, Vonda
Ling, Bonita Denny, Harry Sims, Vincent Swanson, Bernard Swan-
son, Gilmore Denny, Oscar Swanson, Elmer KesI, Everett Denny.

118

Reddington and Morris Cottom financed and con-
structed this school about 1910. Morris Cottom fur-
nished the land and the county furnished the equip-
ment. A 1911 census shows ten students all from the
founding families.

Elsie Chandler started school there in 1914 when
she was five. She says she walked two miles to school.
They took their lunches in a pail, and sometimes they
had "beautiful sandwiches made with homemade bread
and lots of beef". There was also apple butter, as well
as gooseberry, crabapple and currant jelly sandwiches.
The teacher boarded with the Cottoms.

DISTRICT #30 - RENO. This school was beyond Gil-
more in the Birch Creek area. The earliest census, 1912,
records seventeen students from the Nichols, God-
dard, and Worthing families. The school may have re-
placed another built in 1895. The final census in 1934
lists nine students from the Worthing, Barzee and
Chandler families.

DISTRICT #31 - same as #1

DISTRICT #32 - HAYDEN. A 1913 census records six
students from the Barnett, Holbrook, and Schwartz
families. In 1924 there were twelve students from the
Negus, Clemmens, Call, Coiner and Mahoney families.

DISTRICT #33 - GOLDBERG. A 1914 census shows
that this school began with eighteen students from the
Christian, Andrus, Barsalou, and Park families. It notes
that "the Park children are not here yet but Mr. Park
wrote that they would be in here by the beginning of
school. Mr. Park is a landholder on Big Creek." The

school may have closed shortly after the 1932 census
showing twelve students from the Marshall, Bates,
Jones, Wornek and Ziegler families. But, again, in 1958
Teddy Miller taught grades one through six until the
school consolidated with Patterson and May in 1961.
The Goldberg school house was moved into Challis and
used as a music room at the old high school.

DISTRICT #34 - D. C. BAR. The school opened De-
cember 7, 1914 and ended the first school year on
April 23, 1915. A 1915 census shows thirty-four stu-
dents bearing the names Swanson, Doty, Ling, Jarvis,
and Amonson. Edna Sims Gentle moved there with her
family in 1917. The second oldest of thirteen children
she says they walked three miles to school after doing
their morning chores. In 1945 the fourteen students
recorded, bore the names McFarland. Pearson, Mc-
Arthur, KesI and Allen.

DISTRICT #35 - SHOUP. A 1916 census shows twen-
ty-one students from the Westfall, Hibbs, Hall, Pope
and Grove families. The school may have opened and
closed according to the rise and fall of mining activity
near Shoup. In 1942 there were thirty-one students
from the Cox, Wiederrick, Powers, Stanger, Mahoney,
Tweedy, Barrack, Sturmer and Broadhead families.
There is no record of the school closing, but Judy Lish
attended as late as 1948 or 1950.

DISTRICT #36 - UPPER CARMEN. Nineteen students
in 1925 bore the names McFarland, Palmer, Cook, and
Pyeatt. The school was built so that the children who
lived farther up Carmen Creek didn't have to travel so

\Vc llnvr'.liist RiTi-lvol

TOO

DUZEN

PAms

— OP —

Msn.Wtiitudllliicii.

bklT-GOODS

Gcnls' . Furnishing GocdS;

Lillie Swinyer and 1961-62 Class. FRONT ROW: Terry Boots, Kyle Copeland, Jimmy Pearson, Roger Hillman
and Kelly Thomas SECOND ROW: Barbara Kane, Ramona Jacovac, Dawn McDermite, Teresa Aldous, Zolene
Schnieder, Ton! Scoble THIRD ROW: Larry Thompson, Steve Belter, Adrian Quanda, Mary Parsons, Dennis
?, Mrs. Swinyer BACK ROW: Tamara McFarland, David Jacovac, Maria Claussen, Vicky Walchli, Joyce ?,
Mark Smith, Freddy Rhodes.

'»•>!•

119

far to the Lower Carmen Creek School. Jack Cook at-
tended in 1924-25 and remembers it as being a "cold
little house". The outhouse was cold too. "We were all
comfortable anyway. Nobody knew any different. Then
all of a sudden money came into your life."

The 1944 census showed fifteen students from the
Bielby, Black, Coles, Cook, Hamilton and Johnson fam-
ilies.

DISTRICT #37 - KIRTLEY CREEK. The first census
taken here records fifty-six students in 1935 from such
families as Parmenter, Burgraf, Bielby, Baker, Beck,
and Johnson. Former sheriff Bill Baker started school
here about 1934. He says there were about fifty kids,
eight grades and one teacher.

One day Bill's brother, Luke, climbed up a pole and
onto a roof to put a wash tub over the chimney. His
friends took the pole away so he was stuck up there.
Bill recalls one flighty teacher, "a little French gal", in
her first year of teaching. One school boards member
was "stuck on her" and came around about three times
a week. Bill says she did all right, despite the fact that
she was half the size of most of the bigger boys.

Kids started drifting away. A third of the school room
was partitioned off for use as a cloak room. The school
closed about 1948.

Other unofficial schools include such schools as the
Yearian, Leesburg, Boomer, Hull, Snook, Pyeatt, Basin
Creek, Blackbird, Beaver Creek, and North Fork
Schools. There may be more, but usually these schools
were the forerunners of the official school districts.
Most of them began either in makeshift buildings or in
people's homes and were named after the ranchers
who hosted them.

MOVIE AT LEADORE - 1918
The Kaiser - The Beast of Berlin
with two shows beginning at 8:30
Price - children 25 cents - adults 50 cents

SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS OF
LEMHI COUNTY

With the exception of the first appointment of James
Kirtley, June 1869 to January 1873, all appointments
were from January to January of the year recorded.

J. P. Jewell 1873-83

Thomas Elder 1883-89

Vernon Tingley 1889-91

Thomas Elder 1891-99

Miss Hope McCaleb 1899-1903

Flora A. North 1903-05

Margaret Huggins 1905-07

Ethel Goodrich 1907-09

Elizabeth McDonald 1909-13

Elizabeth M. Sims 1913-15

Clara A. Digles 1915-19

Ethel G. Watkins 1919-23

Isabelle Ryan 1923-25

Mrs Rose C. Kirtley 1925-27

Isabelle Martin 1927-29

Bess E. Stroud 1929-35

EInora Donnelly 1935-37

Edith Mulkey 1937-39

Mae Louise Ellis 1939-50

120

TRIBUTE TO A LONG AGO SCHOOL SYSTEM

by Warren Smith

My learnin' readin', writin' and arithmetic, started
and continued for eight years in a single roomed, clap-
board, unpainted, shack of a building, perched on the
highest point of ground within a radius of ten miles.

There are not many of us still around who attended
school in a one room building, where a single teacher
taught all eight grades. If there are any, they are kind
of like one of them old window blinds a person can pull
down, but can't get to go back up!

In those days people didn't take a bath very often.
I have a sneakin' hunch the school house was pur-
posely built where the wind could hit it from all four
directions for a reason. As the builders calculated, it
never stopped blowing.

This particular neighborhood culture center, place
of learning, little theater on occasion, and Saturday
night dance hall, was appropriately name "Rocky
Point". During the period of time under discussion,
there were many such "Rocky Points" scattered
throughout Lemhi and Custer Counties, the State of
Idaho, and the nation.

Although the donor's name has been misplaced in
the rag- bag of memory, it is safe to assume that a
homesteader donated the land for the building site from
a corner of his claim. It is easy to understand why a
person would not donate his best piece of ground, and
why most schools were built on scab land. In the case
of "Rocky Point" the giving of the ground upon which
it was built, must have been a burst of generosity sel-
dom witnessed. The place was almost solid rock. Any
soil was not visible. A chipmunk stopped there one time,
and starved to death.

To obtain drinking water these early day promoters
of education, dug a cistern to store rain or melting
snow which ran off of the roof from time to time. It is
said, a city slicker drank some of the water from that
cistern and, as a result, had stomach cramps and much
worse for the remainder of his life. It was a well known
fact at the time, that outsiders did not have immunity
to a lot of stuff like us natives.

For instance, I remember a city kid who moved into
the neighborhood when I was in the third grade. He
never was able to swaller chewin' tobacker juice. In all
my life I've never seen anyone get so pale. Hell! My
little sister could do that without gettin' sick!

In the fourth grade I discovered girls. For the next
several years I was in love with either Cheryl or Patty.
Of course I never told anyone, and neither one of them
knew it either. In those days such stuff was kept secret
and the only one who knew it was my dog.

In addition to readin', writin' and arithmetic we learn-
ed quite a few other things in these one room schools.
Things like pitchin' horse shoes, playin' steal sticks,
and which kid's horse could run the fastest.

When digging around in the cobwebs of my mind it

is difficult not to think of a young woman who taught
a number of years at Rocky Point. I think she is quite
typical of the one room school teacher.

She boarded with a family about two miles distant
from the school house and walked back and forth, wad-
ing snow in the winter and mud in the spring. Each
school day, if some joker had not nailed the door shut,
or stuffed gunny sacks down the chimney during the
night, she kindled a fire in the heating stove, brought
in a bucket of water from the cistern and did the jan-
itorial work. An hour or so later when the students
started arriving she assisted the little ones, taking off
overshoes, hanging up wraps and wiping runny noses.
By nine o'clock she had everyone in their seats ready
to go. From that moment on, school was a serious
affair.

Even though she had corrected papers at home for
two hours the night before, this remarkable woman
found the time and energy to go outside and play base-
ball with the kids during recess and lunch hour. During
bad weather, when we were unable to play outside,
she read a couple of chapters from one of Zane Grey's
books.

We are getting old now, but about every year or two,
we should stop by, where we once went to school.
Perhaps, as in the case of Rocky Point, the building is
gone now; but I look east to where the farm land gives
way to timber and canyon. Coming up from below, it
was here that the wind caught me full in the face. The
chill of it reached down into the bones. It made the
stomach knot and the skin tight. It was only half a mile
to the school house from that corner, but in the winter
it was like half way around the world.

It was here that the horse got kicked into a trot, and
my little sister, behind the saddle, hung on tight. In the
spring it was different. Wild flowers bloomed and mead-
ow larks sang all along that stretch of wagon trail lead-
ing toward the school house.

Who are these people who say big is better?

If it had not been for Rocky Point and similar one
room schools which dotted Lemhi and Custer Coun-
ties, our state, and the nation, we would be unable to
sign our name when we make a credit card purchase.

1893 - Sheriff Johnson discovered an attempted jail delivery in time to
prevent it. The bolts of the main door had been filed off and the
prisoners were only waiting for the stillness of night to shield their
escape. Ed Vale, Jim West and Jack Craig, three alleged horse thieves,
were the inmates. Being discovered, Vale made way for liberty, but was
overtaken and recaptured by Will Shoup and Murd McPhersonafter
a Tom Longboat sprint that left a wide crack in the atmosphere. Vale
admits having performed the blacksmith work.

121

BUILDERS

by Viola Schultz Waetzig & Doris Morton

All men are builders, some build boats, some books,
some build streets and roads. Mr. W. W. Schultz was
a builder of buildings, chiefly school houses, and that
is why he came to Salmon, Idaho.

Mr. Schultz of Carbondale, Kansas, was given the
contract in 1899 to build the Lincoln School in Salmon,
Idaho. He had built numerous schools in the middle
west and upon completion of a school in Lexington,
Missouri, moved his crew to the west. Among the crew
were his brother John and Jay Vee Vanderlip, both
stone masons and brick layers and perhaps jacks of all
trades. These two men were to play an important part
in the lives of Salmon's youth during the next several
years - which is a story in itself.

Most of the materials used in construction of the
Lincoln School were prepared locally. Mr. Pollard
burned the bricks at the building site. The hole dug for
burning the bricks was later used as a skating rink. Ice
skating was the favored winter sport; everyone, young
and old skated. John Snook and son cut the lumber
on Wagonhammer Creek.

The building was opened for occupancy in 1901. It
consisted of a full basement containing furnace and
rest rooms, four classrooms on the ground floor, two
classrooms and an auditorium on the second floor, a

The Lincoln School

belfry and bell that could be heard all over town. The
principal of the new school was Mr. Mullen, who taught
the seventh and eighth grades. Nellie Reynolds taught
the fifth and sixth grades. Flora Hugguns taught the
first and second grades. The first high school classes
were held in 1904, offering only two years. The first
graduating class was April 15, 1906, graduating Kester
and Manson Soule, and Beulah Clayton. Kester Soule
is the only living member of that class. The first four
year graduating class was in 1911, consisting of two
members, Laura Whitwell and Helen Chase. R. R. Al-
exander was the Superintendent. Thus began the fifty
year career of the Lincoln School constructed by Mr.
Schultz.

Finding the climate of this area had greatly improved
his health, Mr. Schultz moved his family from Kansas
in 1902 to become permanent residents and builders
of this community. The family first lived in a log house
where the Steele Memorial Hospital now stands. Mrs.
Schultz ran a boarding house and soon become famous
for the wonderful meals served.

Mr. Schultz's next building project was the Redwine
Building. It housed the M & L V-Store until they moved
across the street.

Early in 1903 the community was stricken with an
epidemic of small pox. By this time the Schultz family
had moved into the building now known as the Shady

122

Nook; which of course has been added to and im-
proved. But the original building is still there. Mrs.
Schultz was still in the boarding house business, but
had also become a nurse. The entire family and all the
boarders were stricken with the disease, although she
was the only one to escape it.

The Schultz's had purchased a ranch twenty miles
south of Salmon in January 1903 but had not been
able to move before the epidemic. With the coming of
spring the family moved into their new home. Mrs.
Schultz was happy for she was a farmer. Mrs. Schultz,
her four daughters; Viola, Jessie, Florence, and Dora,
two sons; David and Clarence ran the ranch and tended
the builder's lime kiln, which consumed a great deal
of time year round. The work included hauling wood
from the mountains for fuel and tending the fires.

Faced with the problem of educating their children,
Mr. Schultz organized the community and built the first
Iron Creek School; which was a twenty by sixteen foot
one room structure. The first term was four months,
after that the average was six months. Only grades one
through seven were taught. Then arose the a problem
of boarding the children in Salmon.

Mrs. Schultz ran a way station for travelers coming
from the Pahsimeroi going to Salmon in the spring and
fall for supplies. It was a two day trip with team and
wagon. Often four horse teams were used. Occasion-
ally these farmers would leave their children with Mrs.
Schultz so that they could better enjoy their visit to
the city. Sometimes it was hard to find enough beds

for everybody but no one was ever turned away.

In 1908 Mr. Schultz was awarded the contract to
build Lemhi County Court House. The materials in-
cluded granite foundation blocks from the Shoup Stone
Quarry located just west of Salmon, bricks made by
Mr. Pollard, and lumber furnished locally. Many people
have been curious to how they raised the statue to the
top after the building was completed. Simple, a hay
derrick.

Mr. Schultz built several of the county schools in the
valley. He also built the school at May. His last project
was the present Tendoy School. The interior was not
quite complete when the Great Builder called him. He
died in January 1917, at the age of fifty eight. His heart
had not been too strong for years.

Mrs. Schultz continued to run the ranch with the help
of her sons and daughters. Her fame as a cook created
another source of income - Sunday dinners. It was well
worth the twenty mile drive over bumpy, dusty roads
in your shiny new Ford for the dinner of fried chicken,
fresh vegetables, home-made ice cream and angel cake.
With the advent of the telephone, if you called ahead
you got the full meal; however, there was always food
for everybody.

1918 - The public should resent the establishment of a rock crushing
plant on the border of the cemetery . . . The present board of county
commissioners has exploited the living to the limit, and now the board
is invading the precincts of the dead.

Gi-o. W. Bryan,

— IS THE —

]is .?5^ i^ :^ je: i^ .

WORK STRICTLY_FIRST-CLASS.

Shop Situated Next Door to the
rostofKcc.

The Lemhi County Courthouse under construction.

123

HARMONY MINE TO START UP
AGAIN

— Force of fifty men being called
for resumption after shut-down

Forces of fifty men are to start up the Harmony mine
within the present month. This is the cheering news
given out this week by General manager Earl E. Nie-
mann. Wages under the adjustments now made under
the general decline are to be $3.50 to $4.50 per day,
with one dollar off for board. The Harmony closed last
year. Employment thus afforded will be mighty wel-
come in the community in these present piping times
of peace. The revival of work at the Harmony is in
accordance with the alert management of that prop-
erty. It is certainly good for Salmon to be able to say
this of the mine.

Idaho Recorder, January 6, 1922

.<^

'^ ii\

« S

Copper was the big attracation at the Harmony Mine, developed in
1916 at Withington Creek. The Concentrator was the largest build-
ing ever built in Lemhi County at the time. The light colored area
is the deteriorating roof.

THE LEESBURG 70th ANNIVERSARY PICNIC - 1936

It is conservatively estimated that there were three
hundred people at the picnic at Leesburg last Sunday,
celebrating the 70th Anniversary of the discovery of
gold in that historic spot. Many of the old pioneers of
the country were present and enjoyed the day ex-
changing reminiscences of the early days in that active
mining center.

Many of the old log buildings that were erected in
the early days are still standing. Some of them had
shown signs of decay, so they were repaired and put
back as nearly as possible to their original state, of
course, many of the buildings that were erected during
the gold rush have disappeared because of fire or de-
cay. But there is still evidence on all sides of the im-
mense amount of placer mining that was done in that
district in the early days. Old placer workings are piled
up everywhere just as they were left by the pioneer
miners who helped to extract the millions of dollars in
the placer gold that were taken out of the Leesburg
Basin. And it is also noted that the activity of the camp
is not all in the past, as many placer outfits are at work
in considerable quantities. Most of them to show the
visitors conclusive evidence that there is still a supply
of precious metal hidden away in spots for those who
are industrious and lucky enough to find it.

After the crowd had arrived, groups and family gath-
erings scattered to the nearby woods and spread their
picnic dinners. The lunch hour is the highlight of any
picnic and in this instance it was no exception.

About two o'clock, a speaking program was held from
the front porch of O.E. Kirkpatrick's office building. Mr.
Kirpatrick presided and introduced Governor C. Ben
Ross as the first speaker. Governor Ross had just driv-
en in for a brief talk, during which he said he had saved
the State of Idaho a million dollars a year during his

administration of three years. He also said that he was
the only man in Idaho who had held the office of gov-
ernor for three successive terms and was also the only
native son who had ever held that office in Idaho. He
promised that there would be no state ad valorem tax
for 1936, because he had reduced taxes in Idaho one
hundred percent. In fact, the governor made his usual,
typical, Ben Ross speech.

Other speakers were: Lot Feltham, attorney: Charles
F. Hanmer, Salmon; Arthur Campbell, mine inspector,
Boise; B. K. Dillon, Salmon; Frank Butschke, Leesburg;
L. E. Glennon, attorney, Pocatello.

It was interesting to hear some of the old timers
visiting together and telling of their experiences in the
old Leesburg camp. Seth Ball, now operating a large
ranch near Tendoy, said that fifty- three years ago,
when he was a boy of fourteen years, he assisted with
the operation of a pack train that brought supplies from
Salmon over the old trail before the road was ever built
to Leesburg. Horace Pope, new city clerk of Salmon,
said that forty-six years ago, when he was a boy, he
packed mail from Salmon to Leesburg on his back to
the miners that were working in the camp. He also
worked in many of the mines in that district in his
younger days.

Mrs. Alice Mahoney of Salmon was present at the
gathering. She spent many years in and conducted a
hotel there in the early days and was noted for her
culinary ability. Lou and Lee Ramey of Salmon were
the earliest Leesburg residents present. Harry Waters
now of Challis, lived in the camp in 1893. He spotted
his old cabin on Main Street, which is still in very good
state of preservation. He served Lemhi County as sher-
iff, deputy sheriff and assessor in the old days and was
getting a thrill out of meeting his old friends.

124

Murd McNicoll of Salmon was present. His father
conducted a general merchandise store in Leesburg in
early 1889. Mrs. McNicoll was the daughter of Frank
Sharkey, one of the five original discoverers of the
camp, and it was her first trip to Leesburg last Sunday.
Her mother was an old time resident.

E. E. Randolph was among those present, but he was
a youngster compared to some of the others. It was
only 40 years ago that he first saw Leesburg. Then
there was Will Shoup, a native son of Salmon, who
visited Leesburg many times when he was a boy and
that was back in the pioneer days. Joe Pattee of Ten-
doy said he drove cattle in Leesburg Basin thirty-six
years ago but that reaches back a little more than half
the distances to the original pioneers.

Those who braved the prospects of the hot day to
drive to Leesburg Sunday were well repaid for their
efforts. Everyone seemed to have a decidedly good
time and the result was a happy, contented crowd. 0.
E. Kirkpatrick, who has resided in Leesburg for forty-
two years, was the father of the picnic and general
master-of- ceremonies. He is to be congratulated for
his efforts in bringing to the attention of the general
public the 70th Anniversary of the old Leesburg camp.

Following is a list of persons attending the picnic:
Hon. C. Ben Ross, Governor of Idaho; Arthur Campbell,
State Mine Inspector; Henry Nicols, Probate Judge of
Custer County; Colonel A. J. McNabb, U.S. Army; Hon.
L. E. Glennon, Pocatello, Idaho; Hon. Don C. Reed,
Baker, Idaho; Hon. 0. E. Kirkpatrick, Leesburg; Hon.
Roy B. Herndon, Dillon, Montana.

OF THE SALMON AREA: Dr. Charles F. Hanmer, May-
or of Salmon; Emerson Hill, Probate Judge of Lemhi
County; Hon. L. F. Ramey; John Igou, Lemhi County
Assessor; Mr. Ralph B. Knepper, editor. Recorder Her-
ald; Dr. Frank S. Wright; Lot L. Feltham, lawyer; Horace
G. Pope, City Clerk, Salmon; Harry S. Waters, Leesburg
pioneer, former Lemhi Co. Sheriff, and Grace Waters;
Georgeine and Walter Pope; Mrs. Alice Mahoney, for-
mer Leesburg postmaster for 21 years, Ray and Vanta
Mahoney, and Delia Mahoney Glennon, (Pocatello, Ida-
ho); Wallace W. Slavin, Leesburg pioneer freighter; Mrs.
Emerson Hill; Kester T., Delia, Eloise Jane, and Galen
Soule of Baker; Mrs. Ralph B. Knepper, John Knepper;
Mr and Mrs. George Hudlow; Dan McPherson, Jr.; Mr
and Mrs James Murdock McPherson, pioneer mer-
chant, Salmon; Sandy McPherson; Wm. B. Pyeatt,
druggist; Esther Amonson Pyeatt, daughter of Lees-
burg pioneers; Mrs. Anna Edwards Wright, daughter of
Leesburg pioneers; Sam Jarvis, Mrs. Ellen Jarvis; Mur-
dock McNicoll, son of Leesburg pioneer; Mrs. Clair
Sharkey McNicoll; Mrs. Anna B. Sharkey, wife of F. B.
Sharkey; Ben K. Dillon; Ira A. Gable; William H. Shoup,
son of Col. George L. Shoup; Walter Gill; Chris Van
Stratt; William C. Doebler; J. L. Pattee, Tendoy; Betty
Joe Pattee; Mr and Mrs. Seth Ball; John Kapp, Carmen;
Mrs. Lida Briney Kapp; Mr and Mrs. George Howell;
George, Mary and Reed Broadbent; R. H. Gaver; Earl

and Thelma Hutchison; 0. J. Long; Mrs. Lou F. and
Rosemary Ramey; Frank H. Havemann; Allen Kieser;
N. 0., Zula, Marjorie, Nadine, Eloise and Ina Claire Ward;
William and Gertrude Mather Kadletz; Mrs. Louella Ig-
ou; Mrs. Madge E. Reed, Baker; Lee F., Charlotte E.,
Edward, and Adele Fladeland; Florence Nelson; Herbert
Coles; Marjorie Brower; Frank Hall, Sr.; Mrs. Erma
Thurston; Thomas and Emma R. Yearian, Lemhi; Mrs.
Cassie and Elaine Christenson; Fred and Eva Rose; R.
E. Lee Ramey, born in Leesburg in 1874; Jesse Mills.
Colson Creek Dude Ranch .

OF LEESBURG: Professor F. A. Butschke of Lees-
burg, George Butschke, Mrs. Elizabeth Butschke, Ar-
thur Butschke and son, and Mrs. Cora Butschke; Mrs.
Maud Fraker, postmaster, Leesburg, D. 0., Margaret,

D. M., Patricia, and H. M. Fraker; Charles, Margaret,
Velma and John Ernst; Judson E., Charles J. and Guy

E. Goff; E. E. and D. A. Yarbrough; Frank E. Watterman;
Rev. M. 0., Beulah, Ruth, Opal, Paul and Marvin Fitz-
gerald; Walter McCofferty.

FROM ELSWHERE IN IDAHO: W. W. McKinney, Black-
foot; E. P. Oldslead, North Fork; Glen Bradley, Forest
Ranger, Forney; Peter Ramsing, Idaho Falls; John Col-
lett, Idaho Falls; William Lortz, Idaho Falls; Jean Mob-
erly, Idaho Falls; G. M. Mosco, Idaho Falls; Miss Lois
Pierce, Caldwell; Edward Briney, Moscow; John Boyd,
Deputy Clerk of Custer County; Mrs. Arthur Campbell,
Boise.

FROM OTHER STATES: Dean Walters, T. A. Bruner,
Carl Overham, H. M. Tuttle, all of Seattle, Washington;
Mr. and Mrs. Otto Hanks, Olympia, Washington; Mrs.
J. F. Geary, De Witt Van Evera, Salt Lake City, Utah;
Edward B. Randolph, Leesburg pioneer, John Ran-
dolph, Mr and Mrs Richard W. Randolph and their two
children of Akron, Ohio; Mrs. Edyth Herndon, Dillon,
Montana; Charles Clemmons Sr. and Jr. of Las Vegas,
Nevada; F. E. Harmon, Tacoma, Washington; Miss Bet-
ty Flaheraty, Missoula, Montana.

No residence given: Jeff and Clarence Edmonson;
John Sheek; Frank and Pearl Kerwin; J. 0. Learned;
Tony Harris; Lynn Thomas; Crist Stuckey; Mrs. Edith
Matley; Roy Ferris; R. B. Rodwell; Frank H., Florence
and Arvel Bal Behman; Miss June Viel; Miss Billie June
Webb; Miss Arlis Bradbury; Curtis Quinn; Forrest Wohl;
A. B. Vinson; Harvey Baer; Mrs. Martha Price; James
A. and Daniel Fry; J. S. Gise; Achille Tomasetti; Thomas
Hungate; George, Velma, Robert and June Baer; Mr.
and Mrs. John B. Hill; Mrs. E. McCoy.

Many others who did not register.

1902 - SALMON & BLACKBIRD STAGE LINE -Through line
from Salmon City, Idaho to Leesburg, Blackbird, Forney, Yellow Jacket,
Singiser. Comfortable stage making the run in one day. Leaves Salmon
Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Arrives Salmon Tuesday, Thursday
and Saturday. Freight and express promptly delivered. Evan Stephens,
proprietor.

125

HISTORY OF THE GOLD PRODUCTION
OF LEESBURG, IDAHO

by O. E. Kirkpatrick, County Historian

The following is an excerpt from tfie above titled document.

. . . The new town of Leesburg soon had a population
of three thousand people, and there were seven thou-
sand people in the Leesburg mining district, an area of
about two hundred square miles.

At the time gold was discovered in 1866, the nearest
supply points for wholesale provisions were Fort Ben-
ton, on the Missouri River, and Walla Walla, Washington
territory, and provisions were brought to Leesburg by
pack trains of horses and mules, usually one hundred
animals in each pack train. However, in a couple of
years after discovery of gold at Leesburg, supplies were
hauled to the new town of Salmon City, by ox teams
and then packed over the mountain to Leesburg.

The late Prof. John E. Rees, during the year 1924,
spent quite some time at Leesburg, going over the en-
tire Leesburg basin, securing data as to the amount of
gold the Leesburg mines had produced. Prof. Rees put

the total production at sixteen million dollars. Quoting
from an article recently written by Prof. Philip Rand,
on the Louisiana Purchase during the administration
of President Thomas Jefferson, Prof. Rand says, "Pres-
ident Jefferson was severely criticized and condemned
for his act of paying fifteen million dollars for Louisiana
and the great northwest and was called by his critics
wasteful, outrageous, and unconstitutional," and con-
tinuing Prof. Rand says, "The gold mines of Leesburg
alone produced sufficient gold to pay the cost of the
Louisiana Purchase — and more to boot".

In conclusion, be it remembered that Leesburg gold,
as washed out during the sixties (1860's), was at a
premium, and at times was accepted for almost twice
the value of paper U. S. currency during those hectic
days of our Civil War.

Submitted by Phyllis Caples
from the collection of Philip Rand

THE GUARDIAN OF LEESBURG
HISTORIAN, ORION E. KIRKPATRICK

by Fred Snook

Orion E. Kirkpatrick was born September 24, 1863,
near Camden, Ohio. In 1884 he went to work on a
tobacco plantation in Lexington, Kentucky. From Ken-
tucky he moved to Salina, Kansas where he operated
a steam laundry. He then went into mining and oper-
ated in Utah, Wyoming, Arizona, Nevada and Southern
Idaho.

Byrd Trego, Editor of The Daily Bulletin, wrote of him:

When he came west he did not locate easily. He worked
in a number of mines and when the panic of 1893 turned
miners into wanderers, we call them unemployed today,
he was at Nampa, wanting to go to Boise where con-
struction work was in progress. He had a little money
and considered whether to pay his fare to Boise, twenty
miles, or to walk and save the money. He decided to
walk. Three years later he was at Redrock. Montana,
wishing to go to Leesburg. The fare was $12.50, the
distance ninety-two miles and he had $100. He closed
a deal with himself to walk to Leesburg for $20.00 and
made it in a little over two days. With his small capital
he got into the mining game at Leesburg, made friends
and money, and in December, 1904, rode into Boise on
a Pullman car with two thousand dollars in his pocket,
as "The Gentleman from Lemhi", representing Lemhi
County in the State Legislature. During the session that
followed, he had a thoroughly good time, was consulted
quite a bit on pending legislation by others, and by the
time of the next political campaign he was into the min-
ing business so deep, that he had more time to go to
New York and Washington, than he had for going to
Boise.

His property was about a mile out of town and about
five hundred feet higher in elevation. The mining prop-
erty was known as the Gold Dust Group and 0. E. was
the principal owner. He developed the property, and
built a stamp mill that shook the hillside when in op-
eration.

Kirkpatrick did not marry, but rather, fell in love with
Leesburg. He was the bridge between the original boom
and the eventual demise of the town. He was an ex-
tremely capable, dedicated man. A gentleman who lived
at the edge of the wilderness. He was a typical western
man, made so by circumstances and by his habit of
making the best of existing circumstances.

He was a member of Lemhi Lodge No. 11, A.F. &
A.M. of Salmon, and Hugh Duncan Chapter No. 2, O.E.S.
of Salmon. He walked from Leesburg to Salmon to at-
tend meetings, often times completing many miles of
the journey on snowshoes. During his time in Leesburg,
he traveled a total distance of about 6,000 miles on
skis and snowshoes. He did not drive and was not a
horseman. 0. E. was a religious man and would walk
from Leesburg to Salmon and back, to attend church.
This was not done once, this was his regular Sunday
activity. Imagine that, when kids today say they cannot
walk six blocks to anywhere.

While hunting about a half mile from his cabin, his
gun accidently discharged and shot away some of the

126

'^yr^'^a^^

Orion E. Kirkpatrick, Lemhi County
State Legislator and author.

0. E. Kirkpatrick and his hunting dog
near Leesburg.

The Gold Dust Mining Camp

Kirkpatrick at age 17.

127

muscle of his right leg just below the hip. It bled pro-
fusely and he found that the only way he could travel
was to sit on the ground with his back towards home
and use his hands to hitch himself along. Arriving at
the cabin and his phone, he seemed in danger of faint-
ing before he could put in a call. He got through to
Leesburg and asked them to get a doctor from Salmon,
fourteen miles by trail. Leesburg went to the rescue,
and a doctor arrived in three hours. 0. E. carried thirty
birdshot pellets in his leg the rest of his life, and the
injury prevented him from taking the hard walks to and
from Salmon.

As mining played out and others either died or left
Leesburg, Kirkpatrick stayed. His mine basically closed,
but he stayed there taking care of it by himself.

0. E. loved animals and in most photographs of Kirk-
patrick an animal is shown. He had chickens, a cat, a
dog, pet bird, etc. His cat was named for his sweet-
heart, who was called by death before the date of their
marriage.

In his last years, his telephone was a prized posses-
sion, which he used to do his shopping, calling in or-
ders, as to what to send out from Salmon by parcel
post.

Kirkpatrick was a studious person and had much good
literature at his cabin. Sometimes when a guest would
stop to visit, he would hand out one of his series of
McGuffy's readers and it would be like going back a
half of century — there were the old lessons, and the
verses.

As others left, Kirkpatrick took it upon himself to
preserve the history of Leesburg. He did this in many,
different ways. He wrote a book. History of the Lees-
burg Pioneers detailing the lives of the first pioneers.
This was published in 1934 and was based on his own
personal knowledge of the people. Plus, he was an ar-
dent student of the lives and deed of those men, and
his hobby included gathering data through all the years
to publish his historical document. James A. Herndon,
wrote the Foreword and commented, "He is rendering

Kirkpatrick and newspaper editor, E. K. Abbott,
outside the Kirkpatrick home near Leesburg.

0. E. and his cat, named after his sweetheart, who died before they could be
married.

Winter at Kirkpatrick's home near Leesburg.

Hunting deer at Leesburg.

128

a distinct service to the State, in the compiling of this
history; a service that the people of Idaho will preserve
and appreciate." The hardbound book of 172 pages
sold for $1.50 and proudly proclaimed "Printed in Unit-
ed States of America". These books are scarce as hen's
teeth today, and are a very valuable treasure to anyone
fortunate enough to have one.

Leesburg has a cemetery, and Kirkpatrick took it
upon himself to decorate the graves of the veterans
with flags and flowers the 30th day of each May. He
kept a flag at the Post Office. He served as mining
recorder in the Leesburg district for many years, and
he organized a party to celebrate the Sixtieth Anni-
versary of Leesburg, erecting a monument bearing a
bronze plaque in memory of the five discoverers. Un-
fortunately, this plaque was soon stolen.

Undeterred, he organized an even larger Seventieth
Anniversary of Leesburg ceremony, arranged for Gov-
ernor Ross and other dignitaries to attend, served as
master of ceremonies, and prepared a list of all persons
present. ^

The Hardee Mill on Arnett Creek was the first quartz mill in the
county. - 1888

Chief Tendoy and son visiting Leesburg in 1896.

Kirkpatrick, an astute businessman and civic leader.

Friend and fellow miner, Lorton Prince.

129

On June 10, 1937 Kirkpatrick mailed a letter and
package from Leesburg addressed to his good friend
Hon. E. W. Whitcomb, Salmon, Idaho. The letter stated,
"As a very small return for the courtesies you have
shown me, I take pleasure in sending you an album
containing a number of Leesburg Views. With all good
Wishes, Your Friend, O.E. Kirkpatrick". The package
contained a scrapbook of many, many pictures of Lees-
burg and Kirkpatrick. It is now in Elizabeth Snook's
possession and was the basis for much of this article.
0. E. died on December 18, 1939 at the Rose Hos-
pital in Salmon, at age seventy-six, following an illness
of many months. A few months before his death he
had been appointed State Historian for Lemhi County
by the State Historical Society.

The Record Herald stated in his obituary:

Mr. Kirkpatrick was one of Lemhi County's most high-
ly esteemed citizens, and was universally respected by
everyone who knew him because of his exemplary char-
acter and kindly disposition. The hospitality of his Lees-
burg home was known throughout this community. His
passing has cast a shadow of sadness over the entire
community.

More than any person before or since, Orion E. Kirk-
patrick was the spirit and guardian of Leesburg. We
thank him today for all of his efforts made then, which
helped preserve this important part of the history of
Lemhi County.

All photos in this section are taken from 0. E. Kirk-
patrick' s personal photograph album. Courtesy of Eli-
zabeth Snook.

s^fL.Loo3Nr_

A. r. WILLS,

I*roi>rlc(or.

Opposite Geo. L. Slionp k Co.

HAViA'ia Lr>ANi:i> ritoM C'Ai»t. it.
WIIMnma Jho "Olil Corner Saloon,"
U'hlcli I Imvo named tho ".Sialc of lUaho," I
am now pie))ared to furnh^li (u I lio public
the flnasi lot o/

Wiiios, Liquors, Beer and Oigara

Ever brought to this city or J.cnihi county.

A FIN I'.nirj.IARB TABLE
in oonnccllon wlili H,»c sa-
loon for 'III* licnriit of cus-
lonicr«. Cull and sec n»'!.

Kirkpa

trick at age 70.

■\

fe..-

\*Vv4,..

U><^

Leesburg historian, Orion E. Kirkpatrick, a man of all elevations.

19 19 - Albert and Henry Kurry brought the news to Salmon of the
recent birth of the first white child in the Middle Fork country, a
splendid boy born to Mr. and Mrs. Freeman Nepthkin at the Nerny
ranch.

19 18 - The Bradley- Watkins garage has gained the distinction of having
sent out the first automobile that ever negotiated the Leesburg summit
. . . The Bradley car covered the distance of i6 miles in two hours and
fifteen minutes actual time. A consumption of five gallons of gasoline
was necessary.

130

POST OFFICES AND POSTMASTERS OF LEMHI COUNTY

by Genie Quinn

In order to establish a Post Office, a gathering of
people would apply to the Post Office Department in
Washington D.C. requesting one, with a suggested name
for the Post Office and also the name of a person sug-
gested to serve as Postmaster. Most times both were
granted as requested, unless the name for the Post
Office had already been taken in the Territory or the
State. If this was the case, then most often, the name
of the Postmaster became the name of the Post Office.

This is a list of the Post Offices, Territory of Idaho,
Lemhi County from 1864 to 1878, taken from the
Washington D.C. Archives: Baker, Bannister, Blackbird,
Bohannon, Boyle, Caskill, Columbia, Copper Queen, El-
lis, Forney, Fort Lemhi, Gibbonsville, Hover, Hunt, In-
dianola, Jorden Creek, Junction, Leesbough (Lees-
burg), Lemhi Agency, Linger, Loon Creek, McNutt,
Morse, Nicholia, Rabbits Foot, Reno, Robinson Bar,
Round Valley, Salmon, Spring Mountain, Sunfield, Ulys-
ses, Woodland.

Post Offices in later years included: Antna, Bonanza
City, Carmen, Challis, Clayton, Cobalt, Crystal, Custer
City, Gilmore, Hahn, Leadore, Lemhi, May, Meyers
Cove, Noble, North Fork, Panarama, Patterson, Shoup,
Singiser, Tendoy. Note that some of these Post Offices
are in what is now Custer County.

Many times the appointed Postmaster would hire
another person to do the Post Office work, but in the
official records that person was never listed. If you feel
that I have omitted someone, this may be the reason,
and I apologize.

The mail first came into the valley over Lemhi Pass
from Red Rock, Montana. When the railroad was built
in 1909, the mail arrived by train, three days a week.
The rest of the time it came by car over Bannock Pass.
In 1940, after the railroad was discontinued, the mail
came by truck from Armstead, Montana over Bannock
Pass and Railroad Canyon. At present the mail arrives
in the valley from Idaho Falls, Idaho by truck; stopping
first at Leadore, Lemhi, Tendoy and then Salmon. An-
other private contractor continues down the river,
stopping at Carmen, North Fork and Gibbonsville. Mail
also comes into Salmon from Mackay and Challis each
day except Sunday.

SALMON POST OFFICE: Salmon City was the cross-
roads town at the confluence of the Salmon and Lemhi
Rivers, and the supply point for mines in the area, as
well as the central point of travel for the valley. Salmon
City became a Post Office in 1869, but in 1895 the
name was shortened to Salmon. Col. George L. Shoup
was the first Postmaster and it is assumed that the
first Post Office was in his store.

Salmon had more Postmasters, not only because it
is the oldest office, but because most Postmasters were
politically appointed by the party in power at the time.
In 1971 Congress changed the Post Office Department

to the Postal Service, to be run as a non-profit agency,
without the use of tax money, taking politics out of it.
The job of Postmaster is now competitive within the
Postal Service. The present Salmon Post Office is lo-
cated at 600 Shoup Street, in the first Post Office build-
ing not in conjunction with a store, shop, hotel or shar-
ing another building. Jean Stokes the present Post-
master is only the second woman to hold the position
out of twenty-eight different appointments.

Salmon's Postmasters: Col. George L. Shoup-1869,
Wilson Ellis- 1870, George L. Shoup-1872, James Glen-
denning-1877, M. M. McPherson-1883, Mary Kirtly-
1886, Thomas Pope-1891, William H. Andrews-1898,
Fred G. Havemann-1902, Philip Rand-1910, Roy B.
Herndon-1914, Benjamin F. Meredith, acting-1918,
Thomas H. Holbery- 1918, Oliver V. Vose-1919, Homer
Holbert, acting-1920, William H. Shoup-1921, Kenneth
E. McBride-1923, Frank A. McCall-1936, F. W. Hanmer-
1942 (longest serving Salmon Postmaster), Vern Chan-
dler- 1960, Forrest Wheeler-1972, Williston J. La-
Munyan, officer in charge-1974, Willard A. Fullmer, of-
ficer in charge-1974, David B. Johnson-1974, Larry J.
Ungefug-1983, Jean Stokes-1988.

LEADORE POSTOFFICE: Leadore is a town made by
the railroad after bypassing Junction, Idaho, located
on the other side of the Lemhi River. Junction lasted
a few more years, but closed in 1919. Leadore Post
Office started in 1911 on Galena Street. It has been in
a few homes, but mostly along with another businesses
in part of the building. One location was very hard to
heat due to its high ceilings, and the Postmaster, Calvin
Whittaker, often kept his insulated coveralls and over-
shoes on all day. Even with the gas heater running all
the time, the ink would freeze.

The current Post Office is located on the south side
of Main Street in the Tomchaks Building. Leadore Post-
masters were: Lucien Klinger-191 1, George F. John-
son-1915, Fred Chase-1920, Elvina Denny- 1924, Nellie
Andrews-1945, Calvin Whittaker-1963, Phyllis Jones-
1988, Marjean Faulkner-1990, Shirley DeCora-1991.

LEMHI POST OFFICE: Lemhi became a Post Office
in 1911, located in the Lemhi Store. The first Post-
master, Lewis Ramsey, owned the store and a ranch,
and nearby Ramsey Mountain was named for him. Af-
ter his death, his sister Laura B. Murphy took the po-
sition in 1934.

Later Marian and Helen Benedict purchased the store
and in 1937 Helen became Postmaster. She recalls
being paid approximately $150 per quarter, based on
revenue taken in. Helen married Bill Brown and moved
to Hayden Creek. Her sister Lillie Swinyer became
Postmaster in 1945. In 1950 Bill and Helen Brown took
over the store and William S. Brown Jr. became the
Postmaster. In 1951 Helen Brown took over until 1983,
when her good friend Fae Smith was appointed. Helen

131

sold the store to Mike and Phyllis Jones and Phyllis
became Postmaster in 1987, until they sold the store
to Dan and June Weber, the present owners. June We-
ber became Postmaster in 1988 when Phyllis Jones
became Postmaster at Leadore.

TENDOY POST OFFICE: There have been three other
Post Offices in the area; Fort Lemhi, Hover and Sun-
field. In that order the mail was transferred from one
to the next and finally to Tendoy, which became a Post
Office in 1911. Fred Pattee was the first Postmaster
and had a store building on his ranch near the railroad
which also housed the Post Office. Mail came three
times a week form Armstead, Montana to Salmon and
on other days by car over Bannock Pass. The next
move was to a new store on the Ball Ranch. When the
State Highway was built on the old railroad bed, the
Anglins moved the store and Post Office to its present
location. Postmasters were: Fred Pattee-1911, Alice
R. Rees-1913, Ora L. lgou-1915, Irene C. Mulkey-1919,
Clara Pierce-1921, Clair Pierce-1944, Barbara Ques-
nel- 1945, Irene Frazee-1946, Viola Anglin-1949, Kelly
Anglin-1983.

'iUMl

TeranY'sinHE-

MAY POST OFFICE: The May Post Office is located
up the Pahsimeroi River about twelve miles from the
main Salmon River, between Challis and Salmon. It is
east of Ellis, in a ranching and farming area. The May
Post Office has traveled from home to home, and up
and down Main Street.

Morse was a Post Office near May, but on the other
side of the Pahsimeroi River and ended up in Custer
County when the county was formed. When Morse
closed in 1902, the mail went to May to be distributed.

In 1983, the May Post Office was to be closed, but
the community protested, and it was kept open with
a new Postmaster. The present Post Office is located
behind the May Grange Hall, in its own building.

Postmasters: Rodolph Wright-1897, Salomm J.
Cleveland-1901, Mamie Morphy-1903, Rachel Weaver
Monks-1910, Bert Reese- 1926, Henry Walarbis-1928,
Ruth Williamson-1929, Emma P. Fitzgerald-1933, Grace
Stoddard-1942, Eva McGraw-1961, Lynette O'Neal-
1984.

GIBBONSVILLLE POST OFFICE: Gibbonsville is lo-
cated eleven miles north of the main Salmon River, on
Dahlonega Creek, about a quarter mile off Highway 93.
It is the second oldest Post Office in Lemhi County that
is still functioning. The first Gibbonsville Post Office
opened in 1878 with George D. Anderson as Postmas-

iXQym;.

UNITEO^TATES POST OFFICE

Tendoy Post Office-1990

North Fork Post Office Today

May Post Office

The first North Fork Post Office-1910

132

ter. He is reported to have had the first mining claims
there also. The population in the 1880's was between
1500 and 2000. The Post Office was in many different
places and a lady tells of going for her mail when the
Post Office was in the back of a bar, and those around
just played pool until the mail arrived.

The current Post Office building was built by Allen
and Norma Stone, the Postmaster. She also was the
Librarian and part of the building was used for that
purpose. Norma Stone Scarborough, the Postmaster
in 1991, wears many hats. She is very active in her
community and is an Emergency Medical Technician
also.

Postmasters: George D. Anderson-1878, James M
Nighswander-1879, James Bontecon-1879, John
Scanlon-1880, Newton B. Wood-1881, Jeremiah Fah-
ey-1882, George Croghan-1887, Willard Dunton-1890.
George W. Noble-1895, George Croghan-1895, Frank
Bien-1896, William L. Edwards-1898, Zera W. Ballinger-
1902, Mary E. Cannon-1906, Anna Edwards-1908, Mar-
garet Bauer Anderson-1920, Geogeien Dean, acting-
1933, Georgeien Dean-1934, Grace Winterowd, acting-
1942, Lena Heidt- 1943, Ida B. Mathis, acting-1958,
Ida B. Mathis-1958, Norma B. Stone, officer in charge-
1973, Norma B. Scarborough-1974.

SHOUP CONTRACT POSTAL UNIT: Established in
1883 and discontinued in 1964, it was to be used as
a Rural Station or as it is called today, a Contract Postal
Unit. The first contract went to Edith Varin and was
operated by Merle Kearsley. Today the CPU is run by
Garry and Peggy Pedrow slong with their store and
cafe. The mail comes out of North Fork on Monday.
Wednesday and Friday. The rural deliveries between
North Fork and Shoup are on those days and deliveries
from Shoup to the end of the Salmon River road are
done on Tuesday and Friday.

NORTH FORK POST OFFICE: Mary C. Calvin was
Postmaster when it was established in 1910. The Post
Office was located in a business built on the hill above
the present town of North Fork. It was in a three story
building with general supplies, bar room, sleeping
rooms, restaurant and a dance hall, open on Saturday
nights. Racine L. Hardy was Postmaster in 1919, Wil-
liam E. McCracken also in 1919, and Barton B. Casey
in 1923. Frank T. Casey became Postmaster in 1940
and moved the Postoffice to his business, Casey Mer-
cantile, the present North Fork Store and Cafe. Later
Postmasters were Bennie Banks-1951, Reginald
McDermott-1952, Alice K. Hanson-1953 and Adele
Armstrong-1982.

After Alice Hanson became Postmaster, she and Har-
old built a frame structure across the North Fork River
for the Post Office. Alice K. Hanson was named Na-
tional Postmaster of the Year in 1976 by the National
League of Postmasters, the only Idaho Postmaster to
ever be so honored. When Alice retired, the North Fork
Cafe bought the building and moved it over by their
place of business. In 1990 this structure was moved
to the middle of the parking lot while a new Post Office
was being built in line with the rest of the building.
Patricia Neilson became Postmaster in 1988.

CARMEN POST OFFICE: The Carmen Post Office was
in several different homes or stores in earlier times, all
in the vicinity of the present Grange Hall, a quarter of
a mile east on the Carmen Creek road. In 1902, in that
area, there was a school, general store, filling station,
dance hall and other buildings and homes. In 1935
William E. McCracken received permission to move the
Post Office down by the new highway, where it is today.
This new road, with a good bridge across the river,
made it much easier to travel north to the ranches on
the Big Flat and down river.

Gibbonsville Post Office

Carmen Post Office

133

CAPTURED, A 245 POUND STURGEON
Biggest Fish Ever Caught at Salmon

An exciting bit of sport was that which occurred
here Monday afternoon, when three of the young
men of Salmon captured a great sturgeon in the
river near the bridge. It required about an hour to
land the monster, which measured 8 feet 8 inches in
length, and when thrown across the scales was
found to weigh 245 pounds.

About noon of that day, young John Gaver was
rowing in the river at the lower end of the Price
Island, when near the old Turner slough which
discharges there, he saw this monster in the
water — the biggest fish he had ever seen. He landed
his boat and hurried home to tell his folks about it.
They all went down to the river with him to see the
strange show, and John and Cady, with their father,
J. J. Gaver, rowed out to where it lay on the bottom
of the river. One of the boys struck the fish with an
oar, and it swam off up stream, making a
tremendous commotion in the water. Then they all
returned to the house, and ate their dinners,
meanwhile mutually devising means for the capture
of the fish which they believed to be a sturgeon.

They had no harpoon, so after dinner one of the
boys hiked to a blacksmith shop with the stove
poker and had the instrument pointed and worked

John Decoria, Cady Gaver, John Gaver pose with their monstrous
catch.

into a double-barbed spear. To this they tied a
clothesline. John and Cady Gaver and John Decoria
returned to the river and embarked on a whaling
expedition. As they expected the fish was still in that
vicinity and was soon located. The first thrust of the
spear struck a scale and glanced off. The second
one, however, held, and the fish swam off with the
boat in tow, hauling the outfit with some celerity for
about 60 or 75 feet, up stream, when the barbs tore
loose and the fish got away.

Then they'd row a little farther up the river . . .
then drop both the oars, take another crack at the
sturgeon, and then they'd row a little farther. Finally
the game headed down stream. Another apparently
secure hold with the harpoon was pulled out after a
terrific battle. The fun lasted about an hour. When
they got just below the bridge, John Decoria
harpooned the fish once more — this time in the
neck. Mr. Sturgeon struggled frantically, and once
raised his huge head out of the water, when quick as
lightning, Cady Gaver shot him with the 30-30
Winchester. This either stunned or killed the fish,
and after some effort at the . . . clothesline the trio
had him hauled up on the shore ice.

From an early newspaper clipping-about 1911.

TALES OF THE NORTH FORK

by Hubert Harder

My grandmother was a courageous lady, truly a per-
son of the pioneer spirit. Her name was Mary Calvin.
Sometime in the 1890's Mary's son. Herb Bosch, rode
a horse over the mountains to the Salmon River Coun-
try. He sent word to his mother in Oregon of "this place
of great promise."

Salmon City was building. Homesteads were being
developed into ranches with herds of cattle, sheep and
horses. There were new orchards of fruit and gardens
of potatoes and other vegetables. Gold mines were
everywhere ... up the Lemhi Valley; Chinese and white
men were working the gold fields in Leesburg and Moose
Creek; ditches and flumes were being built around the
mountains to bring water to the gold bearing gravel
bars. The gold mines at Shoup, Ulysses and Gibbons-
ville were alive with activity. The saw mill on Hughes
Creek was sawing Ponderosa Pine lumber for the many
operations which were going on.

There was a wagon road from Salmon City for twenty
four miles down the river to the junction of the North
Fork and the Salmon, and then another twenty miles
on down the river to Shoup. It was twelve miles up the
North Fork to Gibbonsville. This junction of the rivers
was first called Nobel, and later named North Fork.
About fifteen miles from North Fork up Hughes Creek

134

was the saw mill. It was twenty miles from North Fork
to the gold mines at Ulysses on Indian Creek.

All of the freight wagons stopped over night at North
Fork, as it was a full day's drive from any of these
places. It was here at North Fork that Mary Calvin built
her first little store. After a short time, she built a large,
three-story building which housed a mercantile store,
hotel rooms, a dining room and, on the third floor, a
dance hall. About the time she completed this building,
she became sick with appendicitis and died. She was

taken back to Oregon for burial, but I think it would
have been better if she had been laid to rest in the
valley of the great river she loved so much.

My mother and father operated the store and hotel
for a few years, and then it was sold to Will McCracken
and later sold to Frank Casey. After Highway 93 was
built and the road no longer passed by the store, the
Casey family tore down the large building and built a
new store down the hill by the highway.

My parents, Charles and Rennie Harder, and my

Grandmother Mary Calvin who built the
first store at North Fork about 1900.

Below: The North Fork Store-a mercantile store, hotel, dining room, dance hall and Post-
office. It was on the hill at the site now occupied by the Forest Service.

courtesy of the Casey family

SV^'^vu>f^«

>'. » • •* :

135

brother, Vernon, moved from Oregon to the Salmon
River Country before 1910. Part of the journey was by
stagecoach from Red Rock, Montana, over the Con-
tinental Divide and down to Salmon. The stagecoach
was pulled by six head of horses, as it was a long, hard
pull over the mountains. The road down the mountain
from the Continental Divide was a long, very steep hill.
The stagecoach would be halted at the top of the Divide
and the men would cut a tree and tie it on behind the
stagecoach to act as a drag, to help brake the coach
down the mountain. On my parent's trip, the tree broke
loose part way down the mountain and the horses could
not hold the stagecoach back, which caused a run-
away. One horse fell down and was dragged.

My mother would tell of this experience, and shrug
her shoulders and shake as she said, "Oh, that was
terrible! Vernon was just a baby and I thought none of
us would survive. It was really terrible."

Among the memories I have of the store and hotel
at North Fork are recollections of Captain Harry Gu-
leke, who would build his river scows, or boats, in Salm-
on and then, with his party, would come the first day
as far as North Fork. He would tie the boat up at the
mouth of the North Fork and the party would stay at
the hotel for the night. As was the custom in those
days, all the men would gather at the store in the eve-
ning and tell of the hair raising experiences on the Riv-
er. As a small boy, I was sure that the greatest adven-
ture in all the world was to float the Salmon River.

The Willard Rood family lived on what is now called
Panther Creek. In the spring of the year, the Rood
family would come up the River and stay at the hotel.
Willard Rood, Sr. would have big bales of cougar hides
and other furs. He would pile these bales up in one end
of the store and, in the evening, all the men around
the country would come to hear him tell of his expe-
riences while trailing cougars with his hounds.

There was a lot of mining activity at Shoup and Ulys-
ses, as well as at Gibbonsville, and all travel stopped

""^Xi

*^i.^

at North Fork for the night. When heavy machinery,
like steam boilers or mills, was to be moved, the men
would use six or eight head of horses on a heavy wagon.
A rider would go ahead and, if there was another wagon
or buggy approaching, he would ask that the occupants
find a wide place to get off the road. The wagon road
at that time was only a single track with may steep
hills and few places to pass.

In 1918 my dad bought a Dodge pickup and used it
to haul supplies and people wherever they wanted to
go; like to dance at Shoup or Gibbonsville.

The rivers were full of salmon in those days, and up
the Lemhi River was a fish trap and fish hatchery. After
the eggs were taken from the salmon, the fish were
given to the Indians or whoever wanted them. The In-
dians would put hay on bushes, then cut up the salmon
and spread the pieces of fish out on the hay to dry.
The fish would get covered with flies. Once when we
were up there, my dad asked this old Indian, "What do
you do about all the flies?" The Indian said, "Fly no
eat fish. Big wind come, blow all away."

Austin Trowbridge made a deal with dad; if dad would
haul him and Mrs. Trowbridge up to the hatchery in
the Dodge pickup, they would can a lot of the salmon
and give dad half. There were no pressure cookers in
those days so the salmon all spoiled.

Peg Buster was trapping up the Silver Lead Gulch so
mother gave him all the spoiled salmon for coyote bait.
Pug would saturate two gunny sacks with the rotten
fish and then wrap one sack on each foot and walk
through the woods, to attract the coyotes. When the
wind was right, a coyote could smell old Pug coming
five miles away.

Among the pioneers of the Salmon River Country,
there are many who deserve to be remembered. I think
one, especially, should be remembered.

Hacksaw Tom
Christensen

Stage coach that brought Charles and Rennie Harder and baby Vernon from Red Rock, Montana
to Salmon, some time before 1910.

136

Mrs. Bartel was a full blood Flat Head Indian lady.
She was trusted and respected as a midwife for child
birth. I am sure there are people in Lemhi County whose
parents were helped into the world by Mrs. Bartel; and
no doubt there were some who owe their existence to
the skill as a midwife of this very fine Native American
lady who had a large family of her own.

My sister, Jeanne, was born at North Fork and Mrs.
Bartel delivered her. There was no doctor present, as
it was a full day's journey for a doctor, by horse and
buggy, from Salmon to North Fork. It is fair to say that
Mrs. Bartel was a legend in her time.

During the years I was in grade school we lived on
a ranch at North Fork. The school was four and one
half miles up the North Fork at what is now called Hull
Creek.

We had a horse called Topsy and when I was six years
old I would ride behind my brother, Vernon, who was
five years older. The Carnes boys, Donald and Bob,
were about our ages and they lived on what is now
called the Suydam place. They had a pony. Whisky,
that they had traded from the Indians, and it may be
that the pony's name had some connection to the trad-
ing stock used in the barter with the Indians. Anyway,
we had some great races on those ponies.

Spring Creek School in the 1920's
Four and a half miles up the North Fork.

After my sister, Jeanne, started school, we had a
buggy and a horse called Gypsy to drive. There weren't
very many cars in those days and Gypsy was scared
to death of them. The road was just a single track
wagon road and when we would meet a car, old Gypsy
would stop dead still with her legs kind of spread out
and she would sort of squat down. As the car came a
little closer, her eyes would bug out and then she would
let out a big snort and take for the brush . . . buggy,
kids and all.

I remember the old Indian woman who would camp
down by the North Fork to pick and dry choke cherries
for winter. There was a grove of cottonwood trees along
the North Fork and, about the time of summer when
the choke cherries were ripe, on some early morning
we would see an Indian tepee down there. The old In-
dian woman would pick choke cherries and smash
them, seeds and all, on a flat rock. Then she would
make patties about like hamburger patties and place
them on hay that had been spread out on bushes. After
the patties were dried, she would store them away.

About the time the choke cherries were gone, we
would look down there one morning and the tepee
would be gone. During all the years she came, we never
did see her come and we never did see her go, but we
always looked forward to the time when the Indian
tepee would appear in the cottonwood trees.

There are many stories about Hacksaw Tom Chris-
tensen and his pet rattlesnakes that he would some-

137

times bring to Salmon. One that I remember was when
my mother was in the drug store in Salmon and Hack-
saw came in and wanted some medicine as one of his
rattlesnakes had bitten him. Sometime later, my
mother met him on the street and asked him how the
rattlesnake bite was. He said, "Oh, that sure was a sick
old snake. I didn't think he was going to make it." He
went on, "I stayed up with that snake and nursed him
night and day for two weeks. He survived, but he was
never the same snake after that ... no life to him."

It seems to me that the time Mrs. Shaw, with the
help of a big 45 caliber six-shooter, ran Elmer Keith
and Colonel Townsend Wheeland across the North Fork
on a foot log should be recorded in history. At that
time, Elmer Keith lived on a little ranch up the North
Fork. He always wore a six-shooter on each hip, and
sometimes, another one under his arm. I have heard
him say if he was ever attacked, he wanted a "44" or
a "45" to take care of the situations. Colonel Town-
send Wheeland was a well known writer and gun en-
thusiast. Like Keith, the Colonel traveled well armed.

The Shaws came from the Ozark Mountains in Okla-
homa. Roy Shaw had the reputation for making some
of the finest "White Lightning" whisky in all the Salmon
River Country. Like the Martins and the McCoys, the
Shaws were real, true, gun totin" mountain people.

Colonel Townsend Wheeland came to visit Elmer
Keith, and they went down to the confluence of the
North Fork and the Salmon River. My brother, Vernon,
and I were down by the bridge across the North Fork.

Mrs. Shaw who lived nearby, came across the bridge
carrying her big 45 caliber six-shooter. She said, "Those
men down there at the mouth of the North Fork are
shooting at me, and I'm going down there and run them
out." Vernon and I went down the other side of the
North Fork to see the fun. When we got there, Keith
and the Colonel and Mrs. Shaw were coming across
the log. It was high water season, so to cross on the
small foot log at that time was quite a hazardous jour-
ney. However, Keith and the Colonel were stepping
right along, with Mrs. Shaw right behind; big, 45 six-
shooter right in their backs. After Keith got across the
foot log, he called back to Mrs. Shaw, "You go get your
old man and I will settle this with him." She said, "I
don't need my old man to settle with you. I can take
care of you myself!"

Elmer Keith came over to Vernon and me and jok-
ingly said, "If you boys ever tell anybody about this, I
will kill both of you." Then we all had a big laugh to-
gether.

One of my memories of the dances at North Fork is
that of Jerry Ravendahl's big bobsleigh, loaded with
singing and laughing people and drawn by four big,
prancing horses, with many Swiss sleigh bells ringing
in the cold winter night. The Ravendahl's lived on a
ranch at Hughes Creek, about six miles up the North
Fork.

Jerry was a fine looking young man and he had a
beautiful sister named Clara. Jerry had the finest four-
horse team and the best harnesses and equipment for
them in all that country. The harnesses had big, brass
balls on top of the hames and strings of red and white
rights to hold the driving reins. The sleigh was a big,
heavy bob with a large rack covered with hay and robes
for many people to ride on. The sleigh bells were of
the finest Swiss chimes, and he had many of them
attached to the harnesses. The driver's seat was
mounted up high, and he always had the place beside
him reserved for the pretty school teacher down at
the Spring Creek School.

I am sure there was always a jug of "White Lightning"
- maybe two jugs - cashed in the hay in case anyone
got too cold.

It was something to remember; that big sleigh gliding
along through the snow with the four horses prancing
and enjoying the trip as much as the joyful, singing
young people, and the bells all ringing the marvelous
accompaniment to our songs. The journey to and from
the dance seemed too short.

WHISKEY BY THE BARREL

by Bob Johnson
From an interview with Dick Shoup, 1981

Back around the turn of the century, when the Pi-
oneer Company was operating in the Shoup building
on Salmon's Main Street, supplies, including whiskey,
came in by freight wagon from Red Rock, Montana.
Dick Shoup, whose father and grandfather operated
the store, recalls that all the whiskey was shipped to
the store if fifty gallon barrels. Dick said, "The freight-
ers would open a barrel along the way and take out
whiskey to drink, and put water back in to replace the
amount taken. My grandfather realized what was hap-
pening and told them he didn't mind their drinking the
whiskey but, 'don't water down the rest of the barrel'."

When the freight wagons reached the store, the bar-
rels were sent to the basement on a chute and stored
on their sides on racks. Each barrel had a bung hole
faucet. There were two grades of whiskey. Mayfield
was the better grade and Englewood, the cheaper
grade. Both were bourbon whiskey.

Grandfather kept an old style cup hung on a post by
a barrel of whiskey and every morning there would be
a line of men, including a lot of old prospectors and
trappers, waiting for the store to open. They would file
down into the basement and drink a cup of straight
whiskey. Every morning they had an eye opener and
Grandfather never charged for it.

1918 - Sheriff Frazier's sale of bootleg containers and articles used for
its conveyance came off according to schedule with very low prices
ruling throughout.

138

WASHBOARDS AND ROOSTERTAILS

by Joseph E. Hoy

Road development in Lemhi County has always had
many inherent problems. Local topography has dic-
tated the few byways in the county, with no second
choices. Indians led Lewis and Clark through on their
established paths, and they identified their trip up the
North Fork into Montana as the worst part of their
whole journey. The first white man's tracks led straight
up and over to Leesburg. Some enterprising men cre-
ated the road, and kept it open year round, usable at
a fee. Road building was a formidable task everywhere
it the area. Creeks, bogs, earth that melted when wet,
or frost-heaved when frozen, and rock. Rock outcrop-
pings, solid rock, rotten and fissured rock that would
not (and still won't) stay put, and washboulder pene-
plains.

Removal of the railroad was a blow to the area, but
a boon for vehicular traffic in the Lemhi Valley. The
railbed was promptly converted to roadway, giving a
solid base for a highway. Many do not realize that "old"
28 was the highway until the 1940's, and this is why
most ranch houses are located on the old road. Anyone
who ever traveled old 28 under adverse conditions,
from slick to mud to ruts to dust plumes, had to love
the country to stay. The county has hauled in stable
material to create good road conditions, but they are
still a constant battle to maintain. Connectors between
the old and new highway are located at Geertson Creek,
Barracks Lane, Baker, Haynes Creek, Tendoy to Lemhi
(where old and new are merged), Meier's Lane, and
Cottom Lane, Leadore and finally, at the Skelton Ranch
road. Considering this is in a fifty-two mile stretch (on
the old road), once you are on old 28, you'll be there
awhile.

The most extensive road building in the Lemhi Valley
furnishes access to high ranches located on the creeks
and benches on both sides of the Lemhi. The county
maintains these roads for the public in general, and
ranchers specifically. Snow removal for school buses
has priority. Anyone using a county road needs to be
out very early to find the road unplowed.

Two creek roads. Agency and Railroad Canyon, con-
nect with the Montana road system, with Railroad Can-
yon open year round. Leadore has a paved farm to
market road, providing the many upper ranches with
good access to the highway.

Pavement is a fairly recent improvement in the coun-
ty. For example, as of the mid-thirties, 93 South was
paved for about seven miles, and 93 North to the "Rat
Race" bridge. To obtain the flavor of fifty years ago,
keep the mental image of narrower dirt roads, slower
cars, and almost no traffic, with an out of state license
plate an item to bestared at and talked about.

Gone now are the many truss bridges that once gave
the road character and acted as mileposts to the local
traveller. They were narrower and had awkward angled

approaches, but no one cared, except the logger who
had to stop and crawl up on his load and measure how
many inches (never feet) clearance he had. Seeing a
portion of bridge appear through the cottonwood and
pine on a bright summer day compensated in beauty
for the many miles of rough road. How fast you could
make it to Challis did not have much importance. Being
on the road was an excursion and balm to the senses
that is much harder to find these days with speed,
traffic and tourism.

Travel to Shoup and Gibtown tested any vehicle and
tire. Headlights shook off fenders, radiators dropped
to the road (this actually happened to the Gibtown
school bus), and tires had a very hard life. From Tower
Creek north, the roadbed was rock base washboard
that transformed any attempt to gain speed into a side-
ways slew.

"Traffic" is a misnomer when describing road use in
Lemhi County fifty years ago. If the word existed, it
certainly had no use, since another car was seldom
seen on the road. The narrow road from Gilmore sum-
mit leading toward Idaho Falls seemed to lead to infin-
ity, and I don't recall a roostertail, ever. I'm sure I
would, because the boredom of that section, at thirty
five miles an hour, was total, and any diversion would
have been indelible. Below Shoup and up Panther Creek
was a private preserve, with virtually no steelhead fish-
ermen, rafters, (or Forest Service in evidence, for that
matter) and about the only residents being Rattlesnake
Johnson and Gus Peebles. Downriver news was the
occasional drowning of a tough nut trying Pine Creek
rapids in a rowboat. Travel beyond Gibtown consisted
mainly of highway maintenance trucks and Miller Truck
Lines, who had the franchise for everything wet coming
into the county, and Montana beer was very popular;

t :'■

# \^

.'.f

^--i

Jim Hibbs drives the first car over the River Road about 1919.

139

Butte, Great Falls, and Highlander, remember? Again,
Twin Creek campground never had another part pres-
ent. An excursion to Gallogoly Hot Springs was an all
day affair if you left early.

As an example of how the country looked and how
roads were maintained, the accompanying photos show
a 1926/28 four wheel drive truck with a snowplow
attached. Scott Brown was the operator during the
winter of 1936-37, which was the first winter that Lost
Trail was maintained throughout the entire winter.

The following captions and text were taken from the
Recorder Herald.

January 15, 1936: HOPE TO OPEN GIBBONS PASS,
DISTRICT ENGINEER SAYS SENDING SNOW REMOVAL
MACHINERY. In a telephone communication with dis-
trict Engineer Johnson of Shosone, Frank Bellamy of
the Salmon Chamber of Commerce, stated this morn-
ing that Mr. Johnson said that a big truck is being
equipped with a snowplow on the front and would be
sent here at once for the purpose of keeping the snow
cleared from the Idaho side of the Gibbonsville Pass. It
is understood that some arrangements will have to be
made to secure a big cat and bulldozer to open the
road, after which the snowplow equipped truck might
easily be used to keep the road open for the balance
of the winter.

February 5, 1936: MISSOULA STAGE DID NOT AR-
RIVE. The Missoula stage, which left Hamilton yesterday
morning, bound for Salmon, failed to arrive. Two tele-
phone calls were received here from Missoula last night
between nine and ten o'clock, inquiring if the stage had
made it's appearance. Some uneasiness was felt here
as to the safety of the driver. There is no telephone
communication on the Gibbons pass road for a distance
of approximately twenty miles. Trucks have been mak-
ing the trip almost daily since the road was opened over
the divide last week

April 5, 1936: STAGE MAKES FIRST TRIP. The Mis-
soula - Salmon stage made it's first trip over the divide
last Thursday. George Metzinger, owner of the stage,
and Lewis Seward drove over without difficulty, but in

places had to buck drifts three feet deep. They returned
to Missoula Thursday night and the stage has been mak-
ing it's regular round trip schedule since that time. The
stage is now making daily trips, including Sunday.

April 29, 1936: SALMON-MISSOULA ROAD NOW OPEN.
The last of the snow was removed from the Idaho side
of the Gibbons Pass on U.S. 93 last Saturday. The state
snowplow, in charge of Del Yant of Challis, spent several
days clearing the highway between Gibbonsville and the
top of the divide at the Idaho-Montana line and did a
good job of it. Mr. Yant reported Saturday night that
two cars can pass anywhere on the highway on the
Idaho side. It is reported that the trip from Missoula to
Salmon can be made without chains.

October 28, 1936: PREPARE TO KEEP HIGHWAY
OPEN. Western Montana and Idaho businessmen are
assured by authorities of both states that they will en-
deavor to keep Gibbons Pass of U.S. 93 open through
the entire winter ... A five-ton truck with snowplow,
which is available at Salmon, will be transferred to Gib-
bonsville to be used for snow removal and that "we are
going to make every effort to keep this highway open
this winter," according to J.H. Stemmer.

With the decline of traditional local economic struc-
tures, current emphasis is for wider roads to promote
more traffic and an economy based on tourism. While
perhaps necessary, the independence, solitude, and
raw natural beauty we knew is fast becoming memory.

Editor's note: At publishing time, contracts are being let for im-
provement of the Idaho side of U.S. 93 on Lost Trail Pass.

1 90 1 - Snow on the Leesburg road prevents the stage from running,
the mail being carried on a pack horse.

1926 or 1928 four wheel drive truck with a snow plow attached,
which Scott Brown used the winter of 1936-37, to maintain Lost
Trail Pass.

Doris Webb Brown standing on the C60 Gasoline-fueled
caterpillar with attached rotary plow, used on Lost Trail Pass

140

TRANSPORTATION

Ray Stein, an early freighter,
and his freight outfit near
Salmon.

.t*f «

Charley Snook drives a Snook
freight wagon train.

Red RocU Salmon River SV-

RUNS EVERr DAT I

On.X DIKIOT BODTI TO

Shonp, GlbbonsTillc, rino
Creek and Leesburg.

8Uge trriTti e>lmon CiItiIIU m.tna
l»ovrn| 1 p. tn. Mike elo«e con ection
wiib all triini on U. 4 N. I!nilw«j. P...
••ngeri »nd riprega e«ni»d «l rtfnon«blc o
r«lM. This ia one of the beat ennipped
alage line^ in the W„t. Firal-claaa aloek
and coatbea, firal-elaaa eating ilntiona
careful and aVilled dri'era «ud accomrao-
d.»(rt ageola uid oul/ IJ boura nnnino
Use.

. KED UoDONELL.

FtapetiDlendanl.

i /

?«***£

'^ht

■^}-^^Jk

The Boyle Creek (Tower Creek) Stage Stop was a busy place about 1900.

141

TRANSPORTATION

At Lemhi Pass on divide between Idaho and Montana,
Ferril Terry drives while Grace Kingsbury Francis is a
passenger in 1907. Sign above front wheel says, "U S
Mail, Salmon River Stage Line".

Charlie Beach is the driver as the stage reaches
the Lemhi side of Lemhi Pass. Passengers are
Fred Rose and his wife and an unidentified man.

Midway Station

142

A stagecoach on Lemhi Pass - 1907.

MRS. L KUPFER,

Jewelry ^^^ Gun Store,

Dillon. Montana.

Oarriea the LARGEST and BEST
Selected Stock of Both

XI:P^;E5:i;S it

In Southern Montana.

t3y Fine Watch Kepairing a Sptcinllj.
lap- AH Work Guftrantteil.

Ijp* MrU ordera prompllj atttuded lo.

1903 - Indianola. It is reported here that Hon. H. F. Haynes of Shoup
is constructing an airship and will sail for the north pole, as he says
he thinks there will be less snow there and he might get his supplies
there by stage in less than two months, and things would not have to
lay out and spoil by freezing as they do coming from Salmon.

1903 - October 22. The Carmen bridge will be complete in a day or
so.

1903 - Capt. Gulelce went down the Salmon yesterday with over 10,000
pounds of supplies for W. D. Gross to be taken to Owl Creek. A force
of SIX miners went with the boat, engaged to work all winter.

143

TRANSPORTATION

i?..

^t!5:^* *

Ralph and Frances Irvin and Clio Bellamy on the way to the Salmon Hot Springs.

Possibly a Sunday outing?

TO ,ATiT.i

PRICIPAL POINTS

EAST, WEST,
NORTH and SOUTH

RED ROCK, MONTANA.

E. C. UooBC, AgcDt.

_, ,J. V. PiMXt. A. O. P. Act..
0*i ■ ■ Salt Lake. Uttb.

Coming or going?

!■• I ' •

iiun*Hit«

144

The mechanical age may have
arrived in Lemhi County, but in
1915 when this auto got stuck
in the spring mud it took a team
of horses to pull it out. Willa,
Charlotte, John W., John Wals
and Emily Snook are in front of
the family home on the old back
road, later Hwy 28.

Sisters, Dorothy Rackham and Beaulah Stricklan ■ 1919

Not everyone prefers a horse or an automobile. Alvin Ellis and
his trusty steed were a familiar sight in the Salmon Parades.

145

TRANSPORTATION

. •♦-*.

It,

jjj.-

'^>J{<

-..MIS^V

•9

A winter sleigh ride.

Captain Guiei<e's barge loaded for a trip down the river.

The old postcard shows an idyllic scene on the Salmon River at the
■S. * old bridge.

Bridges were also a form of transportation.

146

Crossing the river somewhere near Shoup.

Christian's Challenger - Another trip down the River of No Return.

147

CAP GULEKE AND THE WILDEST BOAT RIDE IN AMERICA

by Fred Snook

Harry Guleke was born November 8, 1862, at Hav-
erstrong, New York. In 1890 he came to Salmon, where
he would begin a career that would earn him national
honors and attention.

For years he carried freight by boat down the Salmon
River to the miners. Several others before him had
been hauling freight as far as Shoup, but Harry soon
became the most magnetic and knowledgeable boat-
man on the river. After the freighting season was over
in the fall of 1896, a party of sportsmen from Montana
contacted him about making a journey that had never
been done; a float trip on the Salmon River all the way
through to Lewiston. Guleke accepted the challenge
and earned the reputation as "the first white man to
conquer the dangerous Salmon River of No Return".

He found dry timber on an island near the mouth of
Indian Creek and built a barge of his own design. His
idea was to keep as much of the boat above water as
possible. It had to be wide enough not to tip sideways,
long enough to go over the rapids without turning end
over end. The result was the barge that has been used
ever since, manned by two long sweeps.

That first party had a late start, and had to be lifted

over five ice bridges as the party made its way down-
stream. The trip to Lewiston was successful, and the
town there turned out to celebrate the daring achieve-
ment.

This trip down the Salmon River, through the iso-
lated central Idaho, became a regular vacationist's sport
and was advertised throughout the country as "The
Wildest Boat Ride In America." Many famous and
wealthy people made the trip with "The Captain", and
many stories were carried in national magazines. Only
one life was ever lost under his command. That was
when George Sandilands, his assistant, was knocked
off the boat by a sweep and carried under the current.

In 1909 he guided the Gilmore and Pittsburg Railroad
survey crew through the river canyon to Lewiston. They
were attempting to extend the railroad from Salmon
through to Lewiston to connect with the west coast.

Cap said he had never been afraid on the river. "When
a person loses his nerve is when the river is dangerous.
I've never been afraid", was his honest comment. He
said his closest escape was when he went down the

"Ulysses mining men" ■ Captain Harry Guleke in center.

148

Middlefork on a homemade raft. "Sometimes I was on
the raft and sometimes I was under it."

Cap was described as a strapping, muscular, hand-
some and friendly person who always greeted acquain-
tances on the street with a booming but mellow, "Well,
well, well" or "Well, well, I declare." He was big as a
bear and strong, with surprising agility. He would stop
to eat above the dangerous Pine Creek Rapids, ex-
plaining, "We don't want to start through there feeling
weak." After completing a run through a dangerous
rapid he would say to the guests, "Well, well, I declare,
they didn't get us that time."

Once he contracted to haul salvaged machinery to
Lewiston for a buyer from Portland. Along the way. Cap
decided to take the load all the way down, and unan-
nounced tied up at the Portland docks to locate the
new buyer, only two blocks away. Other experiences
included, having to walk a party out from Salmon Falls
when an error by the rear sweepsman wrecked the
boat and all supplies.

Captain Guleke retired in 1933 because his legs were
weakening, but he still made some trips. His last trip
was in 1937 with Max Oyler, Bob Hagel, Elmer Keith
and a party of Easterners. After retirement, he never
lost interest in the river as he continued to supervise
the building of river barges at his boatyard in Salmon.

Another boat ride in the early 1900's with Cap Guleke at the
sweep and Mr. Buker standing, about to pass under the Salmon
bridge. Known passengers were Percy Anderson, Carl Clark and
"Doc" Hart.

courtesy Dee Keirnes

Guleke married late in life when he married Cath-
erine, a widow whose husband had drowned in the
Salmon River. They had no children of their own, but
Cap was always liked by children. He carried candy and
oranges and would toss them to kids on the riverbank
if he didn't have time to stop.

He died at his Salmon home at the age of 81 on
March 16, 1944. He was survived by his wife Catherine,
a stepdaughter, Mrs. Hazel McFrederick, and two step-
grandchildren, Betty and Jimmy McFrederick. He is
buried in the Salmon City Cemetery where his head-
stone bears the inscription, "River of No Return".

Cap Guleke's boatyard in 1902

)Sie€^j^'

~*^

""^^fS^

i^t^n

Harry Guleke

149

MEYERS COVE, IDAHO

by William Wilson

The following is a partial history of Meyers Cove and
the people who lived there in 1919 when I moved in
on the ranch.

We bought the place owned by Walter Wade that
Spring, which was in Custer County. Camas Creek was
the county line between Lemhi and Custer counties.
Andy Lee owned the land on the Lemhi side of the
creek. Andy ran sheep, cattle, and horses. In June of
1919 after he had finished shearing his sheep, he went
down to his horse pasture to catch a horse. Two men
were with him. He caught the horse, and somehow he
got tangled up in his lariat rope and was dragged and
killed. His brothers came in from Montana, and after
the funeral, sold the place to my father. That gave us
all the land at Meyers Cove.

The Spring of 1919, my father bought Middle Fork
property consisting of three places, the Mormon Ranch,
Pole Creek and Sheep Creek ranches. At that time there
was not any forest reserve on the Valley side of the
Middle Fork. That was before the Forest Service took
over that part of Valley County.

In April of 1919, we trailed three hundred fifty head
of cattle to the Middle Fork for summer range. It was
quite a task to trail that many cattle down Camas Creek
in one bunch. The trail was very rough and narrow. It
took three days and nights to go fourteen miles, so
you can see it was a slow drive.

Some of the natives who got their mail at the Meyers
Cove Post Office were: Bob Ramey, who owned the
place at the mouth of Loon Creek, known as the Ramey
ranch. He had the place all producing hay, irrigated
with water out of Cash Creek. He had a very beautiful
ranch there that supported about one hundred head
of cattle.

Ned Bennett was an old man at that time, and lived
with Bob Ramey. He would come after the mail about
once a month. The trip one way was twenty-four miles.
He would ride his horse and bring a pack horse to take
back the mail. Ned was ninety years old at that time.

Lynn Falconbury lived up Loon Creek ten miles, where
he owned a ranch. He had horses and raised hay to
feed them. He did considerable trapping for a living.
He knew how to trap lions, and caught around twenty
every winter, plus coyotes, mink and martin. Bounty
on lions was fifty dollars each.

Buck Culver was up the Middle Fork from Loon Creek.
He owned burros, and used them to pack in his sup-
plies. He packed about ten head, and rode one. One
fall when he was on his way to Meyers Cove after sup-
plies, he got down to Loon Creek and got off his burro
to open the gate. There he had a heart attack and died.
His pack string was found a few days later. He was
buried there on the Middle Fork.

Dutch Charley had a place on Little Loon Creek. He
raised mink.

Frank Love was another native of the Middle Fork
up the river toward Sea Foam. He was another victim
of a heart attack. He was found sitting under a tree
with his halter over his arm. He had gone out after his
horses and was taken. He had been dead about a week
when he was found.

Billy Mitchell lived at Pistol Creek. He had a ranch
and some cattle, and lived alone on his place. He was
Scottish, and a real fine fellow.

Willis Jones lived at the mouth of Grouse Creek. He
had a little ranch and put up enough hay for his horses
and raised a garden. He smoked natural leaf tobacco,
and every year in the fall would send south for five
pounds of the real old natural leaf. That kept him smok-
ing for a year.

K'nney Cameron later came into the Middle Fork and
lived there several years. He got the Ramey Ranch at
the mouth of Loon Creek after Bob Ramey sold the
place. One winter Kinney got hurt, something hit him
on the head and nearly killed him. The people carried
him on a stretcher out to Meyers Cove, some thirty-
five miles, and he was in the hospital three months
before he regained consciousness.

The summer of 1919 was a very dry summer, and
the hay crop was short. No snow fell during the winter
of 1918-1919. It was the winter of 1919-1920 that was
so hard. The snow fell in November, and cold weather
came. The winter was the most severe of any I have
seen. The Spring of 1920, it was the "Dead Stock"
company. They trailed in sheep in the fall and took out
all the cattle they had bought, hoping to winter the
sheep on the range. All the sheep died, and lots of the
pack horses. Deer died by the hundreds.

Albert Kurry, who had the Brush Creek ranch, now
the Flying B, started into the winter with three hundred
head of cattle. Spring came about the 10th of April,
and Albert had thirty head of cattle left. About June
20, his wife died there at the ranch. At that time there
was no telephone service, and no airplanes that could
get into the Middle Fork. Albert wanted to take her to
Boise to bury her, so we packed her body twenty miles
on a pack horse to the end of the road, and from there
to Salmon by wagon and team to the railroad. The train
went from Salmon to Armstead, Montana, then south
to Pocatello and Boise. After Mrs. Kurry's funeral, Al-
bert came back to the Middle Fork, and it was at that
time when Henry, his brother, first came to the Middle
Fork.

Clarence Kaufman was another old timer on the Mid-
dle Fork. He had been a miner in his younger life. He
retired from his labors and came to the Middle Fork
where he could live rather cheap. He lived in a cave
below the mouth of Camas Creek for several years. He
got sick one summer and went out to town for doctors'
care and never came back.

150

Al Beedle was living a mile below the Mormon Ranch
on Pole Creek. He had a comfortable home and got
along very well for several years. He had been a stage
driver between Salmon and Armstead, Montana for
several years. Finally time overtook him and he went
out to Salmon and died.

Emil Reberg was a resident of the Middle Fork in
1917. He was a big, husky young man. He went to the
Middle Fork to evade the army in the first World War.
He lived on the little place at the mouth of Sheep Creek.
He was there a few years, and was raising some hay
to feed a few horses in the winter. Charles Ernst and
his wife wanted his place, so they decided to kill him.
Charles Ernst and his wife lived in Challis, Idaho at the
time. Mrs. Ernst was sent into the Middle Fork from
Challis by her husband to kill Reberg. She went down
to the Middle Fork and stayed with Reberg for two
weeks, but she did not get the job done. She sent a
letter to her husband, and told him she could not kill
Reberg. Then Charles Ernst rode a saddle horse from
Challis about one hundred miles, to kill Reberg. This
was in October 1917. Reberg had just gotten up early
in the morning and was washing his hands and face
outside his cabin. Ernst shot him in the back with a SO-
SO rifle, then went into the cabin and ate the breakfast
Mrs. Ernst had cooked for Reberg.

After breakfast, they put a rope around Reberg's
neck, and dragged him out in the field and buried him
in a haystack. A few days later, they decided to bury
him underground, so they dug a hole and dragged the
body to the hole and buried him. This was in October,
and it was the next March before the body was found.
Mrs. Ernst confessed to the murder and came into the
Middle Fork with two men and showed them where the
body was. The Ernsts were convicted and served a
short sentence in Boise.

John Berntsen came into the Middle Fork the Spring
of 1919 and lived there several years on the Mormon
Ranch. He got a deed to the Sheep Creek ranch and
raised hay for cattle.

A.D. Clark had a cabin at the mouth of Bernard Creek.
He lived there several years. He had about twenty head
of horses, sorrel with white faces and legs; they all
looked alike. He would pack his supplies on them, may-
be sometimes as many as ten head loaded and tied
tail to tail, then tied to his saddle horse, and that is
the way he traveled the trail. He was an old man, and
for some reason lost what he had. He was at one time
very well fixed financially, in Boise. One Spring, in March,
he went to Boise on some business and never returned.

The men who lived near Meyers Cove are as follows:
Billy Beck had a ranch on Silver Creek about four miles
from Meyers Cove. He took up the ranch, and proved
up on it. He had a few cattle and horses, and made a
living on the place. In his earlier life he had followed
mining. He was an expert skier. He carried the mail
into the Lost Packer Mine two winters when it was

booming. He made the trip one way each day, and
carried as much as eighty pounds on skis, some thirty
miles.

Charlie Metz lived up Camas Creek at the mouth of
Goat Creek. He had a homestead there, and trapped
fur-bearing animals in the winter for a living. He had a
trap line about thirty miles long on the divide between
Morgan Creek and Camas Creek. It usually took him
ten days to run the trap line on snowshoes. He was a
very well educated man, and did lots of correspon-
dence schooling. He took an electrical course for awhile
and then had to have some practical experience. So
at sixty-three years of age, he went to Chicago for
schooling. He found his hearing was not too good and
his eyesight was not good enough, so he did not make
the grade. He never got back to his home.

Frank Allison lived on Rams Fork Creek, up Silver
Creek from Meyers Cove. He did mostly dude wran-
gling for his living and he also did a little mining. He
had a few quartz claims. His ranch is now being cut up
for home sites and sold for ridiculous prices. He was
in Salmon one time, and had a heart attack and died.

Ernest Splittstosser was another homesteader in the
area. He had a ranch on Castle Creek some five miles
from the post office. He lived on the place for many
years, improved it a little each year, as time moved
along. Times were pretty hard for him. He did a little
outside work for people, and trapped a little, but never
had much money. During the depression of the thirty's,
he was so hard up he could not buy kerosene for his
oil lamp. After many years of rugged life, he sold his
homestead for three thousand dollars. He traded a
horse for one cow and calf after he had been there
several years, and from the one cow, he built up a
bunch of cattle to about fifty head. He had more to
eat after he had a few cattle to sell. After he sold his
ranch, he went to Missoula, Montana to live, and was
there several years. One day while crossing the street,
a car hit and killed him.

All of these men were bachelors when I knew them.
The rugged life they lived was too much for a woman.
The household luxuries were very limited, and mostly
homemade. Chairs were blocks of wood, or a wooden
box; beds were made of very crude construction, lots
of times a deer skin stretched over a wooden frame.

Charley Sherman was an old cowboy. He had a mail
contract from Forney to Meyers Cove. The contract
was for two days a week. In the summer he would make
the trip to Forney and back. In the winter he would
stay all night at Forney. He lived there several years,
and raised a few horses. He depended on his mail con-
tract for all his income. It was Charley Sherman who
took Mrs. Kurry's body from Meyers Cove to Salmon
with a team and wagon, sixty miles without a stop.
Charley was a good neighbor and an honest man. He
was finally overtaken by consumption, and passed away.

151

Meyers Cove - cont.

Tom Martindale was a little Englishman who came
to the United States when he was a young boy. His
folks wanted him to be a tailor, but that did not suit
Tom. When he grew to be a man, he took up the black-
smith trade. He became very efficient as a blacksmith.
He worked for the Moline Plow factory in Illinois for
sometime. This was before the era of the automobile.
He told me he would weld four hundred wagon tires in
one day. He could make anything with a forge and
hammer, all sorts of tools, and was an expert at shoe-
ing horses.

He came into Meyers Cove in the summer of 1919,
the first time I saw him. He had heard of the Lost
Cleveland Mine, and spent many years looking for it,
after helping me get the haying machinery ready to
hay, he took a saddle horse and a pack horse, and
went looking for the lost mine. Sometimes he would
be gone for three weeks or a month, and them come
in for more food. Several times when he did not come
in about when I thought he ought to, I would go to look
for him. Tom spent many summers lookingfor the mine,
but never did find it. He was over seventy years old
when I first met him, and was very active. He could
shoe a horse faster than I could. He passed on, taking
with him some of the last talents of the old blacksmith
trade.

The above history is about the natives who were
served by the Meyers Cove Post Office when I came
to Meyers Cove in the Spring of 1919. I had not been
there long until I was appointed Postmaster. I was Post-
master for eighteen years, then the Post Office was
discontinued and the mail route still brought the mail.
The road into Meyers Cove at that time was just pass-
able for a team and wagon. It followed the creek bot-
toms a good part of the way. In the spring when the
water was high, it was hard to get over the road with
a load. We started to improve the road, and put it up
on the side hill out of the creek bottom. Whenever we
had a little time, we would take our teams and make
a short piece of road. This went on for a few years until
we had the road up on dry ground, and lots of bridges
were cut out.

For a few summers, my sister, Mrs. John Berntsen,
stayed at Meyers Cove and cooked for me. John was
on the Mormon Ranch most of the summer. In winter,
the Berntsen family moved out, and I was left alone
for the winter. For several years I trailed cattle into
the Middle Fork for summer grazing. It was an un-
profitable experience, as the country was too rough
for cattle range. However, we ran cattle at Meyers Cove
for many years.

The summer of 1923, a bunch of mining promoters
came into the Yellow Jacket Mine, and started a big
excitement. They did a lot of new building, and hired
a lot of men. They bought hay, grain, vegetables, beef

and pork, and all sorts of things, and really went to
town. We sold them about one hundred tons of hay for
their work horses. They baled the hay and hauled it to
the Yellow Jacket on sleighs. The sad part of it is, we
never got a nickel for the hay. Many people were beat-
en the same way. It was just a wildcat deal from start
to finish.

All of these people who were part of the Meyers Cove
Community in 1919 are gone. Time marches on and
things change. My stay at Meyers Cove was from 1919
to 1952. I saw the roads into that country improve
from time to time, and eventually, the automobile
started to come, bringing all kinds of people. The hunt-
ing was very good and soon the place was overrun with
people.

The summer of 1923 the Forest Service did consid-
erable work on the Camas Creek Trail. I did the packing
for the trail crew, moving their camp and packing sup-
plies. They put in a telephone line from Meyers Cove
to Two-Point Lookout at the head of Brush Creek that
same summer. The trail was finished to the Mormon
ranch in 1924. It was put on grade, all switchbacks
taken out, and surfaced, which made the trip much
faster and easier. As the years went by, a trail was put
down the river to Big Creek, and up Big Creek. In the
1930's a pack bridge was put across the river at the
mouth of Big Creek. This bridge opened up another
game country for the hunters. For many years, hunters
were permitted two deer in the Middle Fork, but that
did not cut down the deer herd very much. The coyotes
were the big deer killers. They killed many times more
than the hunters. The lions were plentiful on the river,
and they killed many deer. After the automobile got
into the country, the fish and game started to disap-
pear, and it got more difficult to get deer in the fall.
The creeks were fished out, and everything was over-
run by people.

It was in 1923 that Adele Kingsbury and I were mar-
ried on December 10 in Butte, Montana. Adele lived at
Forney, Idaho, a small community twenty miles from
Meyers Cove. We lived for many years at Meyers Cove,
and as the hunters and fishermen came, we served
meals to a good many of them. I took hunters to the
Middle Fork in hunting season, and we had a big busi-
ness built up. I did considerable packing for the Forest
Service. The road ended at Meyers Cove, and every-
thing went from there on pack horses into the Middle
Fork. A lot of packing was done from Meyers Cove to
Thunder Mountain in 1902. They packed baled hay to
Thunder Mountain, also heavy machinery. One winter
they took some heavy machinery in, and had to use
snowshoes on the pack horses to get over the Wood
Tick summit. They baled hay at Meyers Cove with a
homemade baler. The bales weighed two hundred
pounds, and they put two on a horse. This was a way
of selling their hay. It was a three day trip to Thunder
Mountain, if everything went well.

152

A good many people came into Meyers Cove and
went on hunting and fishing trips. Zane Grey came into
the Middle Fork and wrote the book, Thunder Moun-
tain. Erie Stanley Gardener made several trips into the
Middle Fork and Big Creek on hunting trips. One fall he
came to kill an elk with a bow and arrow. He did not
bring a rifle at all that year. He killed an elk with his
bow and arrow. At that time it was the first elk ever
to be killed with a bow and arrow. It was a big elk, also.

Averill Harriman, another big shot, made several trips
into the Middle Fork to go hunting. He was one of the
men who built Sun Valley. There were many more peo-
ple from many parts of the world who went into the
Middle Fork hunting or fishing. There were lots of deer,
sheep, goats, and some bear and lions. There were
very few elk on the river in 1919, and it was a good
many years later before the elk got into the Sheep and
Brush Creek areas. The Game department and Forest
Service tried many ways to manage the deer on the
Middle Fork, but were not very successful. The coyotes
killed hundreds of deer, and there was never any con-
trol over the coyote. Some of our smart men today
say the coyote does not kill deer, and there is no use
controlling the coyote. How foolish can a man get.

My time covered a time from 1919 to 1952. I saw a
wonderful country of good fishing and hunting and wild-

life abundant, to no fish left in the creeks, and very few
deer. People, when they are turned loose in a country,
soon ruin it. We had experiences with all kinds of peo-
ple. Some were good, and respected our property, oth-
ers would destroy anything.

As our family came along, we had problems with
school. There were very few children in the Meyers
Cove area. My wife would move out to the town of
Challis or Salmon for school in the winter. I stayed at
the ranch and fed the cattle.

There are little communities in the mountains near
Meyers Cove that have some interesting history; For-
ney and the mining town of Yellow Jacket. Forney had
a post office and overnight accommodations for trav-
elers. When I first came into Forney, it was the year
of 1917. I took a job riding for the Challis cattle men.
I had three thousand head of cattle to ride after and
care for.

Some of the natives who lived in the Forney com-
munity were: Milt Merritt, who ran the stopping place
and Post Office. He also had a sawmill. He sawed lum-
ber for the Blackbird Mine. His mill was water powered,
and he did very well with it. He had a few horses and
cattle, and put up some hay. The road from Forney to
the Yellow Jacket went up over the divide between
Yellow Jacket Creek and the Panther Creek watershed.

153

Meyers Cove - cont.

The road was just a wagon road, and it was all day from
Forney to Yellow Jacket, some fifteen miles.

The Yellow Jacket mine was started up around the
turn of the century, or before. Nearly all the mining
machinery was taken in to the mine with pack animals.
It took twenty-six pack mules to pack one cable into
the mine for the tram way. I knew one of the men who
helped with the packing. Hank Smith was his name.
There were several mining camps in the area, and all
operating before the turn of the century.

Another family who lived in the Forney area was the
Frank O'Conner family. Mr. O'Conner was a laborer,
and worked at whatever he could. He also had a home-
stead. The fall of 1910 he went to Salmon City with a
team and wagon after winter supplies. While in Salmon,
he got to drinking. He spent all his money, and when
he started home, he had no groceries for his family of
twelve children and wife. When he got back to Lees-
burg, he killed himself. This left his family with no food
for the winter. However, the neighbors helped out, and
the widow raised all the children.

My wife's family lived in the Forney area, and this is
where I first met her. They owned a ranch and cattle
there, and lived there many years. Her father, H. E.
Kingsbury, worked for the Forest Service for a number
of years, and had a mail contract from Forney to Mey-
ers Cove.

Morris Christensen lived at the mouth of Cabin Creek,
and had a homestead there. The spring of 1920 he had
a cow and calf, and was out of feed for them. He said
they would die if they did not get some hay. I let him
have a sack of cotton seed cake and a bale of hay, and
he saved his cow. People cut down cottonwood trees
for the cows to eat, and anything to save the starving
animals.

The ranch at Meyers Cove that was so beautiful, and
we loved so much, is now owned by the Forest Service.
It has been turned back to nature and is deserted. The
place once supported two hundred head of cattle. Time
marches on. We live our life time and are gone sooner
or later.

Cougar Dave Lewis at the ranch on Pioneer Creek in 1931.

WILLIAMS LAKE

by J. S. Brassfield
contributed by Richard M. Young

The following appeared in the Recorder Herald dated

February 4, 1927 and apparently was reprinted from the Mountain

States Monitor.

For your future fishing information, I will tell you of
the one beautiful spot left to the man willing to endure
some labor for real fishing.

It is Williams Lake, located down the Salmon River
from Chains, Idaho, about forty-nine miles. To get there
from Pocatello or Boise, it is best to go to Challis, then
down the Salmon River to a point about twelve miles
south of Salmon City to a creek, called and marked by
the Forest Service, Twelve Mile Creek. A small service
sign is located near the highway. You are then just
across the river from the Stroud ranch.

There is a cable across the river just above the Twelve
Mile Creek sign, and if you are lucky there will be a
boat on your side; if not, take the cable, it is only about
one hundred and fifty feet across the river. Then up
through Mr. Stroud's orchard. Walk on up Lake Creek,
following a dim path. This is a gradual climb for about
a mile, then the path leaves the right side of the creek,
taking straight up the mountain one would think. It is,
however, only a few hundred feet till one hits an upland
flat which rises gradually about one half mile; then you
will need both hands and feet to complete the last
stretch which forms a natural dam, having slid, I be-
lieve, from the mountains on both sides into what was
a deep canyon, forming a lake with a depth of two
hundred feet and roughly, about one-half to three-forths
of a mile wide by about two and one half miles long.
There is no outlet for the lake except what leaks through
the rocks at the bottom of the dam, making the lake
land locked so far as the fish are concerned.

As one goes over the top of the dam, there is spread
before him the view of a very beautiful, deep blue lake
of very irregular form, surrounded by high pointed rocky
crags. The only opening being the upper end of the
lake where the creek runs into it. I have been on the
lake in a boat as the sun was casting long shadows
across it from nearby peaks; I would say about five or
six o'clock in the evening. At this time hundreds of
Rainbow trout will come to the surface and start churn-
ing the water. When one considers that these fish are
up to twenty-six inches in length and all trying to make
the biggest splash, it is truly the sight of a life time. To
hook one of these, as I have many times, with up to
three hundred feet of line out in a small boat, of which
you are no master, the only thought you have is, "Will
the tackle hold?" This will surely give one a thrill he
will never forget. Ten pound trout are common at the
lake and for sheer fighting and lasting qualities, I have
never caught the equal of Williams Lake Rainbow trout!

There is a tragedy connected with the fish in this
lake. There was at one time, only Dolly Varden trout.

154

LONG TOM CREEK

• ■ ■;■ f «

^ra^:.> .

t ■' ■ ' ' I ' V

, . K

Williams Creek

There being no chance for new stock ever getting into
the lake, it resulted in the fish becoming so inbred
there was no chance of saving them. The government
finally started in to stock such places; so the hatchery
men chose the Rainbow to restock this lake which they
do every year now. The effect of the inbreeding has
resulted in some of the Dolly Varden fish being shaped
like the printed letter "Z" — great bends and crooks in
their length. The Rainbow and Dolly Varden trout have
a different spawning time, I am advised, so there is no
chance of crossing the two types.

The Rainbow, being larger and stronger, has driven
the other fish in the lake to the shallow waters at the
upper end. This is composed of about three or four
acres; the water is very clear and about four feet deep.
It is surely a sight to be out in a boat and rest quietly
on the water for a time, and watch these disfigured
fish swim slowly about. Those that are not crippled will
be all head and no body or off color. As one is quietly
watching the action of these fish a charge of Rainbow
will come out of the deep part of the lake and scatter
the Dolly Varden in many directions; and in many cas-
es, killing them outright. They leap high out of the wa-
ter, to high on the lake shore. It is only a question of
a year or two till the Dolly Varden will all be gone —
being a case of the survival of the fittest!

One day, when I had fished until I was satisfied, I
decided I would see what was beyond the opening at
the upper end of the lake, which meant a walk of about
a half mile. The narrow channel opened out into one
of the prettiest valleys I have ever seen. The grass was
two feet deep all over it and literally alive with the large
yellow legged deer.

At the upper end of the valley, I ran across a large
black bear and two cubs — surely a sight to behold.

I followed the valley on for about eight miles to where
it gradually closes up into a narrow pass through the
higher mountains back of the lake. As it was getting
late, I didn't go farther at that time, but I will say I have
never been into a place where so many sights and so
much game were together in one location! I look for-
ward to another vacation, then if things are favorable,
to take a look at the other side of the pass.

Long Tom Creek was so named because a mining
implement called a long torn, which is a combination
of a rocker and a sluice box, was found at the mouth
of the creek ... A bit of folklore grew out of a local
incident. A man named Joe "Tom" Lockland drowned
in Pine Creek Rapids and was found at the mouth of
this creek. His body was packed up to Shoup by Wallace
St. Clair. A coffin that had been made in Salmon for
him was waiting in Shoup, but when they tried to put
Tom in, he was too tall for the coffin; so Wallace St.
Clair cut the cords under the dead man's knees, bent
the legs up over the thighs, nailed the lid down, and
packed him out to Salmon. Since Tom was too long
for the coffin the place became known as Long Tom
Creek.

Idaho Place Names, A Geographical Dictionaryby Lalia Boone, 1988.

JESSE CREEK ON A TEAR

Idaho Recorder-October 27, 1916

The somewhat swollen if not bloated condition of
Jesse Creek observed by early risers in Salmon on
Monday morning, after being dry for a month or longer
was not explained, but the fact remains, nevertheless,
that Sheriff Stroud poured out upon the watershed of
that stream, the day before, a quantity of confiscated
beer and liquor which had been held as evidence in
some cases tried in the district court. The sheriff still
has more of the contraband for evidence to be offered
at the next term. In this lot is one case of beer and
fourteen boxes of whiskey, all safely stored in the
courthouse. It was said for the liquor poured away the
other day, that it was of a kind that is totally depraved
and that it came near eating holes in it's container.

1919 - No less than 17 bottles of Sunnybrook were found the other
morning out near the cemetery where they had been cached. Walter
Ramey and a number of boy companions made the discovery. They
lost no time in hurrying with their load to the Sheriff's office. When
met on the way by an inquisitive citizen whom they thought might
be the owner of their load they were asked what they had there.
"Chickens" promptly spoke up the leader of the band and they were
permitted to pass on to make the delivery at the courthouse, where the
sheriff will be called upon to pour away the liquor a little later on to
liven up the waters of Jesse Creek.

NOBLE & MORRILL.

SALOONISTS

"CsAP'S gornbr;'

Give Them a Call and Enjoy
MODERN GLORY.

155

SALMON LODGE #1620 B.P.O.E.

by Jack W. McKinneyl989

Salmon Lodge #1620, of the Benevolent and Pro-
tective Order of Elks has completed its first half cen-
tury. Some noteworthy dates have marked the first
fifty years of its history.

June 5, 1939: The day Salmon lodge was instituted,
sponsored by the Idaho Falls lodge. The day began with
an afternoon parade, led by a brilliantly uniformed drum
and bugle corps from Idaho Falls. Idaho Falls lodge
conducted initiation ceremonies for the fifty-two char-
ter members.

Officers elected and installed the same day Included
John W. Snook, Exalted Ruler. Brother Snook had been
Exalted Ruler of the Skagway, Alaska lodge during his
time as United States Marshal there. More than any
other individual, John was instrumental in getting a
lodge started here and guiding it through the financial
troubles of its youth. When he died in January, 1975,
at ninety- eight, he had been an Elk for seventy-eight
years, longer continuously than any Elk in this state
and probably in the nation.

Other first officers were: Dr. A. H. McFarland, Lead-
ing Knight; Don Carnes, Loyal Knight; Fred Snook, Lec-
turing Knight; Ralph Dillard, Secretary; Joe Fitzpatrick,
Treasurer; the Reverend Torben Olsen, Chaplain; Gil-
bert Innes, Tiler; Herb McPheeters, Esquire; and Trus-
tees Eddie Papetti, J. P. Carnes and D. S. Nichols.

Charter members still paying dues here after fifty
years are C. W. Lyon, John Rand and Fred Snook of
Salmon, H. B. McPheeters, Woodridge, II., Eddie Pa-
petti, Billings, Mt., Paul Pattee, Emmett Id., and Everett
Stroud, Kalispell, Mt. Three weeks after 1620's birth,
it sent a delegation to the state Elks convention at
Coeur D'Alene. In the parade there, Salmon had jolly
three hundred pound Fred Brough dressed in baby cap

and frills, proclaiming Salmon Lodge the youngest in
the nation, a twenty-one day old infant propelled in a
baby buggy by a little wisp of a guy, Wilbur Gill, dressed
as the mother.

October 12, 1940: The deed was recorded showing
the purchase by B.P.O.E. #1620 of a half block on
South St. Charles and the two story building thereon
from Frank and Clio Bellamy and Edwina Nichols, for
$7,800. This is where the fire station now stands. At
the same time the lodge borrowed $8,000 from Fred
and Joseph Pattee and mortgaged the property to
them.

May 23, 1942: Old Pioneer Hall was dedicated as the
Elk's Hall. Kenneth Swift was Exalted Ruler at this time.

July 23, 1962: This turned out to be 1620's luckiest
day. At 12:03 a.m. that day, a fire started that de-
stroyed our lodge and under it, the city fire house and
a geological survey office, as well as the rest of the
block, clear to Main Street, including Joe Bohney's
blacksmith shop, the Lemhi Hotel, Silver Spur bar and
Steven's Drug Store. Everything was gone by morning.

August 6, 1962: Salmon City Council agreed to trade
five unimproved acres on the north side of the bar for
the 99x70 feet of property where our lodge had been.
Salmon Fire Department subsequently built its present
station there. Exalted Ruler Adams attended that
Council meeting, accompanied by Dwight Stevens,
Hooley Larsen, Don Grayot and Jack McKinney.

August 20, 1963: Ground breaking ceremonies were
held. John W. Snook laid the cornerstone and Fred
Snook was master-of-ceremonies. Dr. Zach Johnson
was ER then, and Brother Adams headed the building
committee. We had $50,000 from fire insurance to start
construction, and the Grand Lodge gave us a permit

Burning the mortgage in November 1953: Lloyd Pyeatt, Harvey
Fortney, Maurice Cochrane, Fred Snook, Sr., John Snook, W. 0.
Kunter (Idaho Falls Lodge), Larry McGivney, Kenneth Swift.

^ii:^^

156

to spend $62,000 on the building and $15,000 for fur-
nishings. The lowest of seven bids was $51 ,642.85 made
by Wade Chaffin. Personal 6% bonds totaling $11,525
were sold to several Elks. Also started was a program
of voluntary $100 contributions per member. Many
made these donations.

December 28, 1963: Opening of the current Elks
building. The first New Year's Eve dance was held that
year, a well attended event, as were all New Years Eve
dances during our early years.

Naturally, many firsts have been recorded during this
lodge's history. The local paper, in 1941, first men-
tioned the distribution to the needy of Elks' Christmas
baskets. This is still done annually.

During April, 1964, B.P.O.E. 1620 sponsored its first
Boy Scout troop and this continues today.

In 1941, the first musical group we had was com-
posed of Del Egbert, Sam Smith, Fred Snook and Gold-
en Welch. They sang for the Elks Charity Show and at
Rotary, etc. By 1941 the Elks also had a softball team
that achieved considerable success.

Twice we have had mortgage burnings. The first came
on November 20, 1953 to discharge T. 0. Beers' mort-
gage on the old Pioneer Hall. The second torching came
on June 20, 1978 to wipe out the personal bond and
bank indebtedness on this building.

The first Elks ritual team to compete had Jim Ma-
honey as Exalted Ruler in 1950-51 and included also
Maurice Cochran, Roy Bisson, Hooley Larsen, Lynn
Ward, Darrell Baker and Wayne Ball. In 1972, our first
and only team to win the district ritualistic contest fea-
tured Dale McAfee as Exalted Ruler, also LaVerne Nel-
son, Don Grayot, William Jakovac, John Henderson,
Eugene Edwards and Dave McFarland. Frank DeMark
was coach and John Hemmert the candidate.

From Salmon, the first district deputy named by the
Grand Exalted Ruler to oversee Idaho East was Arch
McFarland, who served in that capacity in 1959-60.
Three other Salmonites who have had the honor of
becoming D.D.G.E.R.s are: Don Grayot, 1966-67; Pat
Benoit, 1979- 80; and Dale McAfee, 1987-88.

A dependable partner in Salmon Elkdom has been
the Elks Auxiliary. Through their own industry, this group
has amassed thousands of dollars with which to pur-
chase furniture and draperies and clean and upgrade
the general appearance of the lodge. For a long time,
they voluntarily prepared the meals for Elks on lodge
nights. Elks forever will appreciate the Auxiliary's good
works.

MART I'lNLEY,

Palace Baibcr Shop.

Shaving Shampooing and Hair
Cutlinj;.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF
ODDFELLOWS

by Rocky Mountain Lodge ^5

On Saturday, January 1, 1870 a group of men were
called to a special meeting at the Odd Fellows Hall in
Leesburg, Idaho Territory, by Brother Past Grand Wolf-
sahn for the purpose of instituting Rocky Mountain
Lodge #5, lOOF, by the authority of the MWGM. These
men were to be the charter members of the lodge thus
instituted.

The first regular meeting of this Lodge, was held
that same evening and the following officers were
elected for the ensuing term: Brothers Thomas B.
Mulkey, Noble Grand; James Noble, Vice Grand; E. Peck,
Recording and Financial Secretary.

The lodge moved along busily for many months,
mostly conferring degrees; sometimes as many as three
degrees in one evening. Each candidate was voted on
separately and each received his degree separately. At
this time there were five degrees in the lodge. There
were several nominees for each office and the elec-
tions were very formal.

On February 10, 1872 the purchase of six chairs,
two pedestals and an Altar was authorized. The furni-
ture cost $102 and was paid for in gold dust. It came
by rail to Corrine, Utah, the end of the railroad, and
from there to Salmon by freight wagon and on to Lees-
burg by pack mule. When the Lodge moved to Salmon
in 1875 it was packed out again, and is still being used
in the Lodge Hall.

On August 22, 1874, Brother Randolph Mohr moved
that the MW Grand Master be requested to grant dis-
pensation to move this Lodge to Salmon within four
months. The motion carried and the last meeting held
in the Leesburg Hall was on October 2, 1875.

The first meeting in Salmon was on October 16, 1875
and it is thought that temporary quarters were prob-
ably in the Masonic Hall. Before long the building now
occupied by the present Hallmark store was built by
the Lodge, with a meeting place on the second floor,
and rentals on the ground floor. In the minutes of No-
vember 18, 1876 it is noted that rent from the lower
hall was $14.50.

On November 13, 1883 a charter was issued under
the jurisdiction of Idaho, and the Encampment branch
of the Order received its Charter on October 15, 1894.

Between 1888 and 1889 the property where the
present hall now stands was purchased and construc-
tion was begun about 1907. The first meeting in the
new Hall was on October 10, 1909.

Rocky Mountain Lodge can be justly proud of its con-
tributions to the governing bodies of the Order. It has
furnished two Grand Masters: Brother Chester G. Ma-
thewson, 1908-1909 and Brother R. M. (Dick) Young,
1959-1960. Encampment has furnished three Grand
Patriarches: William J. Brown, 1898-1899, Herbert

157

Bradley, 1939- 1940, and Virgil Harris, 1954-1955.

Rocky Mountain Lodge has always participated in
civic affairs and has sent several students on the Unit-
ed Nations' Pilgrimage. It has always participated in
Boy's State. The lodge rooms have been opened to
those who needed a facility for meetings or social af-
fairs.

As a great fraternity. Odd Fellowship creates a broth-
erhood and sisterhood; not a division of men and wom-
en. Though the Order is not a religion, its doctrine pro-
claims faith in God, in religion of choice in his or her
country.

The three links are a chain of gold, shaped in God's
mold. Always — Now — Forever.

The beginning of the construction of the "new" lOOF building in
1908. Men are unidentified.

Furniture purchased in 1872 in Leesburg and still in use.

ANNA REBEKAH LODGE #14

by Rose Coram • Historian, 1990

Anna Rebekah Lodge #14 was instituted on May 5,
1890, and received the Charter on October 15 of that
year. There were eight men and five women who signed
the Charter. They are listed as Brothers F.B. Sharkey,
Thomas Pope, F. M. Pollard, A. J. McNab, A. W. Pat-
tison, W. L. Mulkey, C. G. Mathewson , and E. hi. Jaan-
jaquet. The women were A. B. Sharkey, Emma Pope,
Sophrona Pollard, Anna B. Davis and A. Mulkey.

Mrs. A. Mulkey was elected the first Noble Grand with
the wife of Thomas Pope, Vice Grand and Brother Chet
Mathewson Secretary and Sister Pollard Treasurer.

The name of the lodge was named Anna Lodge #14
Daughters of Rebekah. The name Anna from two char-
ter members Anna B. Sharkey and Anna B. Davis.

The meetings were held in the Rocky Mountain Lodge
Hall on the upper floor of the building now occupied
by the Hallmark store. This is one of Salmon's oldest
buildings built in 1876. The upper floor was used for

meetings and entertainment while renting business of-
fices below.

The meetings were held the first and third Wednes-
day of each month as they are now, one hundred years
later.

The initiation fees and dues were two dollars for Odd
Fellows and one dollar for Ladies with one dollar yearly
dues.

Brother A. W. Pattison was the first janitor hired in
1891 for six dollars and twenty five cents a year! He
received this salary till 1894 when he received a raise
for his job "well done" to six dollars and fifty cents.

After some discussion the members decided they
needed music to add to the meetings, so an organ was
purchased February 1891 from Wilcox and White Com-
pany. The Rebekahs paid their half, sixty one dollars.

March, 1891 lodge regalia, seal and jewels were or-
dered for seventy four dollars and twenty five cents

158

plus twenty five cents for stage express, plus forty five
cents postage.

Out of town members came by horse back or team
and buggy. The Sisters thought they needed a mirror,
comb and brush to be used by everyone! The same
mirror hangs in the rest room.

June of 1898, Brother Pattison made six chairs for
the lodge for a total of seven dollars and forty cents.

There were fifty members on July 6, 1898. Robes
were bought for the initiation team for two hundred
nineteen dollars and eighty seven cents, including the
well jar and tambourine, still used today.

On June 5, 1907, a Grand Ball was given by the Re-
bekahs. A ticket to the dance which included supper
was two dollars and twenty five cents. After expenses,
one hundred twenty three dollars and fifty five cents
was made.

Dan Chase was paid one dollar for moving all the
lodge furnishings to the new hall. The Rebekahs moved
into their present building on August 18, 1909.

In 1928, Anna was honored at Rebekah Assembly of
Idaho when Jessie Goodell was elected Grand Warden,

Rebekah sisters Betty Kohl, Sandra Faraday, and Rose Corum wear-
ing the original robes at the 100th Anniversary celebration.

1929 as Vice Grand, and in fall of 1930 as Assembly
President of Idaho.

A number of our Rebekahs have served on the Grand
Lodge staffs. Thelma Ramey, 1956 and 1957; Madora
Meeks Hamlin, 1951; Lucille Benson Benjamin, 1971;
and Sandra Faraday, 1982-1990.

The Lodge today has a membership of seventy. Sis-
ters belonging fifty nine years or longer are Margaret
Snyder Pyeatt (1924), Gladys McFrederick (1931) and
Marie Waller (1931).

The Lodge has been active in Civic affairs. We have
sent several students to United Nations Pilgrimage,
participated in Boy's and Girls's state funding, and con-
tributed in the World Eye Bank.

We have endeavored to live and teach the principles
of Odd Fellowship, and to keep our three links: Friend-
ship-Love-and Truth, bright and shining.

Anna Rebekah Lodge celebrated it's one hundredth
birthday Sunday, June 3, 1990, with a program and
refreshments in its spacious hall. Leesburg Rocky
Mountain Lodge #5 celebrated their one hundredth
birthday in 1970. The two lodges have very close ties,
working and enjoying many social affairs.

Institued in Leesburg in 1870, lOOF celebrates its 100th year in
January 1970. Jack Morrow ■ Boise, Jessie Goodell - Salmon, Glen
Chaney - Nampa, Dick Young ■ Salmon.

LEMHI LODGE NO. 11, A.F. 8C A.M.

by Lloyd Edward

Lemhi County, Idaho is Masonic Country. The first
white man known to have entered what is now Lemhi
County, Idaho was a Master Mason, Captain Meri-
wether Lewis. Captain Clark was not a Mason at the
time, but was initiated soon after returning from the
expedition.

With the gold rush to Napias Creek and the Leesburg
Basin in 1866, came many future members of the Ma-
sonic Lodge. Lemhi Lodge was created on December
16, 1874 at Salmon, Idaho. It was part of the Grand
Lodge of Idaho and was the eleventh Masonic Lodge
Charter in Idaho.

The first officers elected were: Colston W. Manasco,
Jesse McCaleb, William Boyd, George L. Shoup, Ed-

ward O'Neil, George G. Wentz, William Orcott and Jo-
seph Boggs. Membership the first year was about thirty
and the first meeting were held in the basement of
Shoup's Store.

Col. George E. Shoup was a charter member of Lem-
hi Lodge. The lodge was a prominent fixture in the
development of the region. Shoup served as Past Mas-
ter of Lemhi Lodge and served as Most Worshipful Grand
Master of Idaho in the year immediately preceding his
being named Idaho Territorial Governor. Shoup pro-
vided Lemhi Lodge was a most unique lodge facility in
the 1880's when Shoup built a new three-story "sky-
scraper" in the 400 block of Salmon to house his mer-
cantile business. The top floor was set aside for Lemhi

159

The first Masonic Lodge in Salmon was in this log building.
The Lodge later moved to the third floor of the Shoup Building.

The present Lemhi Lodge has graced Salmon's Main Steet since
1932. This photo was prior to 1974.

Dr. William C. Whitwell demitted
into Lemhi Lodge in 1889.
Served as Worshipful Master for
years of 1892-1893-18961903-
1904 and as Most Worshipful
Grand Master of Masons in Ida-
ho in 1908.

Colston Manasco, the first Worshipful Master
of Lemhi Lodge No 11. He was from Alabama,
went to California in the gold rush, came to
Leesburg in 1867, and served four terms as
County Assessor before returning to Califor-
nia in 1880.

Lodge No. 11. When the Lodge was duly and truly tiled,
there was no question about it — a ladder between the
second and third floors was pulled up through the trap
door which gave access to the hall. On the outside of
the building is the Masonic symbol which has proudly
looked down on Salmon's Main Street for more than
one hundred years.

The original lodge building was a two story log build-
ing. After the Shoup Building, the Lodge moved into
its own temple in the 400 block of Salmon. Disaster
struck when a fire destroyed the second floor lodge
hall in 1931. The fire destroyed all of the old minutes
of the Lemhi Lodge. The new Masonic Temple was ded-
icated on April 27, 1932 and artist, John C. Snook was
paid $150 for an oil painting which is still on display.

Lemhi Lodge No 1 1 , is now 118 years old and is the
second oldest Lodge still active in the entire State of
Idaho. The Lodge is proud of the part it has paid in the
development of Lemhi County and proud of the Ma-
sonic history connected to our great area.

From material prepared for the Centennial Celebration in 1974.

We MUST make room for our Stock of

— ^"^aTET i© HDZB"^-
BOOTS and SHOES I -n©- BOOTS and SHOES !

ty W« igUDd 10 ls«ke » ip^ciiltj is thii line dorins Ihe comiui hb^od

m FIRST COME, FIB ST SERYED. S

o-ieoss :s2BOS.

160

HUGH DUNCAN CHAPTER #2

ORDER OF EASTERN STAR

by Rose Bolton & Elizabeth Harrison

Idaho was still a Territory when the first Eastern Star
Chapters in Idaho were organized. With the coming of
families, came also the need for a social life. Where
there were enough Masons to form a Lodge, there was
also the desire for Eastern Star Chapters. The Order
is based upon the enduring principles of Charity, Truth,
and Loving Kindness.

In the year 1873 or 1874, Reverend Hugh Duncan
of Sheridan, Montana, a Methodist minister, visited
Salmon. He found that Salmon had neither a church
nor a pastor, therefore he came on horseback once a
month to preach. In Virginia City, Montana he had or-
ganized the Masonic Grand Lodge in 1866.

Now in Salmon, he urged the wives of Masons to
associate together as members of the Order of Eastern
Star. In February, 1866 a petition naming twenty-seven
Masons and their wives was sent to the General Grand
Chapter asking that a Chapter of the Order of Eastern
Star be organized. The Charter granted, Reverend
Duncan was authorized to institute the Chapter, and
in his honor it was named "Hugh Duncan Chapter".
They first met in an upstairs room of the log building
used by Col. Shoup as a warehouse. Everything was
primitive, but neat, and lighted by kerosene lamps.

The first officers were: Mary Kirtley, Worthy Matron;
Robert McNicoll, Worthy Patron; Anna B. McCaleb, As-
sociate Matron; and Peter Van Norden, Secretary. In
addition to the officers, charter members were: Emma
Wentz, Emma White, Barbara McNicoll, Ada Merritt,
Margaret Hornbeck, Ellen Beattie, Clara Mintzer, Anna
Sharkey, Anna Stevens, James Kirtley, George Wentz,
Monteville White, Anthony Hornbeck, James Beattie,
Olin Mintzer, Frank Sharkey, Isaac Stevens, Josiah
Chase, and W. H. Potter.

Anna B, McCaleb was the second Worthy Matron,
serving from 1887 through 1889. Her husband, Jesse
McCaleb, was one of the first Masons in Idaho. Mrs.
McCaleb served as Grand Adah in the first Grand Chap-
ter of Idaho when it was organized at Weiser in 1902.
Since the Grand Chapter of Idaho was organized, there
has only been one session when Hugh Duncan Chapter
was not represented. In 1908 Grand Chapter met in
Coeur d'Alene, and heavy rains caused such high wa-
ters that roads and bridges were washed out and the
stagecoach could not get through.

Growth in membership necessitated the move to
larger quarters, and the Lodge and Chapter moved to
the third floor of the Pioneer Mercantile Building. Mr.
Shoup had built this extra space expressly for the Ma-
sonic Lodge and Eastern Star meetings. He richly fur-
nished the room and gave it to the Masons. Meetings
were held there until the Masons purchased property
just across the street, remodeling the building to suit

their needs. In 1931 that whole block was destroyed
by fire, resulting in the loss of equipment and records
for both organizations. The brick walls were left intact,
and were later cut down to be used for the walls of a
new one story building with full basement. This hall at
414 Main Street is still being used by the Masons, East-
ern Star and Job's Daughters.

In 1911, Hugh Duncan Chapter entertained Grand
Chapter and it was a memorable trip for those at-
tending. It was the first summer that the G and P Rail-
road was in operation. The unusually high waters
washed out some of the bridges which gave the del-
egates an extra day in Salmon. At this Grand Session,
Mrs. Mertia J. Frost Melvyn Kane was elected Associate
Grand Conductress. Dr. W. C. Whitwell was elected As-
sociate Grand Patron.

Mertia Frost-Kane served as Worthy Grand Matron
in 1914-15, and was instrumental in the creation of a
Home Fund to benefit Eastern Star affiliates. She was
then elected Grand Secretary, and served the Grand
Chapter in this capacity for fourteen years.

Orion Kirkpatrick of Leesburg was Worthy Patron in
1915 and it was noted that he walked a total of 307
miles, many of those miles on snowshoes, to attend
the Chapter meetings that year. The beautiful electric
signet, was purchased as a memorial to Mr. Kirkpa-
trick, with money raised by the membership and a do-
nation left by Orion himself. The lovely star-point rug
purchased as a memorial to deceased members, was
a gift to the Chapter, through bequest by Bertha Doe-
bler.

Loula T. Carpenter was elected Worthy Matron in
1920, serving two terms. During 1921 she traveled
twenty-two miles from the ranch at Tendoy, by horse
and buggy, never missing a meeting.

The 75th Anniversary was observed in March 1961,
with members dressed in 1886 vintage clothing. A pa-
rade of early costumes and vehicles on Main Street
preceded the formal dinner at the Hall. Eighty-three
members and guests were present.

The Order of Eastern Star is a non-profit and char-
itable organization. By means of special fund raising
events and bequests to the Chapter, Hugh Duncan
Chapter has donated handsomely to many charities
over the years.

In March, 1981, the Chapter held an open house to
celebrate the 100th birthday of Augusta Hines, and
honored her again two years later. She passed away
in June 1985 at the age of one hundred four.

In June 1985 Rose Bolton, Past Matron, was installed
as Worthy Grand Matron of Idaho. The Chapter cele-
brated its 100th Anniversary and the homecoming of
the Worthy Grand Matron in March, 1986. Hugh Dun-
can Chapter was the first in Idaho to observe 100 years
of continuous activity. Held together in a fraternal fel-
lowship, the Chapter is blessed with a busy and en-
thusiastic membership, working together to promote
the principles of the Order of Eastern Star.

161

THE OUTLOOK FOR MINERAL DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL IDAHO

by Allen C Merritt ■ 1934

In choosing this subject we fear that we are like the
Swede who, on taking a few drinks challenged anyone
in the house to fight. Hearing no takers he further im-
bibed and challenged the town. Further additions to
his courage prompted him until he challenged the world,
when a bystander removed his coat and said, "You're
covering entirely too much territory." We admit this,
but feel that you will bear with me as we are somewhat
secure in that we may possibly escape challenge.

To define Central Idaho let us consider the area be-
tween the one hundred eleventh and the one hundred
seventeenth meridians and the forty-second and forty-
ninth parallels. We have here enclosed the greatest
potential mineral area in the United States, if not in
the world.

The Idaho Batholith is, in all probability, responsible
for the mineralization which gives this area the dis-
tinction we have assigned to it. This giant uplift with
its intrusions, its folded, sheared and faulted covering
of great thicknesses of sedimentaries with the subse-
quent erosion had exposed around its margins the ex-
tensive mineralization which is and will be the source
of production for centuries to come.

The State Divided By the Salmon River
In this restricted area the State of Idaho is divided
in two sections by the Salmon River. The Idaho Bath-
olith is broken through its center by the Salmon River
Canyon and numerous lateral gashes extend north and
south. This deep gorge may be likened to a section of
dried earth held in the hands and pressed upward with
the fingers. The fractures would be irregular and if the
material were composed of some crystalline sub-
stance, the fractures would follow the structure.

Now let us consider that there has been erosion tak-
ing place in these fractures for millions of years since
the upheaval which caused them, and that the great
prisms of the canyons so created have been washed
down, and that there is exposed a slice of the earth's
crust from four to six thousand feet in thickness. In
this exposure the overlying sedimentaries show their
conformability to the original surface before the up-
heaval and in many places dip deep into the granite
base. There are numerous evidences of great mag-
matic activity which have transformed the granite into
coarse- grained gneiss and in places there are found
inclusions of schist and other sedimentaries . . . How-
ever, before we can expect any exploitation of the area
there should be given a reason why intelligent inves-
tigation and development may be justified.

Transportation Principal Obstacle
The Salmon River has been named "The River of No
Return" for the reason that it is yet unconquered. Pro-
gress on the Forest truck trail from Riggins up and from

Salmon down is painfully slow. The CCC camps have
advanced not more than four miles altogether in the
last twelve months and there still remains about sev-
enty-five miles of road to connect.

uses Bulletin 528, published in 1913 by J. B. Um-
pleby, reports on the Buffalo Hump and Ten-Mile Dis-
tricts, and on the Thunder Mountain District, by P. J.
Shenon and J. C. Reed, are recent additions to the
technical literature touching on the area. We quote
from Umpleby:

Of the many conditions affecting mining, only the lack
of suitable transportation has served as a serious hand-
icap to development. Prior to the Spring of 1910 Red
Rock, Montana and Dubois, Idaho, were the nearest
railroad points, and these represented a haul of more
than seventy miles from the properties situated advan-
tageously and of more than double that distance from
other mines.

This situation is very little improved today so far as
hauling costs are concerned, but the Gilmore and Pitts-
burgh Railroad on the east, the Pacific and Idaho
Northern on the west, the Northern Pacific on the north
and the Union Pacific on the south have been able to
handle a gradually increasing tonnage of ores and con-
centrates which are produced mostly in development,
and the outlook for the future appears encouraging.

An Area of Varied Resources
In this vast area of, we might say unexplored mineral
resources, there is known to exist large bodies of low
grade refractory ores of the money metals as well as
such necessary industrial metals as lead, copper, zinc,
antimony, bismuth, mercury, tin, manganese, tung-
sten, molybdenum, cobalt and nickel in commercial
quantities, and byproduct metals such as cadmium,
vanadium, selenium and barium as well as many non-
metallic minerals, not to mention the vast Phosphate
deposits, which while not exactly in the area, are close-
ly related to its development.

In an estimate which was made some years ago the
State of Idaho was considered to be three and one half
percent developed. The Northwest was estimated five
per cent developed. It is quite apparent that the im-
provements in metallurgical processes in recent years
have had the effect of lowering this percentage con-
siderably and many of the deposits which were pre-
viously considered unworkable may now be considered
attractive when the transportation and the power
problems have been worked out.

As proof of the foregoing statement, mining men of
experience are now investigating several properties in
Central Idaho and actual operations are in progress in
many districts where reduction of the hitherto worth-
less ores are returning handsome profits.

162

Future Holds Many Possibilities
We cite several projects in which careful metallur-
gical research has produced results to the extent that
plants are being built with assurance of long term op-
eration and profitable results, even at the present in-
complete transportation and power facilities.

The Patterson District, an old-timer having been first
operated in 1873 as a silver mine, has now developed
an ore body which places it in the very front rank of
tungsten producers. The ultimate success of the op-
erations hinges on transportation, power and metal-
lurgy.

We take this opportunity to observe that there is real
production either in progress or near accomplishment
in the form of bullion and concentrates and that in
most cases there is a conspicuous absence of stock
certificates on the market which we note as the most
encouraging indication that real mining men have come
into this area with the determination to get results. For
this section has the reputation of being one of the
greatest producers of stock certificates in the mining
world due to its remoteness and inaccessibility; and its
idle mills, built to treat the shallow oxidized ores, are
evidence of undertakings where too low grade ores and
too little metallurgical information was available. We
sincerely hope that this era has passed forever.

How Shall We Approach the Problem?

We began this discussion by calling attention to some
of the obstacles in the way of the development of the
Central Idaho area. In substance the problems are little
changed compared to the early days of mining when
we had placers, and the free-milling ores as we were
then confronted with only the problem of moving in
our plants. Today we are dependent on transportation
to a greater degree to move ores and concentrates to
the smelters which are several hundred miles from the
point of production, therefore we will take the liberty
to visualize what is within the possibility of the future.

Roads, hard surfaced highways, will connect with
convenient railroad terminals and main lines. Cheap
electric power will be available. Metallurgical processes
involving greater use of electricity will be developed.
Electric smelting and, if you please, electric distillation
will be made greater use of in reduction. To the refin-
eries we will ship a highly-concentrated product or
matte.

Sentiment and Theory Still an Obstacle
There is abroad in the land a sentiment built up large-
ly upon the theory that this area has a greater value
for recreation for a favored few for a "living wilder-
ness" a "wildlife refuge" and a "primitive area", than
for the wealth it holds.

There is no reason to padlock this area against the
miner and with roads and trails it can be much more

efficiently administered for the benefit of the common
people as well as the favored few and we feel that the
Forest Service is competent to do this.

The present great need is for an accurate and com-
prehensive map of the area which can be most eco-
nomically produced by aerial photography, followed up
by geological mapping and then open it up to the min-
ing engineer for systematic investigation and devel-
opment. Governmental agencies should be supplied to
accomplish this and if co-operated in by the experi-
enced mining men who have studied the problems
through contact with them, mining in Central Idaho
and the Northwest will be placed where it belongs, in
the first rank of productive investment.

THE JUNE BUG RIDE

by Bob Smith

1934 was the first year the "Air-Flow" Chrysler and
the DeSoto came out. Bob's brother Eli told Bob that
they were going to go on a June Bug ride. (That's what
they called the air-flow Chryslers).

The two brothers harnessed up a work horse to a
one-horse buggy and started up Dutch John Creek
where two patches of timber lay. On the way up the
hill the two boys had to stop and get out because the
snake trail was getting too steep. Bob and Eli would go
a little, then stop and crib the wheels with rocks to
give the horse a rest. They finally reached the top of
the mountain where the snake trail turns to the left.
They unharnessed the horse and removed the shafts
from the buggy. They had three pieces of rope. One
they tied to each side of the front axle of the buggy
to act as a steering device. Another piece (which was
rotten) they tied to one rear wheel of the buggy to act
as a rough-lock. The third piece they tied to the other
rear wheel to act as another rough-lock enabling them
to control their speed down the mountain.

Eli got in the seat, grabbed hold of his steering ropes
and told Bob to remove all the rocks holding the buggy.
When the buggy started down the mountain, Bob ran
and jumped in. The buggy was going at a pretty good
speed when Eli told Bob if he would cut one of the
ropes acting as rough-lock on the wheel, they could
pick up a little more speed. Bob cut one of the ropes,
which was the new rope. That's all it took; the rotten
rope broke on the other wheel and down the mountain
they went.

The buggy went so fast it would hit the ground and
then be air- borne for about thirty to thirty five feet
and hit again. Each time it hit the ground the wooden
spokes would break off the wheels. Finally on about
the third hit the front wheels collapsed, causing the
buggy to start rolling. Eli was thrown out into the sage-
brush from his June Bug ride. Bob managed to grab
hold of the springs under the seat and held on for the
duration of the ride. Bob said that's as close as he ever
came to flying.

163

THE COUNTY POOR FARM AT THE SALMON HOT SPRINGS

by Fred Snook

The Salmon Hot Springs served as the County Poor
Farm for a number of years. One must remember that
Salmon did not have the convenience of a modern hos-
pital until 1951; there was not a modern Care Center
until Casabello, now Salmon Valley Care Center, was
built. There were no modern medical clinics, emer-
gency room service, or EMT's in the good old days.
Numerous small private hospitals and nursing homes
existed prior to 1950, but the one that created the
most memories is the County Poor Farm at the Salmon
Hot Springs, during the late 1920's and the Great De-
pression Years of the early 1930's.

The following list of people, taken from Julia Ran-
dolph's book. This Quiet Ground illustrates the variety
of residents at the Poor Farm. Some were not truly
poor, but simply had no other place to reside in their
last years.

WILLIAMS, Levi. He was over 60 years old when he
died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Feb. 15, 1928)

BARNES, Al. He was 65 years old when he died at
the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Aug. 8, 1928)

CUBITT, Charles. He was an old timer from Ulysses.
He was about 70 years old when he died at the Salmon
Hot Springs. (IR Nov. 28, 1928)

KUNTZ, John. He had lived at Nicholia and was 79
years old when he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR
Dec. 5, 1928)

STEIN, Otto. He was born in Sweden and had an
extensive college education. In Sweden he was a farm-
er and then a foreign correspondent for a mercantile
firm in France and England. He mastered five lan-
guages. Coming to America, he and a brother invested
everything in a ranch in Nevada and went broke. He
and his wife lived in Gibbonsville for many years. Otto
died a pauper at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Dec. 5,
1928)

PINKLE, Charles. A native of Germany, he was 64
years old when he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR
Dec. 12, 1928) DEVAL, Frank. He was 65 years old
when he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Apr. 3,
1929)

HERBERT, E. W. Died at the Salmon Hot Springs at
age 75. (IR May 22, 1929)

JORDAN, John. Seventy nine years old at death at
Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Dec. 4, 1929)

MEANS, Frank. Frank was 70 years when he died at
Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Dec. 25, 1929)

MONAHAN, Barney. Born in Ireland, he had lived at
Leadore. He was 58 years old when he died at the
Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Feb. 19, 1930)

MOODIE, William. Also from Leadore, but died at
Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Mar. 26, 1930)

TWIST, Richard M. Richard was 62 years old when
he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Dec. 31, 1930)

.^-s*^'^^-.

The Salmon Hot Springs, looking to the north.

STARK, John, John was 53 years old when he died
at the Salmon Hot Springs. (IR Jan. 21, 1931)

STESAK, William. Age 54 at death at Salmon Hot
Springs. (IR Jan. 28, 1931)

MURRAY, James. He was a former resident of Gil-
more who died at the Hot Springs at age 79. (IR Jan.
28, 1931)

COLLINS, Billy. Billy was a carpenter and a resident
of Lemhi Co. for 35 years. He died at the S. Hot Springs
at age 79. (RH Dec. 9, 1931)

COLLINS, William. Mr. Collins lived in Lemhi Co. for
24 years, first in the Pahsimeroi Valley and then at
Tendoy. He died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH June
15, 1932)

BURGREEN, Martin. He was age 83 when he died at
the S. Hot Springs. (RH July 6, 1932)

EBY, Lucien. Age 84 when he died at the S. Hot
Springs. (RH Nov. 8, 1933)

MOAN, Andrew. A prospector and miner in the Gil-
more area, he was born in Norway in 1879. He died
at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH Nov. 22, 1933)

NASH, Joseph. A miner at Gilmore, he was 76 years
old when he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH Dec.
27, 1933)

SEAT, Charles. Mr. Seat was about 75 years old when
he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH Feb. 7, 1934)

HEGLUND, Alford. Al was born in Minnesota. He was
only 47 when he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH
May, 2, 1934)

DE WOLF, Edward. Edward born in Belgium but had
lived in Lemhi County for fifty years. He was 97 when
he died at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH Nov. 7, 1934)

ROACH, Richard. He was 86 years old when he died
at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH Nov. 6, 1935)

TOBIN, Thomas. Thomas was one of the last patients
of the Poor Farm. He was 87 years old when he died

164

at the Salmon Hot Springs. (RH Nov. 6, 1935)
RH referrs to The Recorder Herald

As the Poor Farm closed more patients were treated
at the Rose Hospital, at Salmon General Hospital, and
at the Silbaugh Nursing Home on Highway 28 to men-
tion just a few health care facilities back then.

Often when the wheels of fate spin, the wheel takes
a full spin. That is what happened to the Hot Springs
in the 1930's. It went from being the Poor Farm to a
very nice resort complete with wooden dance floors,
gambling and entertainment.

Elizabeth Snook recalls the Salmon Rotary Club hold-
ing one of their first dinners at the Hot Springs in the
late 1930's; and that there was much debate as to
whether or not to use that location, as the Hot Springs
then served liquor; but that an excellent meal was
served. Casino gambling was abolished statewide in the
1950's , and the Hot Springs continued on as a fun
family place during the 1950's and 1960's. Many clubs,
families and youth groups held swimming party picnics
at the Hot Springs. This new generation of young chil-
dren had no idea of the past sorrows, pains, agonies,
and sufferings that another older generation had en-
dured here only twenty-five years before. How foreign
their laughs and cheerful screams must have seemed
to the ghosts of the County Poor Farm.

Editor's note: The Hot Springs closed down for the 1970's and
1980's and the building crumbled in general dilapidation. Today, new
owners are considering possibly reopening.

INDUSTRIAL SURVEY HISTORY

by Philip Rand ■ late 1940's.

Salmon, in early days called Salmon City, the County
seat of Lemhi County, is situated at the junction of the
Lemhi and Salmon Rivers at an altitude of four thou-
sand feet. The town is surrounded by high mountains
through which are three passes - the three means of
travel to the outside world, for Salmon is an isolated
community. These passes at times open out into fairly
wide valleys where many ranches engage in profitable
production.

Because of the gold rush, 1866, to Leesburg, situ-
ated high in the mountains west of Salmon, a nucleus
of a town (Salmon) was started on the west bank of
the Salmon River, the gold seekers being conveyed
across the river in boats. The first settlement was cre-
ated in 1866. In 1867 Mr. Vandreff, the first permanent
settler in Salmon, induced the people on the west bank
to tear down their buildings and move across to the
east side of the Salmon River and he donated a town-
site for their accomodation. In the fall of 1867 the first
bridge across the Salmon was erected affording better
facilities for the gold miners to take their supplies to
the Leesburg gold camp.

From the earliest diaries of the old trappers the name

of Salmon was ascribed to the main river, that flows
through Custer and Lemhi Counties, because of the
great quantities of Salmon fish abounding in its stream.
Naturally the town took its name from this river.

The early history of the Leesburg mining camp, con-
sisting of a population of ten thousand people, and the
history of Salmon are closely interwoven. Salmon ex-
isted because of Leesburg and all the supplies for its
camp emanated from Salmon, which in turn had its
supplies hauled in by freight wagons through the Birch
Creek Pass from Corrine, Utah.

A group of prospectors in June, 1866, left Montana,
for Idaho, and discovered gold on the Leesburg moun-
tain. It was fine placer gold and there were quantities
of it. Word of the discovery drifted out to other camps
in the west and soon a rush was on, largely by dis-
charged soldiers from the Civil War. The discoverers
of Leesburg gold were F. B. Sharkey, Elijah Mulkey,
Joseph Rapp, William Smith, and Ward Gertson. Their
discovery led to some twelve million dollars worth of
gold being extracted in the first ten years of the camp's
existance.

In 1866 other familiar names appear in Salmon and
Leesburg including A. J. MacNab, N. I. Andrews, M. M.
McPherson, George L. Shoup, Dan Beck, James Beat-
ty, Dave McNutt, Fred Turner, L. P. Withington, Mack
Kennedy, Eli Minert, George D. Anderson, George Hill,
I. C. Johnson, and John Wals Snook. In 1867 came
many settlers who remained in Salmon permanently,
among whom were John Barrack, Robert McNicholl,
Thomas Rider, James Hockensmith, E. S. Edwards,
George Wentz, Thomas Pope, I. C. Gertson, Eli Minert,
Peter Amonson, and Mike Miers.

In August of that year, 1866, the first house was built
in Salmon. It was owned by Mr. Vandreff and a half
dozen other houses were soon erected. These were all
built of logs. Col. George L. Shoup arrived in November,
1867, with a stock of general merchandise and opened
his business in a tent, then erected a log store building
and founded the George L. Shoup Company which be-
came an important factor in supplying merchandise to
Leesburg and other camps springing up in Lemhi and
Custer Counties. Salmon has always been a center for
mining activity from the earliest days and at the pres-
ent time is the center for mining activity as well as
large sheep and cattle activities. The discovery of tung-
sten, cobalt, and other metals for hardening steel is
bringing back mining as an important factor in the ec-
onomical life of Salmon.

Salmon and Lemhi County are very rich in historic
lore, more so than the average man realizes. Here Lew-
is and Clark first discovered the waters flowing into the
Pacific and were the first white men to penetrate this
region; then came many trappers of fame including
John Work, Donald MacKensie, Alexander Ross, Peter
Ogden, Kit Carson, W. A. Ferris, and Captain Bonneville.
Captain Bonneville wintered four miles below Salmon
and there built a fort. Rev. Samuel Parker aided by

165

friendly Nez Perce Indians treked through the country
on the way to Walla Walla. There are countless au-
thenticated stories of Indian warfare between the local
Shoshone Indians and the greatly feared Blackfeet. The
Blackfeet invaded Lemhi to steal horses from the local
Indians, who traded for them from the Nez Perce In-
dians of North Idaho, who came into Lemhi every year
to catch and dry Salmon for their winter's use and also
passed through here to hunt buffalo in Montana. Buf-
falo roamed in great numbers in the Pahsimeroi Valley
until completely exterminated by the trappers and In-
dians.

The Salmon River was the scene of the Sheepeater
War where United States soldiers were employed in
the suppression of the Sheepeater Indians.

From Salmon one man stands out in history. George
L. Shoup was Territorial Governor from 1889 to 1890
and U. S. Senator 1891-1895 and 1895-1901.

Another inhabitant who achieved fame was Captain
Guleke who built flat barges and carried freight and
passengers to mining camps down the turbulent Salm-
on River as far as Lewiston.

A railroad, the Gilmore and Pittsburg, was built from
Armstead, Montana to Salmon in 1910, and this did
away with the picturesque and useful stage coach from
Red Rock, Montana to Salmon. It also did away with
importing supplies by strings of freight wagons. The
railroad went out of existance in 1939 and the town
and county now are entirely supplied by trucks.

The population of Lemhi County for many years was
5500 and Salmon 2000, but the last two years has seen
a marked increase. Salmon is now around 3000 and
there has been considerable building activity.

There is increased production in sheep, cattle, dairy
products, and potatoes. There is a recent activity in
mining, and there is the recognition of the fact that in
this vicinity is the finest big game hunting and fishing
to be had in the northwest, which alone brought in over
2000 sportsmen in the fall of 1946. It is the door to
the primitive area and here one hires guides and outfits
for the hunt and boat trips down the River of No Re-
turn.

Salmon presents in the main, a modern little city with
brick and cinder block stores. It has many churches,
an active fraternal field such as Elks, Oddfellows,
Grange, Eagles, Masonic, and Rotary. It has a new mod-
ern high school with a football field and a separate ball
field, and a fine brick grade school. It has a new library,
city hall, and an American Legion building. It supports
numerous garages in modern buildings, many stores,
cheese factory, cream distributors, newspaper, tele-
phone company, picture shows, hotel, auto courts, res-
taurants, forest office buildings, and a good sewer and
water system. The town is spread out on both sides of
the river extending over a wide area. It has two airports
and a good fair ground. The roads leading into Salmon
from Blackfoot, Missoula, and Idaho Falls, are paved
to over three-fourths of the way and construction is

still going on. Buses cover these points daily and in
addition there is a bus line to Boise via Sun Valley dur-
ing the summer months.

Salmon, center of a large trading area, and Lemhi
County, which by the way is larger than the State of
Connecticut, are assured of a steady normal growth
and of a prosperous future.

ANOTHER FISH STORY

by Dee Keirnes

One day after Ralph Thrasher had retired, I was cut-
ting his hair and he told me about a couple who came
into his furniture business to see what was available in
the area in case they decided to buy property here.

He said the lady wanted to talk furniture, but all the
husband was interested in was fishing. Ralph said he
kept telling the man the fishing was real good, while
trying to show her furniture.

About that time there was a big commotion out on
the street and everyone went out to see what was
happening.

There was Lou Ramey with a ten foot sturgeon he
had just caught in the Salmon River by the bridge.
Ralph said he was as surprised as anyone, but without
batting an eye, he turned to the man and said, "See
now? That's some of the fish we catch here!"

'^ZiS-

Lou Ramey and a ten foot White Sturgeon caught in 1930 at Salmon

166

THE PINES MANSION/ HOME OF SALMON

by Andree Quarles
daughter of G. B. Quarles

The Pines was the name of the Quarles family's "Old
Kentucky Home", according to G.B. Quarles. The Ken-
tucky home was an elegant structure built by skilled
carpenters.

After Quarles moved to Salmon, he began prepara-
tions to build a suitable estate home. About five acres
of land was purchased. It was located on the bar, over-
looking the Salmon River, with a beautiful view of the
town, the valley and the scenic mountains.

In Kentucky, every bedroom had a fireplace. G. B.
wanted no fireplaces in his Salmon home. He had had
enough of bringing in wood, stoking the fires, and clean-
ing out ashes. Although the Kentucky plantation had
four hundred acres, he found there was plenty to do,
for a fulltime business man, in working on his five acres,
with planting and keeping up the garden, lawns, and
orchard.

Southerners liked to have their estates on river banks.
Father adjusted to the best thing by making a path
from the home down to the branch of the Salmon River
called "the slough". It was ideal for wading, with schools
of minnows and an occasional garter snake.

Hot houses were luxuries. G.B. avoided this expense
by having sand brought in and dumped in an open spot.
Here he planted seeds, transplantion them to other
areas after they sprouted. There were always garden
vegetables for the table; a Jersey cow named Nelly
provided milk, rich cream, and butter. One could find
fresh eggs in the barn and nice fat hens to be baked
for Sunday dinner.

Outdoors there was a swing and indoors one of the
early models of the Edison phonograph as well as a
Kranich and Bach cabinet grand piano. The piano was
a splendid instrument, made of French walnut. It is now
in the Quarles family home in North Hollywood.

G.B. left a record of the expenses involved in building
the residence he wanted for his bride:

Land, about 5 acres $900

Water rights, 2.5" taken

through city pipes. $150

House as originally built $6,350

Glassing in front porch $350

Water Mains to house, about 800 ft $350

Sewer-about 200' 4 inch iron pipe $400

Soil for the sand garden $150

Washroom, woodroom and garage $150

Ice house (cement foundation) $175

Fencing of premises $200

Apple cellar (walls and floor

made of cement) $175

Barn-sufficient for two automobiles,

2 cows, 4 tons of hay and grainery $700

Cement walks leading to property $350

Filling dry gulch at gate

entrance (800 yards of rock and earth)

$600
Addition to house (approximately
19 years after house built consisting
of back bedroom, back porch, coal
cellar for 20 tons of coal and a
steam heating furnace) $4,100

No cost was given for the apple orchard
of about 200 trees which should produce
about 500 to 800 boxes of apples a year.

Editor's note: Today, the old Quarles estate is owned by Jordan and
Mary Smith.

SNOW SLIDE AT THUNDER MOUNTAIN

by Marjorie B. Sims

1902

A. C. Guallupe went out to the adjoining property on
which his partners were working. He came to a point
where, by crossing a ravine on the west side of Rainbow
Mountain, he could save himself a long trip around,
and though he saw it was dangerous he determined to
take the risk.

He plunged down the sharp hill through the snow but
soon realized his rnistake. The snow started and he
was soon being carried along in a slide. His experience
in the mountains had taught him to face such danger
and seek to keep on top of the slide. This he succeeded
in doing until a one hundred fifty foot precipice was

reached!

The slide shot over the cliff, and the unfortunate man
was buried in the snow at the bottom. But the hill was
steep below the precipice, and the slide rushed on.

Presently, he felt the slide checked. Then he strug-
gled toward the surface. By the time the slide came
to a stop he had his head and shoulders out. He found
himself on Last Chance Creek, on the west side of the
Mountain, a thousand feet from the point where the
slide had caught him.

newspaper item of March 22, 1902

167

THUNDER MOUNTAIN
by Marilyn Alford

While Thunder Mountain is not a part of Lemhi Coun-
ty, its history is enmeshed with ours. The trails to Thun-
der Mountain and the old town of Roosevelt were heav-
ily traveled and many Lemhi County people were in-
volved with the short but hectic story of that area.
Thunder Mountain is located on the Payette National
Forest near the head of Monumental and Marble
Creeks, both western tributaries of the Middle Fork of
the Salmon River.

In 1991, as a part of the National celebration of the
Centennial of the first Forest Reserves in the United
States, the Salmon National Forest began maintaining
and reconstructing a segment of one of the historic
trails to Thunder Mountain for use by recreationists.
While the location of parts of the old trail are unknown,
or have been obliterated by roads or other activity, the
segment from Williams Lake to China Springs is still
largely intact and recognizable.

The gold rush was intense, involving thousands of
people from all walks of life. To supply their needs,
horse and mule strings found their way through the
rugged terrain of the Salmon River Mountains from
several directions, including Salmon City. One of the
routes used involved travel from Salmon, up Lake
Creek, past Williams Lake, to China Springs, then
southwest to Yellowjacket on the way to the Middle

Fork and Thunder Mountain. It was a long and arduous
trip of over one hundred miles through some of the
most rugged terrain in the state of Idaho. The trail from
Salmon City to China Springs was steep and largely
dry. At China Springs, teamsters and their animals could
stop and refresh.

The gold rush began in the Thunder Mountain District
in 1901, spawning the boom towns of Roosevelt, Thun-
der City, and Belleco. On December 11, 1901 an item
appeared in the local newspaper that indicates the ex-
citement that existed over the Thunder Mountain area:

The Red Rock and Salmon River Stage Line is pre-
paring for the rush to Thunder Mountain, and has ten
4-horse Concord coaches and four 6-horse Concords
in readiness. This will handle twenty-five to fifty pas-
sengers daily, conveying them within fifty miles of Thun-
der Mountain at Yellow Jacket, from which point the
journey must be made by pack outfits. It will require
three days to make the trip in, one day being used to
travel from Red Rock to Salmon, and two days from
Salmon to Thunder.

Another item from theLemhi Herald of November 20,
1901 reads:

The town of Roosevelt at Thunder Mountain about 1901.

photo courtesy of Rose Bolton

168

Salmon to Leesburg, 14 miles -Leesburg to Leacock
Station on Big Creek, 9 miles - Up Big Creek to Forney,
12 miles - Forney to Three Forks (which form Camas
Creek), 14 miles - Down Camas Creek to the Middle
Fork, 14 miles - Up the Middlefork to the mouth of
Marble Creek, 8 miles - Up Marble Creek to Mouth of
Mule Creek. 20 miles -You are now in Thunder Mountain
Country, but not the heart of it. Up Mule Creek, 9 miles
and we are in the land of wealth.

The combined population of Roosevelt and Thunder
City grew to over five thousand, but some sources in-
dicate that in 1902 there were as many as 22,000 men
at work there on 1 1 ,000 claims. About fifty mining stock
companies had formed, but only two had any money
to work with.

The boom was short-lived, as the town of Roosevelt
was drowned by a landslide-formed lake in 1909. Water
seeping through the workings, true to the predictions
of many experienced miners, caused the slide. The
mountain slid 2.5 miles down Mule Creek to the mouth
of Monumental Creek Canyon in twenty six hours, dam-
ming Monumental Creek.

Today, the waters of this remote lake ripple over the

remains of a ghost town that was perhaps the most
isolated mining town in Idaho.

References: /I'ecorder Herald August 1991, and Research notes of
Marjorie B. Sims.

The Roosevelt area after the landslide that dammed Monumental
Creek.

photo courtesy of Idaho Historical Society

LOCATIONS IN LEMHI COUNTY

The following information has been taken from several sources, and includes some old names that may be of historical interest. It is largly taken from one
old list of place names that, while not always notable for its statistical accuracy, is a good source of names no longer in use, and their origins.

ADAMS CREEK: Flows NE from Gunsight Peak, disap-
pears in sinks W of Leadore. After George Adams, early
rancher.

AGENCY CREEK: Forms near Lemhi Pass on the W
slope of the Continental Divide. The old Lemhi Indian
Agency was located near where the creek joins the
Lemhi River.

AGGIPAH MOUNTAIN: 9920 feet high, in Bighorn Crags,
.5 miles SW of Ship Island Lake. Indian name of Salmon
River, meaning "salmon".

AJAX PEAK: 10,028 ft. On Idaho-Montana border in
the Beaverhead Mountains. After nearby Ajax Mine in
Montana.

ALBERTSON SPRING: On west fork of Wimpey Creek
about midway between Salmon River and state line.
After Horace Albertson, who ranched in this vicinity.
ALLAN MOUNTAIN: NW of Gibbonsville. After John F.
Allan, early mining operator.

ALLEN CREEK: Flows east to Moose Creek near mouth
of Beartrap Creek. Frank Allen operated a ranch on
this creek.

ALLHANDS SPRING: About 2 miles east of Gilmore.
After Bernard Allhands, who patented his land there in
1918.

ALLISON CREEK: Heads west of Lem Peak then west-
ward to Salmon River. After John F. Allison, pioneer
packer and horseman.

ALPINE CREEK: From Alpine Lake SW 3.5 miles to Wil-
son Creek in the Middle Fork Salmon River drainage.

ANDERSON CREEK: Trib. of Dahlonega Creek at Gib-
bonsville. After George D. Anderson, pioneer mining
man, and first Mayor of Gibbonsville. Also Anderson
Mountain.

ANVIL CREEK: Heads about 2 miles SE of Forge Creek
Hot Spring, flows SW 2.5 miles to Camas Creek.
APAREJO CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from the east.
After the name of a Spanish pack saddle made of cow-
hide, willows, and straw, found at mouth of stream.
ARNETT CREEK: Trib. of Napias Creek near Leesburg.
After surname of early day placer miner.
AX PARK: Park east of headwaters of Hughes Creek
Creek, 2 miles SW of Allan Mountain.
BABY JOE GULCH: Heads .5 mile S. of Grizzly Mountain
and runs S. to Canyon Creek drainage 1 mile W. of
Leadville. Joe and Nellie Fannin came from Kentuky in
1880. They had one child named Baby Joe, and named
their claim after him.

BADGER SPRINGS: In Sec. 14, T.23 N.R. 22 E.
BAKER CREEK: From West, trib. of Withington Creek,
one mile from Lemhi River. After William R. Baker, pi-
oneer settler.

BAKER: Post Office and station on Gilmore & Pitts-
burgh railroad, ten miles SE of Salmon. After William
R. Baker.

BALDY CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range, east
to Lemhi River, one mile N. of Tendoy. After George
A. Martin, early day settler, nicknamed "Baldy" by his
friends.

169

BALDY MOUNTAIN: 10,773 feet high, about 3 miles
SE of Mountain Peak, on Continental Divide.
BARNEY CREEK: From Salmon River mountains west
to confluence with Nappias Creek at Leesburg. After
Barney Sharkey. Formerly, Sharkey Creek, but changed
to avoid duplication.

BASIN CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range, flow-
ing east to confluence with Hayden Creek.
BASIN LAKE: At source of south branch of Basin Creek
in Lemhi Range of mountains.

BASIN LAKE CREEK: From south, trib. of Basin Creek,
three miles from Hayden Creek.
BATES GULCH: From east slope of Lemhi Range, to
join Alder Creek, thus forming Dutch Creek. After Wil-
liam Bates, a pioneer.

BEAGLE CREEK: Along highway from Forney to Yel-
lowjacket, trib. of Yellowjacket creek. After Beagle
brothers, Al and Bill, early settlers.
BEAR BASIN CREEK: From the north, trib. of Salmon
River five miles below Middlefork.
BEAR CREEK: From west slope of Lemhi Range, trib.
of Little Lost River.

BEAR VALLEY CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range,
flowing east to confluence with Hayden Creek.
BEAVER CREEK: from east, trib. of Big Creek, 5 miles
from Salmon River.

BEEHIVE PEAK: 9610 feet high, in Bighorn Crags at
head of Goat Creek, 3 miles E. of Goat Mountain and
5 miles S. of Salmon River. Named thus because of
shape.

BELL MOUNTAIN: 11,612 feet, in Lemhi (Little Lost
River) Range, on S. boundary of Lemhi County. After
Robert N. Bell, mining engineer of Boise, Idaho.
BIG BEAR CREEK: From west slope of Continental Di-
vide, trib. of Hawley Creek.

BIG BIRCH CREEK: Rising on E slopes of Spring and
Big Windy Mountains, flowing E and SE to sinks in the
desert, crossing the S. boundary of Lemhi County near
longitude 1 13.

BIG CREEK: Formed by confluence of Panther and
Musgrove Creeks, flowing NW to Salmon River, 9 miles
below Shoup.

BIG DEER CREEK: From E slope of Cathedral Rock,
flowing E to confluence with Big Creek.
BIG HAT CREEK: From E slope of Salmon River Moun-
tains, E to Salmon River, near 44 deg. 47 min.
BIG HOLE PASS: A pass of the Continental Divide at
7236 feet, traversed by a highway from Salmon River
Valley to the Big Hole Basin in Montana.
BIGHORN CRAGS: A group of lofty mountains between
the Middlefork and Big Creek, trending from lower part
of Wilson Creek NE to Salmon River.
BIG JUREANO CREEK: (also Big Reneau Creek) From
the N, trib. of Big Creek, 3 miles below Leacock's Ranch.
After Jules Reneau (Renaud), French prospector, in
this gulch as early as 1866.

BIG SHEEPEATER CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from
the N, discharging about 6 miles W of Shoup. After

Sheepeater Indian tribe.

BIG SILVER LEAD CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from
the E, about I mile E of Northfork.
BIG SQUAW CREEK: From south slope of Bitterroot
Mountains, trib. of Salmon River, 1 mile W of Indianola.
BIG WINDY PEAK: Lemhi Range, 3 miles south of Spring
Mountain.

BIRCH CREEK; From W, trib. of Salmon River 2 miles
south of Lake Creek.

BIRCH GULCH: From W, trib. of Big Creek, 6 miles
below Big Deer Creek.

BIRD CREEK: From Salmon River mountains, flowing
E to Salmon River, 1 mile S of Comet Creek.
BIRDSEYE CREEK: From NW, trib. of Silver Creek, about
9 miles from Camas Creek. After James W. Birdseye,
early day county surveyor.

BLACK MOUNTAIN: 9521 feet high, near lat. 44 deg.
51 min. long., 114 deg. 21 min.
BLACKBIRD CREEK: From Blackbird Mountain, SW to
confluence with Big Creek, 5.5 miles south of Lea-
cock's ranch.

BLACKBIRD MOUNTAIN: 9113 feet high, near lat. 45
deg. 07 min., long 114 deg. 25 min.
BLUENOSE MOUNTAIN: 8660 feet high, in Bitterroot
Range on boundary between Idaho and Montana, at
source of Bitterroot River of Montana and of Owl and
Sam James Creeks in Idaho.

BOB MOORE CREEK: From east slope of Salmon River
mountains to Salmon River near Carmen. After Robert
Moore, pioneer settler.

BOBTAIL CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, west to Mid-
dlefork one half mile south of Fox Creek.
BOHANNON CREEK: From west slope of Continental
Divide, trib. of Lemhi River. After Isaiah Bohannon, pi-
oneer settler.

BOOMER CANYON: From the west, trib. of Kirtley
Creek. After A. H. Boomer, contractor, whose camp
was here during construction of a canal.
BOULDER CREEK: From Bluenose Mountain, south to
Salmon River at Shoup.

BOYLE CREEK: Forms south of Goldstar Gulch, flows
W 3 miles then SW 1.5 miles to Salmon River, 10 miles
north of Salmon. (Formerly Cherry Creek and now
Tower Creek.) After Michael Boyle, Leesburg pioneer,
who first settled on land at the mouth of this creek.
BRIDGE CREEK: From NE, trib. of Warm Spring Creek
about 3 miles from Loon Creek.
BRINEY CREEK: From east, trib. of Salmon River at W.
A. Briney's ranch, 15 miles south of Salmon. After W.
A. Briney, early settler.

BRONCHO CREEK: From north, trib. of Horse Creek,
3 miles from the Salmon River.
BROOMTAIL CREEK: Trib. of Little Horse Creek 1.5
miles from Horse Creek.

BRAY CREEK: From Hi Peak NE, to Hayden Creek near
its source. After Mark Bray, pioneer settler.
BRUCE CANYON: Out of Spring Mountain, eastward,
to Little Birch Creek, south of Lemhi Union Gulch. After

170

A. T. Bruce, pioneer mining prospector.
BUCK CREEK: From SW, trib. of Bear Vally Creek 3
miles from the letter's source.

BULL CREEK: From west slope of Continental divide,
trib. of Hawley Creek.

BURNS GULCH: From the east, trib. of Salmon River,
1 mile below Wagonhammer Creek. Here old man Burns
fell from the cliff into the Salmon River and was
drowned.

CAB CREEK: From SW, trib. of Timber Creek 5 miles
from summit of Lemhi Range.

CABIN CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range, be-
tween Yellow Peak and Flat Iron Mountain, NE to Lemhi
River I mile north of Leadore. Also called Timber Creek.
CABIN CREEK: From Sleeping Deer Mountain, SW, to
Loon Creek about 10 miles from Middlefork.
CABIN CREEK: From west, trib. of Panther Creek 3
miles south of Forney. Also called Ramey Creek after
John S. Ramey, first sheriff of Lemhi County. Also called
Moodie Creek after Joseph Moodie, ranch owner.
CABIN CREEK: Trib. of Indian Creek due west from
Ulysses Mountain. Also called Marsing Creek after Nels
0. Marsing, pioneer of the district.
CACHE CREEK: From Sleeping Deer Mountain, west to
Loon Creek, very near Middlefork.
CAMAS CREEK: Chief trib. of Middlefork River from
Lemhi County; rising in Salmon River Mountains, flow-
ing NW to Middlefork River.

CAMP CREEK: From Haystack Mountain south to join
Nappias Creek at Leesburg. After Chris Camp.
CAMP CREEK: See also Massie Creek and Nate Creek.
CANYON CREEK: From west slope of Continental Di-
vide, trib. of Lemhi River at Leadore.
CARMEN CREEK: From west slope of Continental Di-
vide, trib. of Salmon River, about 5 miles north of Salm-
on. Misspelled and named after Benjamin and Martha
J. Carman. He had a sawmill on this creek about 1868.
CARROLL CREEK: Out of Mogg Mountain north to con-
fluence with Hayden Creek, next west of Mogg Creek.
CARY CREEK: East branch of Geertson Creek. After
Cary Wright, early day mining promoter.
CASTLE CREEK: From the east. trib. of Camas Creek,
3 miles above Meyers Cove.

CATHEDRAL ROCK PEAK: 9411 feet high, in Bighorn
Crags, about 10 miles east of Middlefork, at the head
of Wilson and Clear Creeks. Named for supposed re-
semblance to a cathedral.

CAVE CREEK: Trib. of Camas Creek from the north, 1
mile below the mouth of Yellowjacket Creek.
CAYUSE CREEK: From the north to confluence with
Horse Creek, about 10 miles from Salmon River.
CEDAR GULCH: From west slope of Continental divide,
trib. of Lemhi River.

CHAMBERLAIN CREEK: From west slope of Continen-
tal Divide, trib. of Eighteenmile Creek, Lemhi drainage.
After George Chamberlain, one of the original locators
of the Copper Queen Mine.
CHINA GULCH: From SE entering Salmon River op-

posite Shoup. Was once placer mined by Chinese.
CHINA SPRINGS: On side of Lake Mountain, draining
into Deep Creek. Three Chinese men were killed here
for their gold dust in early days.
CHIPS CREEK: From Baldy Mountain, trib. of Pollard
Canyon west of Salmon. After Chips Evans, old timer
of the district.

CLEAR CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, heading in vicinity
of Mt. Maguire, flowing NE to confluenc with Big Creek,
about 3 miles from Salmon River.
CLEAR CREEK: See Stephenson Creek.
CLEAR LAKE: On west slope of Continental Divide,
drained by Stephenson Creek.

CLIFF CREEK: From north, trib. of Big Creek 1 mile
below Leacock's ranch.

CLIMB CREEK: From west, trib. of Timber Creek 2 miles
from its source.

COBALT CREEK: South branch of Blackbird Creek.
Named for adjacent deposits of Cobalt ore.
COLSON CREEK: From north, trib. of Salmon River.
After Colson brothers; early packers and miners.
COLT CREEK: From NW, tributary of Horse Creek which
it joins about 3 miles from Salmon River.
COMET CREEK: From Salmon River mountains, flowing
east to Salmon River, 8 miles above Northfork.
COOPER CREEK: From south, trib. of Hayden Creek
next above Tobias Creek. After J. Newt. Cooper, pio-
neer stockman.

COPPER CREEK: From Swan Peak NW to confluence
with Big Creek 6 miles north of Forney.
COPPER QUEEN MINE: On Agency Creek in Sec 14 &
15, T. 19 N. R. 25 E.

CORN CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from the north.
CORRAL CREEK: Trib. of Indian Creek from the east.
COW CREEK: From west slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Agency Creek from the south.
COVE CREEK: From north, trib. of Salmon River about
10 miles west of Shoup.

CRAMER CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from the north,
about 4 miles W of Middle Fork. After Jack Cramer,
pioneer mining prospector.

CRONK'S CANYON: A box canyon of Salmon River
about 3 miles long, extending north from a point about
1 mile north of the mouth of Pahsimeroi River. After
James Cronk, early day cattleman.
CRUIKSHANK CREEK: Trib. of Canyon Creek from west
slope of Continental Divide, east of Leadore. After Al-
exander Cruikshank, a scout for General Howard dur-
ing the Nez Perce flight. He settled here in 1878.
DALY CREEK: Trib. of Moose Creek. After surname of
an early placer miner.

DAHLONEGA CREEK: From west slope of Continental
Divide, trib. of North Fork at Gibbonsville. After Dah-
lonega, Georgia, whence came early settlers on this
creek.

171

DAN DAVIS CREEK: From the east, trib. of Big Creek
5 miles below Big Deer Creek. After the man who
worked the gold placers along its course. Formerly Trail
Creek.

DAVIS CANYON: From NE, trib. of Freeman Creek. Af-
ter J. W. Davis, early settler.

D. C. CREEK: From SW, trib. of Lemhi river. After initials
of David and Criderman, pioneer stockmen. Also D. C.
Gulch and D. C. Bar, SE of Lemhi.
DEEP CREEK: From Lake Mountain NW to Big Creek a
short distance south of Leacock's ranch.
DEER CREEK: From Portland Mountain NW to Texas
Creek.

DEER CREEK: See Doe Creek, Hawley Creek, Bear Val-
ley Creek, Degen Creek.

DEGEN CREEK: From east slope of Degen Mountain,
east to Salmon River. After Joseph Degen, early settler.
DEGEN MOUNTAIN: 8783 feet high, overlooking drain-
age of Degen and Iron Creeks. After Joseph Degen.
DEVIL'S CANYON: From SE, trib. of eighteenmile Creek
7 miles from Lemhi River.

DERIAR CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from the west,
opposite Carman Creek. After John Deriar, who in early
days had land holdings here.

DIAMOND CREEK: From east slope of Salmon River
mountains, flowing east to Salmon River.
DITCH CREEK: From Allan Mountain, trib. of Hughes
Creek. Caused by a placer miner's ditch diverting the
stream.

DIVIDE CREEK: Trib. of Eighteenmile Creek.
DOE CREEK: From SW, trib. of Bear Valley Creek about
4 miles from Hayden Creek. Formerly Deer Creek.
DONNELLY GULCH: From the north, trib. of Salmon
River 1 mile west of Northfork. After James Donnelly,
pioneer settler there.

DRY CANYON: West slope of Continental Divide, to sinks
in Sec. 30T.15 N.R.28 E.

DRY CREEK: Trib. of McKim Creek from SE, 2 miles
from Salmon River.

DRY GULCH: From the east, trib. of Lemhi River at Sec
5, T. 18 N.R.24 E.
DRY GULCH: See Dry Creek

DUCK CREEK: From north, trib. of Camas Creek 3 miles
below Meyers Cove.

DUMMY CREEK: From the east, trib. of Salmon River.
After two mutes, men who were partners on a ranch
there.

DUMP CREEK: Outlet of Moose Creek, rising near lat.
45 deg 20 min, flowing north to Salmon River about 4
miles west of Northfork.

DUTCH CREEK: Formed by confluence of Alder Creek
and Bates Gulch, flowing NE to Lemhi River.
EAGLE PEAK: 8245 feet high, 8 miles NE of Northfork.
EAST FORK HAYDEN CREEK: From north slope of Mill
Mountain, north to confluence with Hayden Creek 9
miles from Lemhi River.

EBENEZER CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from the
north, below Owl Creek. After Ebenezer Snell, early

resident there.

EIGHTEENMILE CREEK: From Viola (Eighteenmile)
Mountain, north to confluence with Lemhi River at Lea-
dore. Old timers supposed it to be 18 miles in length.
EIGHTMILE CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range,
flowing NE to confluence with Lemhi River 8 miles be-
low Leadore.

ELDORADO CANYON: North branch of Geertson Creek,
after the name of an old gold mine there.
ELDORADO PEAK: 1 1 ,000 feet high, on state boundary,
about 1 mile SE of McGarvey Peak, near lat 45 deg 15
min. After name of a mine on its SW slope.
ELI CREEK: From west slope of Lemhi Range, north
and west to Salmon River 5 miles south of Salmon.
After Eli Minert, pioneer settler.
ENNIS GULCH: From NE, trib. of Pahsimeroi River 3
miles from Salmon River. After Jack Ennis, pioneer set-
tler of the district.

EVERSON CREEK: From Lemhi Range, tributary of Lee
Creek. After John Everson, pioneer ranchman.
EZRA CREEK: From the west, trib. of Salmon River.
Between Ringle and Shep Creek. After Ezra Orn, pio-
neer packer and freighter.

FALLS CREEK: From south slope of Mill Mountain, SW
to confluence with Pattison Creek. After Lorenzo Falls,
pioneer stockman.

FAWN CREEK: From SE, trib. of Big Creek .5 mile below
Blackbird.

FINSTUR CREEK: From east slope of Salmon River
mountains, east to confluence with Salmon River op-
posite Carman Creek. Next south of Deriar Creek. After
Jacob Finstur (Feinsteur), old time settler here.
FLAT IRON MOUNTAIN: Lemhi Range, at headwaters
of Timber and Big Creeks. Also called Pahsimeroi
Mountain.

FLUME CREEK: From west slope of Continental Divide,
north branch of Agency Creek.

FORD CREEK: From SW, trib. of Bear Valley Creek 1
mile above its mouth. After Albert H. Ford, early mining
prospector.

FORGE CREEK: From north, trib. of Camas Creek about
8 miles from Middlefork. An old forge was left here by
early day miners.

FORNEY: Early post office and stage station on Panther
Creek at Fourth of July Creek. After Henry Forney,
early settler.

FORNEY CREEK: Trib. of Panther Creek at Forney,
flowing in from the west. Formerly Fourth of July Creek.
FOX CREEK: From Bighorn Crags west to Middlefork
River .5 mile south of Waterfall Creek.
FRANK HALL CREEK: SE trib. of Cruikshank Creek. Af-
ter a pioneer ranchman of that creek.
FREEMAN CREEK: Trib. of Carmen Creek, rising in the
peak of the same name. (Also called Oro Cache Creek)
FREEMAN PEAK: 11.002 feet high, near Continental
Divide, just off state line. After James Freeman, pio-
neer.
FURNACE CREEK: From the east, trib. of Camas Creek,

172

6 miles SE of Meyers Cove.

GAME CREEK: North from Lemhi Range to Timber
Creek. Formerly called Trail Creek.
GANT CREEK: Trib. of Big Creek from west, 3 miles
below Big Deer Creek. After John Cant who mined in
this creek and also was discoverer of Henry Ford's
Redbird Mine.

GARDEN CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, flowing NE to
Big Creek near Salmon River.

GEERTSON CREEK: From west slope of Continental
Divide, trib. of Lemhi River. After Lars C. Geertson,
pioneer settler.

GERMAN GULCH: From the west, trib. of Pine Creek,
2.5 miles from Salmon River.

GIBBONSVILLE: Mining town, at confluence of Dahlo-
nega and Northfork Creeks. After Col. John Gibbon,
commander of U. S. troops at battle of the Big Hole
in 1877.

GIBBS CREEK: From south, trib. of Owl Creek, nearly
opposite St. Clair Creek (Wallace Creek). After John
Gibbs, who mined on this stream.
GILMORE: Mining town at headwaters of Lemhi River
(Texas Creek). Station on Gilmore & Pittsburg Railroad,
17 miles south of Leadore. Name misspelled, after John
T. (Jack) Gilmer, one time manager of Gilmer & Sals-
bury Stage Line.

GOAT CREEK: In Bighorn Crags, flowing NW from Goat
Lake, to confluence with Middlefork river near Salmon
River. After the wild goat.

GOAT LAKE: 1 mile north of Beehive Peak, drained by
Goat Creek to Middlefork.

GOAT MOUNTAIN: Sec 1 1 & 12 T 17 N R 25 E. Ten
miles north of Leadore.

GOLDSTAR GULCH: Runs 2 miles SW to Tower Creek.
Originally called Silverstar Gulch because of Silverstar
mine located here by Wash Stapleton of Butte. Said to
be the first patented mine in Idaho. Name changed
when USES put up the wrong sign.
GOLDSTONE MINE: On west slope of Continental di-
vide near source of Pratt Creek.
GORLEY CREEK: From Baldy Mountain, west of Salm-
on, flowing east to Salmon River. After James Gorley,
early day freighter and packer.

GRANITE MOUNTAIN: 6351 feet high, 4 miles west of
Gibbonsville.

GRASSY CREEK: From SE, trib. of Yellowjacket Creek,
2.5 miles above Yellowjacket mining camp.
GROUSE CREEK: From the east, trib. of Middlefork Riv-
er.

GROVE CREEK: From east slope of Rocky Peak, east
to confluence with Timber Creek.
GUNBARREL CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River from the
north at Sec 35 T. 24 N.R. 14 E. Creek is enclosed by
vertical cliffs -straight as a gunbarrel.
GUNSIGHT PEAK: lOmiles SE of Leadore.
GUTZMAN CREEK: From west slope of Lemhi Range,
west to Salmon River 10 miles south of Salmon. After
John Gutzman, ranch settler on this creek. Formerly

Ten Mile Creek.

HAGGIN CREEK: From SE, trib. of Yellowjacket Creek
at Yellowjacket mining camp. After J. B. Haggin, fa-
mous mining man who once operated at this camp.
Formerly Trail Creek.

HAMMER CREEK: From north, trib. of Camas Creek,
4 miles below Meyers Cove.

HAMMEREAN CREEK: From west, trib. of Northfork.
After a placer miner named Hammerean who worked
this creek in the 1870's.

HAMP CREEK: From SE, trib. of Big Creek 2 miles below
Blackbird Creek. After Oren Hamp, pioneer of district,
(formerly Spring Creek)

HAWLEY CREEK: From western slope of Continental
Divide, trib. of Eighteenmile Creek, above Leadore. Af-
ter E. R. Hawley, pioneer rancher on this stream.
HAYDEN CREEK: From Long Mountain and Hi Peak of
Lemhi Range, flowing east and NE to Lemhi River at
Lemhi. After James Hayden, early day freighter, who
with others was murdered by hostile Indians on Big
Birch Creek in 1877.

HAYNES CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range, east
to Lemhi River opposite Kenney Creek. After Norman
I. Andrews, early settler on this creek whose nickname
was Haynes Andrews.

HELLMAN CREEK: Formerly Warm Spring Creek, from
west slope of Lemhi Range, west to Salmon River at
Adam Hellman's ranch.

HENRY CREEK: Originates 2 miles NE of Lake Mountain
and flows E to Salmon River. After "Bronco" Henry V.
Williams, early settler.

HI PEAK: 10,971feet, nearlat.44deg. 41 min., Iong.113
deg 50 min. Companion name to Lem Peak.
HOCKENSMITH CREEK: Formerly Bridge Creek. From
the east, trib. of Dan Davis Creek 2 miles from Big
Creek. After James H. Hockensmith, early miner here
as early as 1866.

HOGLE CREEK: Formerly S. Fork Moyer Creek. From
Taylor Mountain NW to Moyer Creek 5 miles from Pan-
ther Creek. After old man Hogle, miner, killed here in
early days by old man Moyer.

HOODOO CREEK: From Yellowjacket mountains, S. to
Yellowjacket Creek 3 miles SW of Yellowjacket camp.
So named because the miners, finding no placer gold
in its bars, decided it was jinxed or hoodooed..
HORNET CREEK: From Haystack Mountain east to
Moose Creek. Named after the many hornet nests
found along the creek banks.

HORSE CREEK: SW from Bitterroot Range, trib. of
Salmon River.

HORSEFLY CREEK: From NE, trib. of Loon Creek about
7 miles form Middlefork.

HOT CREEK: From Sheldon Peak SW to Warm Spring
Creek about 4 miles from Loon Creek.
HOT SPRING CREEK: rising in thermal springs 7 miles
SE of Salmon, flowing NW to Salmon River 1 mile south
of town.

173

HUGHES CREEK: From south slope of Bitterroot Moun-
tains, trib. of Northfork Creek. After Barney Hughes,
pioneer placer miner on this creek, one of the original
discoverers of Alder Gulch, Montana.
HULL CREEK: Formerly Spring Creek, from west, trib.
of Northfork Creek. After Joseph Hull, early day settler.
INDIAN CREEK: From south slope of Bitterroot Moun-
tains, trib. of Salmon River 10 miles west of Northfork.
INDIAN PEAK: 3.5 miles NE of Ulysses, near lat. 45
deg. 30 min., long 114 deg. 13 min.
INYO CREEK: From east, trib. of Pattison Creek.
IRON CREEK: From Salmon River Mountains, flows SE
to confluence with Salmon River at Sec 15, T 18, N R
21 E.

ITALIAN GULCH: Heads SE of Grizzly Mountain, runs
2 miles south to Canyon Creek drainage just east of
Leadore. After the Italian workers whose labor at the
charcoal kilns supplied coke for Nicholia. They lived in
Italian Gulch.

JACK CREEK: From Yellowjacket mountains west to
Middlefork.

JACKASS CREEK: From NW, trib. of Yellowjacket Creek
2 miles from Camas.

JACK CRAMER CANYON: North branch of Kirtley
Creek. After a pioneer miner here.
JACK SMITH GULCH: Trib. of Mill Creek, from the west.
5 miles from Lemhi River. After a pioneer cattleman.
JAKE'S CANYON: 4 miles north of Leadore. After Jacob
Yearian, pioneer ranchman.

JENNY CREEK: From west, trib. of Yellowjacket Creek
4.5 miles above Camas Creek.

J. FELL CREEK: From the south, trib. of Camas Creek
near its source.

JOHN KADLETZ CREEK: From SW, trib. of Lemhi River.
After early rancher at mouth of creek, who was also a
government blacksmith at the Lemhi Indian Agency.
JOE'S CREEK: From east, between Haggin and Beagle
Creeks, trib. of Yellojacket Creek. After Joe Anderson
who mined there.

JUNCTION: Old town that once flourished as station
on stage road between Salmon, Idaho and Bannock,
Montana. Named thus because it was at the junction
of the Bannock Road from the east and the Mormon
Road from the south. Lost its prestige in 1910, when
the railroad came and built Leadore, only 1.5 miles
away. Founded by A. M. Stevenson.
KENNEY CREEK: From west slope of Continental Di-
vide flows 9 miles to Lemhi River. After Dr. George A.
Kenney, pioneer physician who ranched at the mouth
of the creek.

KERR CREEK: From Parker Mountain south to Warm
Springs Creek. After old Jim Kerr, a pioneer.
KIRTLEY CREEK: From west slope of Continental Di-
vide, trib. of Lemhi River. After James L. Kirtley, pio-
neer rancher.

LAKE CREEK: From east slope of Salmon River Moun-
tains, trib. of Salmon River. Drains Williams Lake.
LAKE CREEK: See Basin Creek, Colson Creek, Putt

Creek, Timber Creek, Spud Creek.
LAKE MOUNTAIN: 9274 feet, in Salmon River Range.
Source of Iron, Lake and Williams Creeks to the east
and of Deep Creek to the west.
LEACOCK'S RANCH: Homestead of Abner C. Leacock,
at confluence of Nappias and Big Creeks.
LEADORE: Town and station on Gilmore & Pittsburg
Railroad. After lead mines of the area.
LEE CREEK: From east slope of Mill Mountain, Lemhi
Range, trib. of Lemhi River 9 miles NW of Leadore.
After Charles Lee, pioneer settler.
LEESBURG: Old mining town, scene of the historic gold
mining stampede of 1866 and first permanent white
settlement of what is now Lemhi County. After General
Robert E. Lee, named by friends of the confederacy,
who led the great stampede.

LEMHI PASS: Where Captain Merriweather Lewis of the
Lewis and Clark exploration party crossed the Conti-
nental Divide on August 12, 1805, to the Columbia Riv-
er basin, at the source of Agency Creek, Idaho.
LEMHI RIVER: About 60 miles long, flowing NW to Salm-
on River at Salmon town. Named by the Mormon col-
ony which settled at old Fort Lemhi. Name misspelled
from the name of King Limhi in the Book of Mormon.
LEMHI UNION GULCH: East from Spring Mountain to
Little Birch Creek north of Bruce Canyon. After name
of a mining company operating here.
LEWIS CREEK: Formerly Moose Creek, trib. of North-
fork Creek, 9 miles north of Gibbonsville. After Captain
Merriweather Lewis.

LICK CREEK: Trib. of Northfork Creek 2 miles south of
Gibbonsville.

LIME CREEK: From the east, trib. of Salmon River op-
posite Degen Creek. Name because of adjacent lime
deposits.

LITTLE BIRCH CREEK: Flowing SE to Big Birch Creek.
LITTLE DEER CREEK: From the south, trib. of Big Creek
about 5 miles below Leacock's ranch.
LITTLE EIGHTMILE CREEK: From west slope of Con-
tinental Divide, trib. of Lemhi River.
LITTLE FOURTH OF JULY CREEK: rising on south slope
of Stein Mountain, flowing SW to Fourth of July Creek,
2 miles from Salmon River.

LITTLE HAT CREEK: From Table Mountain east to Big
Hat Creek, 2 miles from Salmon River.
LITTLE HORSE CREEK: Flowing west to Horse Creek,
about 9 miles from Salmon River.
LITTLE RENEAU CREEK: From north, trib. of Big Creek
5 miles below Leacock's ranch. After Jules Reneau,
early trench placer miner.

LITTLE LOST RIVER: Rising in Lemhi Range at bound-
ary between Lemhi and Custer counties, flowing SE to
sinks in desert east of Howe post office, Butte County.
From source it forms 20 miles of county boundary.
LITTLE MILL CREEK: From south, trib. of Hayden Creek,
1 mile from Lemhi.

LITTLE SHEEP CREEK: Trib. of Sheep Creek.
LITTLE SHEEPEATER CREEK: From NW, trib. of Salmon

174

River 3 miles west of Shoup.

LITTLE SILVER LEAD CREEK: From west slope of Stein
Mountain, SW to Big Silver Lead Creek about 1 mile
from Salmon River.

LITTLE TICK CREEK: (Formerly Little Woodtick Creek)
From Swan Peak west to Tick Creek 2 miles from Big
Creek.

LITTLE YELLOWJACKET CREEK: From SE, trib of Yel
lowjacket Creek 2.5 miles below the mining camp.
LONG MOUNTAIN: Lemhi Range, near lat. 44 deg. 44
min., long. 113 deg 50 min.

LONG TOM CREEK: From Long Tom mountain, south
to Salmon River 1 mile east of Middlefork.
LONG TOM MOUNTAIN: 8154 feet, 4 miles north of
Salmon River at mouth of Middlefork River.
LOON CREEK: From SE, trib. of Middlefork River.
Southern boundary of county for 12 miles.
MAGUIRE MOUNTAIN: 10,070 feet. Big Horn Crags
about 6 miles east of Middlefork River. After Don Ma-
guire, Ogden, Utah mining engineer & geologist.
MCGARVEY PEAK:(Monument Peak) 11,000 feet on
border of Idaho and Montana. After old man McGarvey,
who had fish traps at present site of Salmon as early
as 1865.

MCKIM CREEK: From Lemhi Range west to Salmon
River. After David McKim, pioneer rancher here.
MCDEVITT CREEK: From east slope of Lemhi Range,
to Lemhi River. After Neal McDevitt, early settler.
MCNIRNEY CREEK: From NE, trib. of Loon Creek .5
mile east of Horsefly Creek. After Dan McNirney, pio-
neer rancher and trapper of upper Middlefork.
MAHONEY CREEK: From NE, trib. of Warm Spring Creek
about 8 miles above Loon Creek. After Ezra Mahoney
whose pack train followed this stream during the sea-
son of the Thunder Mountain boom of 1902.
MARSING CREEK: see Cabin Creek.
MASSIE CREEK: (formerly Camp Creek) From west,
trib. of Salmon River 3 miles south of Lake Creek. After
Henry Massie, old soldier & pioneer settler of district.
MEADOW CREEK: NE from Meadow Lake to Texas Creek
near Gilmore.

MEADOW LAKE: 3 miles SW of Gilmore.
MEYERS COVE: Post Office on Camas Creek, formerly
situated at Singiser Mine on Arrastra Creek. After Hon.
B. F. Meyers, ex-congressman of Pennsylvania, who
took up the land in 1896 and also mined on Arrastra
Creek.

MIDDLEFORK PEAK: 9125 feet, in Yellowjacket Moun-
tains 4 miles east of Mormon ranch.
MIDDLEFORK RIVER: North from Sawtooth Mountains,
trib. of Salmon River. For 36 miles it is western bound-
ary of Lemhi County.

MILK CREEK: From Gunsight Peak NW, trib. of Adams
Creek.

MILL CREEK: From east slope of Mill Mountain NW to
Lemhi River.

MILL MOUNTAIN: Lemhi Range 2 miles east of Mogg
Mountain.

MINK CREEK: From Black Mountain, NW to Panther
Creek.

MOCCASIN CREEK: From Salmon River Mountains, NW
to Nappias Creek 2 miles above Leacock's ranch.
MOGG MOUNTAIN: Lemhi Range, overlooking Hayden
Creek to the N. and Morse Creek to the SW. After Fred
Mogg, pioneer.

MOLLIE GULCH: 6 miles NW of Leadore. After Miss
Mollie Yearian, later Mrs J. H. Clarke of Salmon.
MOOSE CREEK: Rising in Haystack Mountain, flowing
E the N to Salmon River 6 miles W of Northfork. Di-
verted by work of placer miners, it discharges via Dump
Creek. After many moose antlers found there.
MORGAN CREEK: SW from west slope of Lemhi Range
to Pattison Creek 1 mile west of May Post Office. After
John Morgan, pioneer horsegrower.
MORMON RANCH: On east bank of Middlefork River
about 4 miles N of Camas Creek. Located in early days
by men supposed to be Mormons.
MORSE CREEK: From Mogg Mountain, SW to Pattison
Creek 2 miles S of May. After old man Morse, early
day stockman.

MOUNTAIN CREEK: From the south, trib. of Hayden
Creek 5 miles from Lemhi River. Formerly Meadow
Creek.

MOYER CREEK: From Taylor Mountain NW to Big Creek
2.5 miles N of Forney. After Charles Moyer, early pros-
pector.

MUDDY CREEK: From E slope of Lemhi Range to Lemhi
River just above mouth of McDevitt Creek.
MULKEY CREEK: From Lemhi Range N to Lemhi River
6 miles SE of Salmon. After Elijah Mulkey, early rancher
and Leesburg Pioneer.

MUSGROVE CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, SE to Pan-
ther Creek 2 miles N of Forney. After Major H. P. Mus-
grove, Civil War veteran and early miner.
MUSTANG CREEK: From the S, trib to Horse Creek 8
miles from Salmon River.

NAPOLEON GULCH: From E slope of Napoleon Peak,
E to Salmon River 6 miles above Northfork.
NAPOLEON PEAK: 7433 feet, 4 miles S of Northfork
Post Office.

NAPIAS CREEK: From W slope of Salmon River Moun-
tains, SW to Big Creek at Leacock's ranch. After the
Shoshone Indian name for money, because gold was
found there.

NATE CREEK: Trib. of Yellowjacket Creek, E from Mid-
dlefork Peak. After Nate Smith, discoverer of gold on
Yellowjacket and Loon Creeks. Formerly Camp Creek.
NEZ PERCE CREEK: From E slope of Lemhi Range N
to Texas Creek.

NEZ PERCE CREEK: Eastern branch of Dahlonega
Creek.

NICHOLIA: Old mining camp on Nicholia Creek, S of
Viola Peak. After Ralph Nichols, manager of Viola Mine.
NORTHFORK CREEK: From N to Salmon River at the

175

great bend of this stream to the west.
NORTH MOUNTAIN: 3 miles E of Stein Mountain, over-
looking drainage of Fourth of July and Sheep Creeks.
Named because of an immense natural "N" formed in
the sliderock of its S slope, visible from Salmon.
OPAL CREEK: From Taylor Mountain W to Panther
Creek 5 miles W of that mountain. After opal deposits
found there.

OPAL LAKE: On Opal Creek 2.5 miles from Panther
Creek.

OWL CREEK: From S slope of Bitterroot Mountains,
trib. of Salmon River 12 miles W of Shoup.
OTTER CREEK: From Taylor Mountain SW to Panther
Creek.

PAHSIMEROI RIVER: S boundary of Lemhi County from
about long 113 deg 49 min, W to Salmon River. Sho-
shone Indian name for clear water.
PANTHER CREEK: From W slope of Salmon River
Mountains between Black and Taylor Mountains, S
branch of Big Creek which it forms by confluence with
Musgrove Creek about 2 miles N of Forney.
PARADISE CREEK: From Hi Peak, trib. of Hayden Creek,
next above Wade Creek.

PARKS CREEK: Trib. of Salmon River opposite Indian
Creek. After old man Parks, prospector there.
PARKER CREEK: From Parker Mountain W to Warm
Springs Creek 1 mile above Warm Springs Ranger Sta-
tion.

PARKER MOUNTAIN: At head of Bronco Creek about
.5 mile from boundary of Lemhi and Idaho Counties.
After old man Parker, assayer and prospector of Chai-
ns, who mined here.

PATTEE CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Lemhi River. After Joseph L Pattee, early ranch-
er there.

PATTERSON POST OFFICE: On Pattison Creek. Name
misspelled from Ross Pattison who ranched here in
early days and discovered the tungsten mines on the
creek.

PATTISON CREEK: SW and W from the Lemhi Range
to Pahsimeroi River. After Ross Pattison.
PAYNE CREEK: From SW, trib. of Iron Creek 3 miles
from Salmon River. After Ed Payne.
PEEL TREE CREEK: From SW, trib. of Iron Creek 3 miles
from Salmon River. Porcupines peeled the bark from
most of the trees.

PEPPER CREEK: From Salmon River Mountains N to
Deep Creek, 7 miles from Big Creek. After the abun-
dance of the weed locally known as pepper plant.
PETERSON CREEK: From W slope of Continental Di-
vide, trib. of Lemhi River. After William Peterson, early
settler.

PERROW (PERREAU) CREEK: From Baldy Mountain E
to Salmon River 6 miles S of Salmon. After John Per-
reau, a frenchman who mined here in the 1870's.
PHELAN CREEK: NW from Phelan Peak to Nappias
Creek 4 miles below Leesburg. After Lawrence W. Phe-
lan who came from N.Y. via Virginia City, Mt. in 1866.

PHELAN PEAK: 8887 feet, in Salmon River Mountains,
3 miles W of Baldy Mountain.

PIERCE CREEK: from W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Northfork Creek 7 miles N of Gibbonsville. After
John Pierce, early placer miner.
PINE CREEK: From Haystack Mountain NW to Salmon
River 1.5 miles below Shoup.

POINT OF ROCK PEAK: 8352 feet high, 5 miles SE of
Shoup.

POISON CREEK: E branch of Eighteenmile Creek.
Named by Steve Mahaffey Sr., who lost stock there
due to ingestion of larkspur and death camas.
POISON CREEK: From W slope of Lemhi Range to
Salmon River at Sec. 23, T 18 N R 21 E.
POLE CREEK: W from Yellowjacket Mountins to Mid-
dlefork River 2 miles N of Mormon ranch. After stand
of lodgepole pines.

POLLARD CANYON: Trib. of Jesse Creek 2 miles W of
Salmon. After Frank M. Pollard, pioneer rancher.
PONY CREEK: From SE, trib. of Nappias Creek 2.5 miles
below Leesburg.

POPE SHENON MINE: On W slope of Lemhi Range, 7
miles S of Salmon.

PORPHYRY CREEK: From Quartzite Mountain, SE to
Panther Creek at Forney.

POWDER CREEK: From E, trib. of Loon Creek 1.5 miles
from Middlefork River.

POWDERHORN GULCH: Originates .5 mile W of Baldy
Mountain; runs 2 miles S then 4.5 miles SW.
PRATT CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide SW
to Lemhi River. After Jerome Pratt, first settler on this
stream.

PROSPECT CREEK: From W, trib. of Timber Creek 2.5
miles from its head.

PRUVAN CREEK: Trib. of Sheep Creek E of Eagle Peak.
After John Pruvan, Civil War veteran and early pros-
pector who lived here.

PUDDIN MOUNTAIN: 9684 feet, in Bighorn Crags 5
miles E of Middlefork and 3 miles S of Aggipah Moun-
tain. After "Puddin River" Wilson, who ran a saloon at
Yellowjacket in the early days.

PUTT CREEK: From N slope of Bighorn Crags N to
Salmon River 5 miles E of Middlefork. After Charles
Putt, early settler.

QUAKING ASPEN CREEK: North branch of Hawley
Creek.

QUARTZ CREEK: From W, trib. of Northfork Creek.
QUARTZ GULCH: From SW, trib. of Big Creek 2 miles
below Leacock's ranch.

QUARTZITE MOUNTAIN: 8721 feet, 4 miles north of
Redrock Peak.

QUEEN OF THE HILLS MINE: 8 miles NW of Salmon.
RABBITFOOT MINE: On Silver Creek about 4 miles N
of Black Mountain.
RAMEY CREEK: See Cabin Creek.
RAMSFORK CREEK: From NW, trib. of Silver Creek, 3
miles above Camas Creek.
RAPPS CREEK: From N, trib. of Nappias Creek. 2 miles

176

below Leesburg. After Joseph Rapp, Leesburg pioneer.
RATTLELSNAKE CREEK: From E slope of Salmon River
Mountains E to Salmon River opposite Waddington
Creek.

RED POINT PEAK: W of summit of Lemhi Range, be-
tween heads of Cow and Morgan Creeks.
RED ROCK PEAK: 8209 feet, 3 miles E of Yellowjacket.
REES CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide, trib.
of Lemhi River. After Robert G. Rees, pioneer settler.
RESERVOIR CREEK: From W slope of Continental Di-
vide, trib. of Hawley Creek E of Leadore.
REYNOLDS CREEK: W branch of Horse Creek near Bit-
terroot Mountains.

RINGLE CREEK: From W, trib. of Salmon River. After
William Ringle who patented land on creek in 1936.
ROARING CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, NW to Middle-
fork 4 miles from Salmon River.
ROCK CREEK: From NE to Loon Creek.
ROCKY CANYON: W slope of Continental Divide, T 16
N R 27 E.

ROCKY PEAK: 10,551 feet, 2 miles N of Junction Peak
and at head of Rocky Creek. T 14 N R 25 E Sec 16.
ROCKY CREEK: From E Slope of Yellow Peak E to Tim-
ber Creek.

SAGE CREEK: From the N, trib. of Salmon River 7 miles
W of Northfork.

SAGEBRUSH MOUNTAIN: 7132 feet, 4 miles S of Salm
on River between Clear and Garden Creeks.
SALMON HOT SPRINGS: In foothills 7 miles SE of Salm-
on, drained by Hot Springs Creek to Salmon River.
SALMON RIVER: Chief stream of Lemhi County, rising
in Sawtooth Mountains it traverses the county a dis-
tance of about 100 miles. Named "Aggipah" (meaning
Salmon) by Indians prior to white settlement.
SALT CREEK: Trib. of Canyon Creek, T 16 N R 27 E.
SALZER CREEK: Trib. of Hughes Creek from the north.
After old man Salzer, who placermined this creek.
SAM JAMES CREEK: From S slope of Bitterroot Moun-
tains to Salmon River 2 miles E of Shoup. After Sam
James Pioneer, discoverer of mines at Shoup and
Blackbird.

SANDY CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide to
Lemhi River. After Alexander "Sandy" Barrack who had
a grist mill in this vicinity in 1872.
SAWMILL CREEK: From N to Little Lost River.
SAWMILL GULCH: From E, trib. of Pine Creek 2.5 miles
from Salmon River.

SAWLMILL GULCH: From SE to Panther Creek at For-
ney.

SAWPIT GULCH: From Salmon River Mountains W to
Napias Creek 1 mile above Leesburg.
SCHWARTZ CREEK: From E slope of Lemhi range N to
Lemhi River 4 miles SE of Lemhi. After H. Schwartz,
early rancher.

SECOND CREEK: From E, trib. of Salmon River 1 mile
S of Briney Creek.

SHARKEY CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Agency creek. After F. B. Sharkey, Leesburg

pioneer, who also mined here and discovered Copper
Queen Mine.

SHEEP CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Northfork Creek 7 miles from Northfork Post
Office.

SHEEPEATER MOUNTAIN: 7853 feet, 4 miles W of
Shoup. After a mongrel band of Indians.
SHEEPHORN PEAK: Lemhi Range, near Sec 30 T 15 N
R 26 E.

SHELDON CREEK: From Sheldon Peak NE to South
Fork Camas Creek. After R. K. Sheldon of New York,
early day miner.

SHELDON PEAK: near lat. 44 deg 42 min, long 1 14 deg
34 min. After Sheldon Creek.

SHEP CREEK: From King Mountain 1.5 miles SE to
Salmon River. After Warren Shepherd who floated ce-
dar logs from here down the Salmon River.
SHEWAG LAKE: At head of Little Fourth of July Creek
between Sheep and Wagonhammer Creeks, hence the
name.

SHIP ISLAND LAKE: Between Maguire and Aggipah
Mountains in Bighorn Crags. An island in the lake has
appearance of a ship from a distance.
SHOUP: Mining town on N bank of Salmon River. After
Col. George L. Shoup.

SILVER CREEK: A tortuous stream, rising in
SalmonRiver Mountains, flowing NW then SW, joining
Camas Creek at Meyers Cove.

SLEEPING DEER MOUNTAIN: 9885 feet high, near lat.
44 deg 46 min, long 114 deg 42 min.
SMALL DEEP CREEK: From Allan Mountain to North-
fork Creek.

SMITH CREEK: Trib to Dahlonega Creek 1 mile E of
Gibbonsville. After Dennis Smith, early prospector.
SMOUT CREEK: From NE, trib. of Freeman creek. After
W. T. Smout who settled there.

SNAKE CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, W to Middlefork
River. Formerly Rattlesnake Creek.
SNELL (SHELL) CREEK: From S, trib. of Salmon River
3 miles E of Middlefork River. After Ebenezer Snell, old
time settler.

SNOWSHOE CREEK: From NE, trib. of Warm Spring
Creek about 6 miles from Loon Creek. After "Snow-
shoe" Johnson, early miner in Wilson Creek area.
SODA CREEK: From N, trib. of Camas Creek 3 miles E
of Middlefork.

SPIDER CREEK: From S, trib to Camas Creek 2 miles
S of South Fork Camas.

SPRING CREEK: See Blackbird, Hamp, Hull, Sam James
Creeks.

SPRING MOUNTAIN Lemhi Range, 5 miles S of Gil-
more. Formerly Sheep Mountain.
SPUD CREEK: From Middlefork Peak E to Yellowjacket
Creek, 3 miles below the camp. Formerly Lake Creek.
SQUAW CAMP CREEK: From W, trib. of Big Creek 5
miles below Big Deer Creek.

SQUAW CREEK: From W slope of Spring Mountain SW
to Little Lost River.

177

SQUARE TOP PEAK: 8409 feet, on boundary between
Lemhi and Idaho Counties.

SQUIRREL CREEK: From S, trib. of Timber Creek 4
miles from its head.

ST CLAIR CREEK: From N, trib. of Owl Creek. After
Wallace St Clair, who mined on this stream. Formerly
Wallace Creek.

STEIN MOUNTAIN: 8535 feet, 7 miles NE of Northfork.
After Henry Stein, early prospector.
STEPHENSON CREEK: From Clear Lake, trib to Ten-
mile Creek. After A. M. Stephenson, early settler at old
Junction. Formerly Clear Creek.
STRIPE PEAK: 8923 feet, at extreme NW corner of
Lemhi County.

STROUD CREEK: From Lemhi Range, middle branch of
Lee Creek, joins Lee Creek 6 miles from Lemhi River.
After Elijah Stroud, early settler.
STRUGGLE GULCH: From W, branch joining Schwartz
Creek 1 mile from Lemhi River.
SWAN CREEK: From N slope of Rocky Peak, NE to
Timber Creek 5 miles S of Leader.
SYRUP CREEK: From E, trib. of Loon Creek 1 mile from
Middlefork River.

TABERNACLE MOUNTAIN: 9272 feet. 1 mile SW of
Wilson Mountain. Named for its shape.
TABLE MOUNTAIN: In spur of Salmon river Mountains
S of Little Hat Creek on County boundary.
TATER CREEK: From E, trib. of Morgan Creek 3 miles
from Pattison Creek. John Morgan raised first potatoes
in the valley with water from this creek. Originally called
Spud Creek.

TAYLOR MOUNTAIN: 9968 feet, in Salmon River
Mountains, overlooking Big Hat Creek to E and Panther
Creek to W. After Bob Taylor, early day horsegrower
on Big Hat Creek.

TENMILE CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Eighteenmile Creek.

TEXAS CREEK: N from Meadow Lake to Lemhi River
near Leadore.

THOMPSON GULCH: 3 miles NE of Leadore. After El-
mer E. Thompson, early settler.
THREEMILE CREEK: Trib. of Dahlonega Creek 3 miles
E of Gibbonsville.

TICK CREEK: From Salmon River Mountains NW to Big
Creek 5 miles below Forney.

TIMBER CREEK: From E slope of Lemhi Range, be-
tween Yellow Peak and Flat Iron Mountain, NE to Lemhi
River 1 mile N of Leadore.

TIMBER LAKE CREEK: From Lemhi Range N to Games
Creek.

TOBIAS CREEK: From S, trib. of Hayden Creek 1 mile
above E Fork Hayden Creek. After Solon S. Tobias,
pioneer rancher.
TORMEY MINE: On ridge N of Perrow (Perreau) Creek

4 miles from Salmon River. After John Tormey, original
discoverer of mine.

TRAIL CREEK: From SW, trib. of Camas Creek 2 miles

5 of S Fork Camas Creek.

TRAIL CREEK: See also Dan Davis, Game, and Haggin
Creeks.

TRAIL PEAK: 10,589 feet, in Lemhi Range 5 miles SE
of Spring Mountain.

TURNER GULCH: On E slope of Salmon River Moun-
tains, trib. of Jesse Creek 4 miles W of Salmon. After
Capt. Nathaniel L. Turner, Civil War veteran who mined
in this gulch.

TWELVEMILE CREEK: From W slope of Lemhi Range,
W to Salmon River 12 miles S of Salmon.
TWIN CREEK: From S slope of Bitterroot Mountains,
trib. of Northfork Creek.

ULYSSES: Old town on Indian Creek. Post Office from
1902 to 1929, 5 miles from Indianola. After mine of
same name.

ULYSSES MOUNTAIN: 7680 feet at Sec 9 T 24 N R 20
E.

VALLIET SPRING: At base of Bluenose Mountain, source
of Sam James Creek.

VIER CREEK: From E, trib. of Big Creek 3 miles from
Salmon River. After James Vier, early prospector, dis-
coverer of Italian, Rabbitfoot and Singiser Mines. He
now lies buried beside the stream. Formerly Hot Springs
Creek.

VIOLA MOUNTAIN: 13 miles E of Gilmore, on Conti-
nental Divide. After name of principal mine at Nicholia.
VIRGINIA GULCH: From Point of Rock W to Pine Creek,
4 miles from Salmon River.

VOTLER GULCH: From Granite Mountain, trib. of
Northfork Creek 1 mile S of Gibbonsville. After Gus
Votler who mined here until 1920 when he disap-
peared.

WADDINGTON CREEK: From E, trib. of Salmon River
at Sec 34 T 19 N R 21 E. After Nels Watts Waddington,
who had a ranch here.

WADE CREEK: Trib. of Hayden Creek just W of Carroll
Creek. After Daniel and Henry Wade, pioneer ranchers.
WAGONHAMMER CREEK: From W slope of Continental
Divide to Salmon River. After discovery here of certain
wagon irons, relics of a fateful band who, in 1862, vainly
tried to drive teams and wagons via this route to the
Florence stampede.

WALLACE CREEK: From E slope of Salmon River Moun-
tains, NE to Salmon River. After William Wallace, early
settler.

WARM CREEK: From Continental Divide, trib. of Lemhi
River at Sec 6 T 19 N R 24 E. Formerly Warm Spring
Creek.

WARM SPRING CREEK: From W slope of Salmon River
Mountains, near Twin Peaks, W to Loon Creek. For 15
miles constitutes boundary between Custer and Lemhi
Counties.

WARM SPRING CREEK: See Hellman & Warm Creeks.
WATERFALL CREEK: From Bighorn Crags, flows W 4
miles to Middlefork, where it forms large waterfall.
WAUGH MOUNTAIN: 8885 feet, on boundary between
Lemhi and Idaho Counties, 1.5 miles N of Lost Packer
Peak. After Alec Waugh, early day stage driver.

178

WEASEL CREEK: Trib. of Panther Creek, from E 1.5
miles above Opal Creek.

WELLS CREEK: From W slope of Lemhi Range W to
Salmon River. After Jude Wells, old timer. Formerly
Cow Creek.

WEST FORK CAMAS CREEK: Trib. of Camas Creek at
Meyers Cove.

WEST HORSE CREEK: From NW, trib. of Horse Creek
1.5 miles from Salmon River.

WHEAT CREEK: From N, trib. of Salmon River 8 miles
below Middlefork.

WHEETIP CREEK: Trib. of Big Bear Creek. Name prob-
ably of Indian origin.

WHISKY SPRINGS CREEK: Trib. of Cruikshank Creek.
WHITE CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Agency Creek. After Harry White, early settler
or possibly white soil in area.

WHITE GOAT CREEK: From the E, trib. of Camas Creek
about 8 miles above Meyers Cove. Drains White Goat
Lake.

WILD GOAT MOUNTAIN: 9620 feet, in Bighorn Crags
3 miles E of Middlefork, 2.5 miles N of Mt Maguire.
Habitat of wild goat.

WILDCAT CREEK: Trib. of Cruikshank Creek.
WILLIAMS CREEK: From E slope of Salmon River Moun-
tains, E to Salmon River 8 miles S of Salmon. After
Henry Williams, pioneer ranchman.
WILLIAMS LAKE: On Lake Creek, 2.5 miles W of Salmon
River. After Henry Williams.

WILSON CREEK: From Yellowjacket Mountains W to
Middlefork River opposite Soldier Creek.
WILSON MOUNTAIN: 9556 feet, in Bighorn Crags, 5
miles E of Middlefork River. After "Puddin River" Wil-
son, early day saloon keeper and picturesque char-
acter of Yellowjacket mining camp.
WIMPEY CREEK: From W slope of Continental Divide,
trib. of Lemhi River. After Major William Wimpey who
settled here in 1867.

WITHINGTON CREEK: From SE, trib. of Llemhi River 1
mile above Baker. After Lester P. Withington.
WOOLARD CREEK: From Bighorn Crags W to Middle-
fork River.

WRIGHT CREEK: From SW, trib. of Bear Valley Creek,
next above Bill Kadletz Creek. After Dr. Frank S. Wright,
early physician.

YEARIAN CREEK: From W, trib. of Lemhi River. After
George Yearian, pioneer settler.

YELLOW CAT CREEK: From E, trib. of Loon Creek 5
miles from Middlefork. A big yellow house cat lived at
mouth of creek for several years.

THE SALIN CITY BRE\!ERY.

BEBT^ BY THE KEG

OR BOTTLE

Patronise - Home - Industry

Til-H^E SPAHN: Proprietor.

YELLOW PEAK: 10,968 feet, Lemhi Range, 4 miles N
of Flat Iron Mountain. After yellow rock formations.
YELLOWJACKET: Old mining camp on Yellowjacket
Creek, Post Office 1893 to 1912.
YELLOWJACKET CREEK: Form Bighorn Crags, SW to
Camas Creek 4 miles E of Middlefork. Name based on
a story that while the first explorers were finding gold
here, their horses were stung by yellowjackets, bring-
ing them grief.

YELLOWJACKET MOUNTAINS: Mountain range about
10 miles long, trending NE between Yellowjacket Creek
and Middlefork River.

information taken from;

1) List of names of locations by Bess E. Stroud, then Lemhi County
Superintendent.

2) Place Names of Lemhi County, Idaho by Selway Lysle Mulkey.
Master's Thesis, U. of Idaho, 1970.

3) Idaho Place Names - A Geographical Dictionary by Lalia Boone,
U. of Idaho Press, 1988.

Grand Ball

McPherson Post No. 3,

G. A. R..

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July 4, 1906

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RECEPTION:

Messrs Wm. Andrews, Steve Manfull,
Jas. Light. Mesdames Logan Igou,
Truman Andrews, Theodore Ketchum,
j^ Frank Tingley.

ARRANGEMENTS:

I. B. Giles, B. F. Russell, G. A. Martin.

PROMPTERS:

Geo. A. Martin, Wm. J. Bryan.

TICKES, Without Supper, $1.50

On Sale at
Edv^'ards' and Pyea^tt's Dr\jg Stores

m
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179

WORSHIP IN LEMHI COUNTY, IDAHO

by Barbara W. Young

When one thinks of religion in Lemhi County, one
thinks of traditional Christian denominations, but to be
realistic, one must go back to the time of the aboriginal
Idahoans. Those people who lived in this land did have
religion, and they practiced it for centuries. They be-
lieved in a supernatural power. Their dependence on
that belief was reinforced through their child- rearing
practices, rituals, and public exhortation by leaders.

Today we are aware of the Indian Sun Dance, the
Native American Church, and other beliefs, and many
Christian denominations are now found among Idaho
Indians; but these developments came with European
influences as early as 1700 A.D. — a century before
Lewis and Clark came into this valley.

Christianity, in an organized form, came into Lemhi
County about fifty years after Lewis and Clark met Ca-
meahwait on Lemhi Pass.

In 1855, twenty-seven missionaries of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints arrived in the Salmon
River country, after a thirty-four day trek from Mormon
headquarters in Salt Lake City. President Brigham
Young had instructed them to "Establish a mission
among the Indians and to teach them the arts of hus-
bandry and peace." In two years a fort and twenty-five
cabins had been constructed, several hundred acres
of land had been cleared, and the first irrigation system
in Idaho was begun.

In 1858, Indians from other tribes raided the mission,
killing two missionaries and wounding five other. They
also drove off 250 head of cattle and 29 horses. The
remaining missionaries were called back to Salt Lake.

In 1866, gold fever hit near Leesburg. Salmon was
settled two years later, and there were about twenty
known Catholics in the vicinity. The first priest known
to have visited was Father Francis Kuppers from Mon-
tana. A year later, in 1879, Archbishop Charles Seghers
from Oregon City made a visitation.

It was October 13, 1870, when the first Episcopal
service was held in Salmon, under the direction of Bish-
op Tuttle. With offices in Boise, Idaho, Salmon was one
of the most isolated churches in the Diocese.

The first quarterly conference of the Beaverhead Cir-
cuit of the Methodist Church was held in 1872 in Mon-
tana, and a pastor and prominent Mason, Hugh Dun-
can, reported that he had visited Salmon City. Appar-
ently this is the first record of Methodist services in
this valley. Hugh Duncan served as pastor from 1872
until June, 1873. Then William Van Orsdel was appoint-

ThJs photo shows the old Methodist Church and parsonage at Main
and Center Streets. It was made of red brick from the Pollard Quarry
west of town, and while it lacked many conveniences that modern
churches find indispensible, yet to some, no other church will ever
seem so sacred. The old church building and parsonage were sold
in the early 1940's.

'-«F''''**'*^*iB(55g5».

180

ed Junior Preacher, and he worked in the Montana
Territory with Rev. Francis A. Riggan. They served Vir-
ginia City, Bannock, and Salmon City.

The Methodist Church was organized with five char-
ter members. We will recognize the names Glenden-
ning, Noteware, Wentz, and McCaleb. They met first in
the Odd Fellows Hall, which is above today's Hallmark
store.

Originally, the Methodist headquarters were at Junc-
tion, near today's Leadore, and later were moved to
Salmon in 1884. In 1880 the Ladies Church Society
organized and became the nucleus of the force re-
sulting in the building of the Methodist Church, which
was made of local red brick and stood on the (NE)
corner of Main and Church Street. (Present location
of the Chevron station.)

In 1884, when their church was ready for occupancy,
Mrs. Anna B. McCaleb wrote, "Time fails to tell of those
strenuous years. The women of the church and those
out of it, as well as nearly all the young people of the
place, lent their aid in giving socials, fairs, suppers, and
literary entertainments to raise money to complete the
church until finally in 1884 it was finished and dedi-
cated".

Distance makes for self-reliance, and along with the
other churches of the day. Episcopalians had to be self-
reliant, yet dependent on one another. Seven years
after Bishop Tuttle's visit . . . Biship Talbot visited
Salmon and conducted services in 1887.

It was a year earlier, 1886, when Catholic Bishop
Glarieus was vicar apostolic who visited Salmon, and

he set the stage for annual visits from Rev. Van der
Donct, of Pocatello.

Six years later, a young Seventh-day Adventist min-
ister was visiting his sister, Nellie Albertson, in Salmon
and he was invited to preach in the Methodist Church.

In 1898 two Mormon elders returned to the Fort
Lemhi area, but there did not seem to be any interest,
so they did not stay.

At the turn of the century, with the opening of many
mines, and the creation of the Gilmore and Pittsburg
Railroad in the Lemhi area, there were many Irish Cath-
olics anxious to find religious freedom in the west. They
had received much ridicule from people in the East,
and they found peace in the west.

When St. Charles Catholic Church was organized in
Salmon in 1901, it became apparent there was also a
need for a Catholic church in Leadore. Father Peter
GresI, basded in Idaho Falls, worked with the Ross
brothers and they built the St. Joseph's Church in Lea-
dore and the St. Catherine's Church in Gilmore.

That same year brought about the organization of
the First Presbyterian Church. Reverend S. E. Wishard,
from the Synod of Utah, assisted with the organization,
with twelve charter members. Organizers included Lu-
cy Clough and Emily Brown. For several months, church
meeting were held in the Brown home, and in Septem-
ber, 1902, F. B. Bonner was ordained and became the
first pastor of the Salmon Church.

The Presbyterian Church, at Lena and McPherson Streets,
has changed very little since its completion in 1904. It is
frame construction with gabled roof in an L-shaped plan with
random shingle siding. The bell tower has a pure hip roof.
New windows with sandblasted design have recently been in-
stalled.

The Episcopal Church of the Redeemer was completed in 1904.
Built of native rough cut stone donated by Colonel Shoup, the brick
interior chancel arch was donated and constructed by Francis Pol-
lard. The complicated work of building the gothic arches was done
by stonemasons William O'Connell and Frank Pollard. Beautiful
stained glass windows were donated as memorials and were shipped
from the East; some by mule train over Agency Pass.

1887 - On Tuesday last, A. D. King brought in the new bell for the
Methodist Church. While going down Main he rang the bell. It is of
eood size and tone.

181

In 1902, two brother, John and Will Holbrook, who
were Seventh- day Adventist ministers, held a series
of meeting in the Salmon area, and this led to regular
meetings for several years.

It was also in 1902 that the Episcopal Mission was
established at the Lemhi Indian Agency, and this re-
mained active until the Agency was closed. Activity
among Episcopalians was strong in the early 1900's
and in 1903, the present church building (in Salmon)
was erected. Francis (Frank) M. Pollard, a local stone
mason, was the builder. Mr Pollard's work is still visible
in many buildings in Salmon.

Presbyterian effort was also strong, and the church
building was erected in 1903-1904, and dedicated.

In 1905, the Reverand Ruffan Jones was appointed
to be the first priest for the Episcopal Church of the
Redeemer. Under his leadership, the Alter Guild was
formed in 1908, and it still functions today.

1908 was a big year religiously speaking. Twenty in-
dividuals were baptized as Seventh-day Adventists, and
this company became the center of the current Ad-
ventist Church. During that same year, the St. Charles
Catholic Church purchased three lots for a future par-
ish church. That year they laid the cornerstone and
present foundation of the church, which was also con-
structed by Frank Pollard.

Many lay leaders functioned in the Seventh-day Ad-
ventist Church. After a time, the local leadership was
transferred to Mrs. Nellie Albertson, who did just about
everything to keep the church alive. She served in many
offices, gave Bible studies, was an active missionary,

The corner stone for St. Charles Catholic Church, at Hope and South
St. Charles Streets, was layed in 1908 and the church was dedicated
in 1911. Frank Pollard did the stone worl( using large ashlar stone
blocks from the Shoup quarry, which were cut, then shaped with
a chisel. The church has a gabled roof, and Gothic style windows.
The square bell tower is topped by a wood shingled belfrey with
three Gothic shaped louver openings on each side, and corner sup-
ports topped with metal cone and pineapple finials.

and she often walked eleven miles for meetings.

In 1911 the first mass was conducted in the com-
pleted St. Charles Catholic Church, and the building
was dedicated on July 20. Father J. F. GresI served as
pastor.

In 1915 two Mormon brother. Arch and Thomas
McFarland, along with Arch's wife, Druciolla, arrived in
the Leadore area. They were followed three months
later by the James E. Peterson family. They were strong
in the faith, and met regularly in their homes. Two
missionaries attended services in 1917, and organized
the first Sunday School in the area. There were twenty
eight people attending and Arthur Peterson . . . was
selected as superintendent of the Sunday School.

Also in 1917 the first Seventh-day Adventist Church
was built on the corner of Hope and McPherson. Some
sixty names were enrolled on church records. Activity
was strong for about eight years, but when the Al-
bertsons had to leave the area for a time, interest and
membership declined and the church stood vacant for
ten years.

1924 brought the Mormon Sunday School to Salm-
on, with Lemuel Jeppson as superintendent and a
membership of thirty-five. They also met in the upstairs
rooms of the old Odd Fellows Building and the McNutt
Building. Construction on their first building began in
1927, and the facility was ready for use in 1929.

The LDS Church at the corner of Shoup and Lillian was in use until
the early 1960's.

Faith Bible Chapel was founded in Salmon by Ethel
M. Heidner. She went to California for treatment, and
while there, attended the Angeles Temple in Los An-
geles and experienced a miraculous healing after the
pastor of the International Church of the Foursquare
Gospel prayed for her. Returning to Salmon, Mrs. Heid-
ner opened her home for cottage prayer meeting. In
1929 she successfully petitioned the International
Church of the Foursquare Gospel for membership. She
became the first pastor, with fifty- five charter mem-
bers. For some time, they rented the McNutt Hall, and
they also used the Odd Fellows Hall. Church members
built a small parsonage at the site of the present Cab-
bage Patch Square in 1934, where they held services.
In 1937 they sold the parsonage and bought ground

182

at Fulton and Fourth Streets from the Dempsey family,
where they erected a modest frame building.

Depression times were tough, yet church growth
flourished. In 1930 the large stained glass, "Christ in
Gethsemane" window was installed in the Episcopal
Church of the Redeemer as a memorial. This art piece
still serves the community and is lighted regularly. The
Episcopal Church sponsored three community church-
es and Sunday Schools in Gibbonsville, Shoup, and Ten-
doy.

In Leadore, Mormons continued to meet in various
homes until 1920, when Hattie Groom, a member of
the Methodist Church, offered them the use of their
recently vacated Methodist Building. They met in this
building for the next eight years.

In 1931 the Salmon membership of the Mormons
had grown to be organized into a "ward" and was made
part of the Lost River Stake, which is similar in struc-
ture to a diocese. The stake headquarters were at Moo-
re, Idaho, and David J. Clark was the first Salmon bish-
op.

After a ten year period of semi-activity, the Seventh-
day Adventist Church was reorganized in 1935, with
twenty-nine members enrolled. Among them were Bill
Goodman, Mildred Hamilton and Albert Schultz, who
are active today. In 1936 the first church school was
started in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Since that
time, the shurch has operated and successfully sup-
ported a church school.

A. A. Smith and his heirs sold part of the property,
locally known as "Cabbage Patch Square", to the Pen-
tacost Church in June of 1939. It was at this time a
building, now occupied by the Salmon River Playhouse,
was constructed. R. B. Cavaness, George Bear, and
Sarah Sandiland were recorded as trustees. At that
time, the Assembly of God Church of Salmon was in-
corporated, with the first pastor and founder being Mil-
am Fitzgerald.

At the onset of World War II, the Methodist and Pres-
byterian Churches in Salmon formed a Federated
Church. The old Methodist Church building and par-
sonage were sold and proceeds were put into the Fed-
erated Church. This organization lasted eight years.
The Methodist Church was reorganized in 1949, with
Rev. Don I. Smith returning as pastor. The services
took place in the American Legion Hall.

Rev. Smith had organized the Lemhi Women's So-
ciety in 1945 and sevices were held in homes, in Lea-
dore's Silver Dollar Saloon, and the Grange Hall until
funds could be raised to erect a Methodist Church in
the upper Lemhi Valley.

The depression and war years took their toll. It wasn't
until 1948, when Wilfred and Eunice Keele became pas-
tors, that the Foursquare Church took on new growth.
They served for six years at this location. In 1966, they
returned to the church and re- named it the Faith Bible
Chapel.

During the 1950's mining interests developed at Co-

balt and the Church of the Redeemer joined with oth-
ers in taking regular worship services to Cobalt.

Following World War II the economy brightened and
so did church growth. In 1950 the Salmon Ward of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had grown
to over a thousand members and was divided into two
wards. Robert Stokes and Harold Havens were sus-
tained as bishops.

In October, 1950 the Methodists began to meet in
a parsonage on a lot on the bar which was donated by
Howard and Marjorie Sims. Enthusiasm was high and
in two weeks $23,000 was raised to begin construction
of a new church. A lot was purchased from Joe Hern-
don, and the building began under the direction of Fred
Youngstrom and Dale Combs.

Beloved Elizabeth Reed, a self-appointed Lemhi
County historian, located the old Methodist Church
bell and donated it to the new church. It was installed
in the bell tower, and is still used today. The sanctuary
was first used for worship on Palm Sunday, April 6,
1952. The mortgage was burned in 1959 and the build-
ing dedicated that same year.

This is the new Methodist Church at Courthouse Dr. and Lombard.
It was formally opened for public worship on April 6, 1952. The bell
from the original old Methodist church hangs in the bell tower.

In 1953 . . . Mormon membership had expanded so
that the Salmon River Stake was orgnaized with five
wards, and two independent branches. H. Earl Stokes
was the first Stake president. Wards were the two in
Salmon, one in Lemhi, one in Leadore, and one in Chai-
ns. Branches were at Patterson and Cobalt.

In 1954, The Church of the Redeemer constructed
the adjacent Parish Hall, and it was about that time
when the Presbyterians built their center for fellowship
and recreation.

1955 was the year the Seventh-day Adventist Church
was constructed, with the dedication taking place three
years later.

19 19 - Marion Mahoney, with lost battalion, safe home again.

183

The Seventh-day Adventist Church, at 1600 Main Street, was con-
structed in 1955.

A three year construction began in 1959 to erect the
present Salmon Idaho Stake Center, which is a meeting
place for the stake offices, as well as three wards in
the Salmon area.

1960 saw a new organ installed in the Episcopal
Church of the Redeemer.

During the 1950's the growth of the Assembly of God
Church expanded and the church leadership could see
a need for a larger worship center. Pastors Dick Van-
deventor and Mark Beneze assisted with the transition
of the property in May, 1979, when the facility was
remodeled for the Salmon River Playhouse. That year
the Assembly of God church moved into new quarters
at 510 Bulwer. Today's pastor is Rev. Daniel Davis.

In 1969, the Salmon Valley Baptist Church began as
a mission of the Southern Baptist Convention. Rev. Roy
Myers was pastor, and the membership met in the
Eagles' Hall on Main Street until 1981. Interest was
high and just three years after the organization locally,
ground was purchased on Cemetery Lane for a build-
ing. In 1980, ground was broken and services took place
in 1981, with the dedication in September. In 1982 the
Salmon Valley Baptist Mission was constituted into a
church and had the privilege of hosting the annual
meeting of the Eastern Idaho Southern Baptist Asso-
ciation in 1983 and in 1987. Rev. Bruce Miller has been
pastor since February of 1988.

The Lutheran Church has record of a parish at the
beginning of the 20th century, though information is

scarce. The present activity of Lutherans began in 1972
when a number of Lutheran families residing in Salmor
invited Rev. Richard Kiessling of Hamilton, Montana,
to meet with them about holding services and organ-
izing a church. A month later, the facilities of the Church
of the Redeemer were graciously offered to the Lu-
therans for their first service. For several years, the
Lutheran Church in Hamilton sent a pastor to Salmon
to conduct services on a monthly basis.

In 1977 the Lutheran Churches in Hamilton and
Stevensville joined in a "Shared Ministry Program"
which brought a second monthly service to Salmon.
Soon afterwards, the Montana District Missions Com-
mittee began to take a serious interest in establishing
a congregation. Terry Rosennau was Lay Minister in
1978 and the group arranged to meet monthly in the
Presbyterian Church.

The membership selected the name, "Shepherd of
the Valley Lutheran Church", and a constitution was
adopted. In 1978 the Salmon congregation applied for
membershiip and was officially received into the Mon-
tana District of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod,
at the District Convention in Lewiston, Montana. Two
months later the congregation celebrated "Charter
Membership Sunday'. The first president was Harold
Klein. Just five months later, the group purchased sev-
en acres of land for a future church site, two miles
from Salmon on Highway 28. Interest grew and serv-
ices were expanded to May, Idaho and to Challis. In
1983 Rev. David Poovey was installed as pastor and
with his encouragement, the building was erected and
dedicated in 1986. In 1987, Richard H Neugebauer was
ordained and installed as pastor of the Shepherd of the
Valley Lutheran Church.

The Westland Bible Mission was founded in March,
1973, to set up Bible studies, Sunday Schools, Vacation
Bioble Schools and churches in Southwestern Montana
and East-central Idaho. A Bible Study, directed by Pas-
tor Sam Gupton, developed into a Sunday School and
church program in 1976. The following year, the Brian
Smith family moved to Salmon, and he served as mis-

The newly remodeled LDS Church at 400 So. Daisy - Spring 1992

184

sionary-pastor for six years. The group met in the
American Legion Hall for some time, and following Ida-
ho incorporation in 1980, they purchased property
overlooking Salmon for a building site. In 1982 con-
struction of a two-story building began and in 1984 the
church moved into the lower level. For some time the
Salmon Church Academy functioned with Accelerated
Christian Education Curriculum, and though the pro-
gram was discontinued in 1984, plans are to resume
the program upon completion of the building. Mac
Johnson served as pastor during the major period of
building construction, and in 1988 LeRoy Bandurraga
became pastor.

The Church of Christ began in 1973 when two fam-
ilies moved into the area and found no congregation
of their faith. They held their first services in the Amer-
ican Legion Hall. Glen Hatcher, sponsored by The
Church of Christ in Helena, Montana, conducted a se-
ries of gospel meetings during the first half of 1974,
and many new people were baptized. Later that year,
the congregation obtained a full-time minister and be-
gan to secure the property on the corner of Fourth
and Mary Street. Over the next three years, the house
was torn down and used in the construction of the
present auditorium and four classrooms. This was fin-
ished in 1978. In 1979 Phillip G. Langston moved to
Salmon and accepted the work with the Church of
Christ.

Change continues to take place in the churches in
Lemhi County. In 1981 the Faith Bible Chapel under-
went a large expansion of the sanctuary, added a spa-
cious fellowship hall, modern kitchen, pastor's office
and other needed facilities.

In 1983, the Seventh-day Adventist School moved
into new facilities at the corner of Bulwer and Fairmont.

The Presbyterian Church made a major renovation
with new windows in 198-87. Robert E. Wiederrick de-
signed and sandblasted the windows, two of which bear
the design of the Presbyterian Church U.S.A.

In 1989, the third structure for the Leadore Ward
was dedicated in that area. It was designed for ex-
panded growth, with state of the art construction to
comply with environmental and safety standards.

In reviewing material submitted for this history, the
writer observed that all churches are engaged in some
unique programs involving youth, the elderly, and the
troubled. Shelter homes, programs for drug rehabili-
tation, support for Alcoholics Anonymous, for Hospice,
and social programs prevales as the churches are striv-
ing to serve the needs of all people.

What good is religion? This is a question which has
been debated for centuries, and it has many answers.
Scripture sustains many of those answers. People rely
on faith, and find good things in doingfor others through
kindly deeds. When tragedy strikes, when illness occurs
or when natural disasters take place, life becomes real
very quickly. Instantly we witness the need for service
and love, one for another.

Editors note: This material was written by Barbara W. Young, Lemhi
County Centennial Chairman, in December 1989. Mrs. Young com-
piled the data from submitted documentation, and if some reference
seems brief, it is because the source material was brief. Mrs. Young
took full responsibility for the narrative, based on research given her
by the ministers or their representatives. We are indebted to her for
such a monumental undertaking.

CEMETERIES AND BURIAL PLACES OF LEMHI COUNTY

by Julia Randolph

At the time of the arrival of Lewis and Clark in Lemhi
County in 1805, the only known inhabitants were the
native Indians. The group which lived in the valley and
became known as the Lemhi Indians, were of the Sho-
shone people. In the mountainous area of the lower
Salmon River were the Sheepeaters who were of the
Nez Perce tribe.

Due to the vastness of the area, the Indians had very
little trouble finding burial places. Some used flat pla-
teaus overlooking a river, or high up, away from a river;
others used raised platforms on poles, or cremation,
to execute their tribal customs. The Sheepeater some-
times utilized a slide rock area to cover his dead. One
of the places that the Lemhi chose to secret their dead,
was a cavern in volcanic rock some thirty miles south-
east of Salmon. With the influx of the white settlers in
the county, the cavern's location became known and
it was vandalized for the treasures therein. Finally the
skeletal remains were transported to a nearby rounded

ridge top, and there interred, in the hope that no one
would again desecrate their last resting place.

There were also Chinese merchants and miners who
died in Lemhi County in the early days, but all indi-
cations lead to the belief that they were exhumed and
transported back to their beloved China.

By the turn of the century more settlers were added
to the influx of miners, freighters and prospectors which
necessitated the choosing of decent burial grounds near
the small communities that were springing up. There
was sometimes confusion regarding cemetery names.
For example, the Hahn Cemetery is the same as the
Spring Mountain Burial Ground. This came about be-
cause mining was booming on Spring Mountain and at
the base of the mountain a town was formed that was
called Hahn; hence the two names.

At Leesburg, there were two cemeteries at one time,
the division being attributed to two factions which set-
tled there. They were the followers of General Lee and

185

General Grant, of Civil War fame. The Grantsville people
were gradually overshadowed by the Leesburg-ites. To-
day, only one cemetery can be found.

Nearly fifty miles southeast of Salmon is the small
town of Leadore, which boasts two cemeteries: the
Yearian and the McRae. Politics was the culprit that
separated these two! A Mr. Stephenson hated the fact
that his wife was resting with "those Republicans'!
Therefore, when the McRae Cemetery was newly es-
tablished, he had Mrs. Stephenson's remains exhumed
and re-interred in the new cemetery.

Besides numerous solitary graves sprinkled through-
out Lemhi County there are several small and historic
cemeteries to be sought out by the avid historian or
the true genealogist. Following is a list of many of them:

From Salmon, easterly, to Birch Creek: Fort Lemhi
Cemetery, McRae Cemetery, Yearian Cemetery, Gil-
more Cemetery, Hahn Cemetery and Barzee Ceme-
tery.

From Salmon, south then east, to the Pahsimeroi
Valley: Hussey (or Lambeth, or Iron Creek) Private
Cemetery and the May Cemetery.

From Salmon, north, then west, down the Salmon
River: Ballengee Private Cemetery on Tower Creek,
Indianola Burial Ground, Spring Creek Grave Site, Shoup
Cemetery, Pine Creek Grave Sites and Owl Creek Grrave
site.

From the Salmon River up Panther Creek: Leesburg
Cemetery, Yellow Jacket Cemetery and Musgrove
Grave Sites.

Up the North Fork of the Salmon River from North
Fork is the Gibbonsville Cemetery.

The few notations found of early burials of the white

settlers can be attributed to several causes. The re-
moteness of the area and the lack of communications
are certainly among them. However, due to the
thoughtfulness of one gentlemen in Lemhi County, sev-
eral names and dates have been recorded. A. A. May-
field is noted for carving names and dates on native
stone and erecting those stones on graves of those he
had known and cared for. He rests in the Leesburg
Cemetery.

In memory of A. A. Mayfield, 1833 to 1895, who marked the graves
of friends so they would be remembered.

courtesy Julia Randolph

1904 - May '3. Fred Myers, a rancher on Boyle Creek, aged 63, was
found dead in his cabin last Friday morning. Death is supposed to
have been from heart failure. He was buried Saturday afternoon.

Chief Tendoy's grave. The only one marked on this
sagebrush covered ridge, where forty acres have
been designated an Indian Burial Ground. About
twenty miles due east of Salmon.

courtesy Julia Randolph

Salmon Cemetery - established in 1871.

Dale Ford photo

186

GLIMPSES OF PEOPLE FROM THE PAST

by Julia Randolph

Life was hard and death was often sudden and un-
expected in the old times in Lemhi County. These
glimpses of people past are included to show the wide
diversity between life then and now. Some were young,
some were old, and they all died.

From South Lemhi County:

CHARLEY F. GILBERT; The body of "Trapper Char-
ley" was found in a snowslide that demolished his cabin
at the head of Mill Creek in June 1938. Death date was
set as Feb. 10 according to the last mark on the cal-
endar, and the remains were buried near the homesite.
Recorder Herald, June 15, 1 938

From Gilmore:

PAT RUTLEDGE; The dead body of Pat Rutledge was
found in a sitting position propped against a mountain
mahogany bush on the outskirts of the Gilmore cem-
etery by E. A. Widdowson and S. B. Shoemaker Feb.
2, 1928. Rutledge had been employed in the mine in
Gilmore and boarding with Joe Denton. His throat was
cut and a razor was found by his side. A coroner's jury
ruled the death suicide. /?ecorcyer/-/era/dFeb. 11, 1988,
60 Years Ago.

SHORTY McLANE; ... the boys decided one night
to have a party at Shorty McLane's house. They played
poker and drank until they ran out of liquor, then de-
cided to go to town for more to drink. Shorty stayed
behind to wait for the party to return. While they were
away. Shorty lay down in a back shed, put a stick of
dynamite on his chest, and lit it. No one ever knew
why. Fun While it Lasted by Georgia Shiner, 1971.

BERT RAINEY; Killed by an explosion while packing
dynamite caps in sawdust. Between These Mountains
by Pearl Oberg, pg. 111.

HELEN ROBBINS; Age 17, Helen died in an epidemic
at Gilmore. Recorder Herald, Jan. 27, 1922.

EDWARD G. PIERCE; Young Pierce died in a skiing
accident. The son of Mr. & Mrs. W. F. Pierce, the Gil-
more grocers. The young man was loved by all in the
small mining town. Recorder Herald, Dec. 31, 1987,
"60 Years Ago".
From Nicholia:

— ROSS; Mr. Ross, under the influence of alcohol,
inadvertently set his clothing on fire and burned him-
self to death in his cabin. Idaho Recorder, Apr. 11,
1889.

WILLIE RENO: Eldest son of J. Frank Reno was thrown
and dragged to death by a vicious horse. He was eight-
een or nineteen years old. Idaho Recorder, Apr. 3, 1901 .

SEAVER RENO; Another son of J. Frank Reno. In 1905
he died from drinking contaminated water. Between
These Mountains by Pearl Oberg, page 94.

PETE SHEAR; Died at Nicholia, age about 50. He was
one of three brothers who owned the Viola Mine. Idaho

Recorder, Feb. 6, 1901.

JACOB SHEAR; A resident of Nicholia, he passed away
at Blue Creek in March, 1912. He was an early pioneer
of southern Lemhi County and co-owner of the once
famous Viola Mine. Ownership of the mine passed to
the remaining brother, Alfred. Idaho Recorder, March
28, 1912.
From Hahn:

ELIZA & DAVID VEZINA: Mother and Son were victims
of a snowslide that covered their cabin on December
23, 1884. Post Register. August 17, 1979.
From Leadore:,

JOHN STROM: Charley Bloom was suspected of mur-
dering John near Junction on July 11. Lemhi Herald,
July 20, 1905.

FRANK WILKIE: Committed suicide in "Junction
country'. Age 50. He was born in Troy, New York and
died June 12 at Benedict's Ranch. He was a resident
of the county for about 30 years and had been a
freighter. Idaho Recorder, June 20, 1912.

CHARLIE LEE: Mr. Lee and his horse were both struck
by lightning and killed instantly while riding on Grizzly
Hill near Cruikshank' s place. He left his wife and five
or six children. Idaho Recorder, June 12, 1913.

ROLAND HARRISON DAVIDSON: Died on Nov. 25,
1972 at age 89 years. The longtime, respected Mayor
of "The Windy City" of Leadore.

WILLIE GILBERT STROUD: The child of John D. and
Urania D. was born November 30, 1868 and died Jan-
uary 20, 1878. The first of four children of John D. to
die at an early age.

JOHN ELBERT STROUD: The child of John D. and
Urania D. was born May 27, 1879 and died Oct. 16,
1881.

ALTA MAUD STROUD: The child of John D. and Jen-
nie B. was born and died Oct. 1, 1885. "An angel visited
the earth and took the flower away".

LAURA BELLE STROUD: The child of John D. and
Jennie B. was born Dec. 10, 1891 and died April 22,
1902. "Weep not father and mother
for me, for I am waiting in the glory for thee".

MARIA KEIM: She lived 31 years in Lemhi Valley and
died at Leadore at age 81. She came from South Amer-
ica. Her husband was the late Samuel T. Keim. No chil-
dren of her own, she raised in her home, no less than
sixteen orphans. Idaho Recorder, August 27, 1917.

From Pahsimeroi:

LILLIAN CASEY: Miss Casey lived near Dry Creek.
While attempting to cross the creek both she and her
horse were drowned. Miss Casey's body was recovered
three miles below the ford where the accident oc-
curred. Lemhi Herald, July 8, 1904.

J. M. RIDING: Mr. Riding of Pahsimeroi, drowned in
the Salmon River. His body was recovered about seven

187

miles downstream. He had lived in the Pahsimeroi Val-
ley for about eleven years. He left his wife and three
children. Idaho Recorder. May 13, 1913.

GEORGIE GRUBB: Born Nov. 10, 1892, the young
man died February 2, 1910 at age 18. His headstone
reads, "A precious one from us has gone, A voice we
loved is stilled, A place is vacant in our home. Which
never can be filled".

WILSON P. ELLIS; Born 1832, died 1907, Mr. Ellis
was an old settler of the Pahsimeroi, the post office
at Ellis was named for him. Idaho Recorder, October
17, 1907.

BOISE B. ELLIS: Born 1863, died 1903. He was the
first white child born in Boise Basin. Idaho Recorder,
October 23, 1903.

— McCARNEY: Met his demise at the hand of Mr.
Hard. Hard had just returned from going to Camas to
pick up his family coming from the east. When he re-
turned, he found his home that he had prepared for
the family burned to the ground. A confrontation took
place between McCarney and Hard and McCarney drew
his weapon and shot Hard in the arm and in the leg.
Hard wrenched the weapon away and "beat his as-
sailant's brains out". Recorder Herald, September 18,
1986, C.R. Miller.
From Ten Mile:

DAVE MILLER: Aged 80, Dave died at his home near
the Gootsman Ranch ten miles up the river. It is said
that he was in the Alder Gulch gold strike and that "his
children used nuggets for playthings". Idaho Recorder,
March 28, 1912.
From Fourth of July Creek:

HARRY LEWIS: Former owner of the Lars Geertson
property east of Salmon. Harry was killed by a horse
at his new ranch on Fourth of July Creek. Place Names
of Lemhi County, Selway Lysle Mulkey, 1970. pg.96,98.

FRANK FOSTERSON: Founder of the legendary Sad-
dle Mountain Mine, Fosterson lost his life around 1900
in a cave-in that crushed his legs and caused gangrene.
He was trapped in the cave-in for three days before
being rescued but died enroute to the doctor. Frontier
Times, November 1973, Maurice Kildare.
From Gibbonsville:

R. G. HEWLETT: Died May, 1897, age 42, in a mining
accident at Gibbonsville. Insurance from the mining
company of $350 was paid to his parents. Idaho Re-
corder, March 29, 1899.

WESLEY WENDOVER: Died May, 1897, age 37, in a
mining accident at Gibbonsville. Insurance from the
mining company of $350 was paid to his wife and chil-
dren. Idaho Recorder, March 1899.

GEORGE DAVID ANDERSON: Died in 1899. The first
mayor of Gibbonsville, he was born Gregoria de Kelb
on Nov. 17, 1833 in Riga, Latvia. Source-Rose Works
Anderson.

JOHN W. MC DONALD: Was fatally stabbed by Newt
Morgan at Gibbonsville during a Saturday night romp
outside of Dunton Bartl's Saloon on June 30, 1894.

Morgan was found guilty and sentenced to six years in
prison. Idaho Recorder. July 4, 1894.

TAYLOR HUGHES: A rock cave-in at the mine at Ulys-
ses killed Taylor, age 17, son of Mr. & Mrs. George
Hughes of Gibbonsville. Taylor was the third and last
Hughes boy to die in seven years. It was said that the
sorrow in that house was almost too much to bear.
Lemhi Herald, Dec. 7, 1911.

JOHN C. STANTON: Jack was shot and instantly killed
by Frank Smith at Gibbonsville in 1898. Smith got sev-
en years. Lemhi Recorder kprW 22, 1898.

DAVID 0. STAHL: Served as Sheriff of Lemhi and
Custer Counties in 1874 when they were one county.
Lemhi Herald, December 5, 1912.

CHARLES ROBERT HULL: Age 14, was crushed by a
snow-laden woodshed while gathering kindling for his
mother in Jan. 1920. Idaho Recorder, January 23,1920.

WILLARD DUNTON: He arrived in Gibbonsville around
1890 and established a grocery store and post office.
He served as Justice of the Peace and Notary Public.
Died at age 83 in 1922. Lemhi Herald, June 23, 1922.

FRANK WALLACE ANDERSON: Died at Leadore in a
fire on board the train. Born Aug. 7, 1879 in Illinois, he
had been a railroad employee for 15 years. Recorder
Herald. September 7, 1938.
From the Lower Salmon River Country:

F. A. BABCOCK: Babcock committed suicide at his
tent home down the Salmon River from North Fork.
About age 70, he thought he had stomach cancer and
several years earlier had lost a foot. Mr. E. T. Eby, close
friend and neighbor, found Babcock with this note,
dated March 24, 1916, "Friend Eby - Make a rough
square box out of these boards and plant it here where
the digging is good. Would have Ed Wolfe to have the
Navy blue suit and all pertaining to it. No coroner is
needed. That is all. By-Bye, Babcock. P. S. The check
will pay you for your trouble. Everything is yours". A
$20 check was with the note and after the Coroner
was notified he said to follow the old man's wishes.
Idaho Recorder, March 24, 1916.

CHARLES H. SPAYD: He owned and operated the
way-station and saloon-cum-store at the Indian Creek
Settlement, and served two years as County Commis-
sioner of Lemhi County. He was inclined to partake of
an occasional whiskey and was not exactly a financial
success. He was unceasingly kind and generous to a
fault. Around 1905 he sold the Indianola Way-Station
to Charles Layton and settled into semi-retirement with
his old friend William (Wild Bill) Vergis and Tom Wend.
It was at the Wend Ranch at Hale Gulch that Charlie
shot and killed himself in 1909. He was buried beside
Wild Bill Vergis at the Ulysses Cemetery. Idaho Re-
corder, May 13, 1909.

WILLIAM M. VERGIS: Wild Bill died February 1909,
his death the result of a fight with Indian Creek's way-
station proprietor, Charles Layton. Layton denied the
killing and said Wild Bill had him down pounding him
with a six-shooter when Layton's ten year old son, Roy,

188

grabbed up a gun and shot Wild Bill to save his father.
A jury found Layton was lying to save his own hide and
convicted him of second degree murder. The sentence,
twenty-five years at hard labor . Idaho Recorder, March,
4 & May 6. 1909.
From Leesburg:

WILLIAM LUDERMAN: William was shot and killed in
Leesburg in 1880 by John McCullough, alias Tim Con-
ners. McCullough was hanged in Salmon on gallows
newly erected just for him. The gallows were removed
nine years later. Lemhi Recorder, March 14, 1889.

ANGUS McGILLIVARY: Angus was found dead near
Leesburg. After an evening of heavy drinking he laid
down near the trail and chilled to death. He was buried
in Leesburg the next morning. Idaho Recorder. Octo-
ber 18, 1893.

CHING QUONG: Ching, an old Chinaman, was killed
in a shooting by "another celestial'. He was buried at
Leesburg. Idaho Recorder, November 21, 1902.

MARK QUINAN: Died Aug. 17, 1899 at age 75. From
Ireland, Mark had a pair of ivory handled revolvers pre-
sented by Queen Victoria for gallant service in the Brit-
ish Navy. (O.E. Kirkpatrick, pps. 125-126)
From Yellowjacket:

EVAN STEPHENS: A resident of Yellowjacket, he had
the mail contracts between Yellowjacket and between
Forney and Meyer's Cove . In 1907 he was thrown from
a bucking horse and sustained internal injuries. A doc-
tor was sent for, but road conditions were so bad that
only medicine was sent and Evan died a short time
later. Age 31. Idaho Recorder, May 30 & June 20, 1907.

JOHN MURRAY: An old time miner in the county and
foreman of the Kentuck Mine at Shoup, John died at
Yellowjacket in May 1895.

THOMAS CLEVELAND: About 75 years old, Thomas
died at his cabin on Silver Creek. He had been to Yel-
lowjacket area with three companions just prior to gold
being struck there. On that trip, he and his fellow pros-
pectors found gold, but did not recognize its value and
left the area unclaimed. He later returned and spent
twenty years in a fruitless search to relocate the strike.
Idaho Recorder, September 7, 1905.

WILLIAM HEBER STEEN: Born in 1937, Bill died too
early at age forty-seven. A spring and summer resident
of Yellowjacket during the late seventies and early
eighties. He was a miner, the president of Yellowjacket-
Mines, Inc. and the son of Yellowjacket pioneers. He
was interested in developing the property and pre-
serving the Steen family history. Much of his time in
Lemhi County was dedicated to the Idaho Oral History
Center's Yellow Jacket Project. Recorder Herald, June
7 , 1984.

JOHN McTAGGART: While on Fourth of July Creek
between Yellowjacket and Forney, he and his dog were
struck and killed by lightning. He was a sheepherder,
about 55 years old, and worked for the Woods Live-
stock Company. Lemhi Herald, August 8, 1907.

DAN (or Ben) SELMER: Drowned in Loon Creek in

May, 1932. He and his horse tumbled into Loon Creek
when the trail gave way. He was buried near where he
was found, ladho Recorder, August 10 & 17, 1932.

ARTHUR TALIAFERRO: Night foreman at the Lost
Packer Mine on Loon Creek, he was crushed by a huge
rock. About 30 years old.
From Lemhi County in general:

GEORGE W. HURST: A resident of Shoup, George was
going home across the ice of the Salmon River in the
spring of 1899, when halfway across, the ice separated
and he disappeared into the freezing waters below. He
was about 45 years old. Idaho Recorder, March 14 &
21, 1899.

GEORGE SANDERLIN: George drowned in the Salm-
on River below Shoup. He had worked in the mines,
run freight down the river, and prospected. He was a
native of Scotland. Lemhi Herald, August 8, 1907.

GUSTAFF VOTTLER: German-born in September,
1855, "Gus" disappeared while working his placer claim
on Vottler Creek in the summer of 1920. A search party
of Arthur Ludwig, George Anderson and Ed Caperon
went to his cabin near the Gibbonsville Cemetery and
discovered the mine entrance caved in. Believing the
old miner to be trapped inside they attempted to dig
it out, but gave up after several exhaustive days with-
out success. Gus was never heard from again. Lemhi
Recorder, August 27, 1920.

Editor's Note: These excerpts are from Julia Randolph's 1989 pub-
lication, This Quiet Ground and are reprinted here with her permis-
sion.

David Vessel's arrival in the Lemhi Valley was the beginning of the
end for him. The cards were stacked against him. First his age, 65,
was against him and he was in a strange place. Next the weather
was against him. It was December of 1901 and it was cold. The
winter wind howled around him until be became disoriented. When
he was found his feet were frozen and the local doctor finally had
to amputate both feet. David lingered several days, and the stumps
seemed to be healing, but his stamina was spent and he died. The
painful story reached newspapers far and wide and the January 8,
1902 issue brought a response from a sister who had been searching
for her brother for 3'j years. Ammi Workman's quest ended in
Lemhi County.

-Julia Randolph

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189

Leesburg - After 1900

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The stagecoach provided necessary transportation.

A sleepy Leesburg existed for many years af-
ter the "Boom."

Black and white, a buggy drives
through town.

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Pony Lake Reservoir, located on
Pony Creek; almost non-exis-
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190

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Reverend Howard visiting Leesburg

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Leesburg

School

1937

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Winter came early
and stayed late in
Leesburg.

191

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Residents gather at the Leesburg Post Office.

All dressed up for the occasion.

People came from far and near to attend the Reunion.

Old friends met and greeted each other.

192

i, WJKdift .ti

Stories were exchanged and the day enjoyed.

A plaque was dedicated to the original pioneers of Leesburg.

193

Early Family Homes

This frame house at 1001 Main Street, is one of the oldest houses
on Main Street. It was built about 1883 by Edgar S. Edwards who
also owned the International Hotel and acquired a large ranch as
well. The house has shiplap siding, a gabled roof and early American
carpenter steamboat Gothic design trim on the porch. The single
story addition was added to the house in 1905. Restored in 1982,
it is now an antique shop.

Built in the late 1890's and purchased by Colonel Shoup, this house
at 116 N. Daisy, has had several owners, the most recent being
Margaret Swift Benedict. Colonel Shoup's wife and daughters lived
here until 1926. This gabled roof home is built of three colors of
brick laid in a random pattern. The second floor has shingle siding;
there are two dormers for the upstairs windows, one a shed dormer
and the other a gabeld dormer. The windows have a filigree glass
design — muntins, diamond trim. Corinthian caps top the large
white wood columns on the porch. In later years the porch was
glassed in.

Contructed in 1885 as a warehouse for Col. George L. Shoup, the
house is built of Pollard brick, which was sandblasted in 1985. Note
the arched brick dentils over the wood supports on the windows
and the Chicago bay window. Originally the lower floor was used
for unloading and storing freight and the upstairs for lodging, as
it was a stopover point for stagecoaches. Since 1888 it has been a
rooming house, always owned by women. Restored in 1985 and
decorated in Victorian style, the fourteen rooms are now the Her-
itage Inn, at 510 Lena Street.

The Socrates A. Myers house was built in 1900 on the east bank of
the Salmon River at Hall and Terrace Streets. It is frame construc-
tion with brick veneer. Dentil frieze brick work is used and brick is
rotated to expose the corner, to create an unusual shadow effect.
The veranda roof and columns recall the popular take-off of steam-
boat Gothic carpentry of the period. It is included in the National
Register of Historic places.

i angsdorf & co. i
Bankers |

IDAHO. Ill

Esiabiisiied, lEOt.

SALMON

Gold Du.st Boufrbt.

Monev Orders Sold.

Facing page: At South St. Charles and Hope Street is the William
Anderson house, a cottage with a hip roof, eaves and rafters char-
acteristic of an oriental roof line. It was built in 1907, with much
attention to ornamentation. There are French beveled leaded glass
windows, elaborately carved eave runners in steamboat gothic de-
signs, columns with carved Corintian caps, and a fish-scale gable.
Total cost was $7000 and he paid his workers in cash every evening.
Rumor has it that there is yet, a prohibition-days still in the base-
ment.

194

Built in 1880 this two story log house stands at the corner of South
St. Charles and Vandreff Streets. The foundation is solid and it has
a basement. It is built of hand-hewn timbers and square nails. The
logs were squared with a broad axe and axe marks may be seen,

even now, on the logs. Roof rafters are built of round timbers,
flattened on the roof side and there are two brick chimneys and
two gable roofed dormers. Lars Geertson owned the house in 1883
and two Probate Judges lived here in early years.

*4lP'';'

195

GRANGE BLDG

Constructed in 1910 from local Pollard brick, this building was built
by E. K. Abbott as the home of his newspaper The Herald. It stands
in the 100 block of North Terrace Street. The trim is brick dentil
frieze with a heavy lentil stone over the doorway. The building and
a false front to give the illusion of height. In 1932 the newspaper
moved to a Main Street building. In 1945 the Salmon Grange ac-
quired the building and added a kitchen, restrooms and gas furnace.

This was the Gwartney home on Terrace Street.

This was originally the home of the Merritt family. Ada Merritt
and her son Allen Merritt were well known in Salmon.

The rock retaining wall on Front Street was built in the 1930's by
the CCC workers. Overlooking the Salmon River and the City of
Salmon these were the homes of Fred Viel, Peter McKinney, and
R. M. Murdock.

■^■^^^^if^^:<.

:mf^^g^^^<^^^

:^?^<^^C^^'- ,^-

196

Dr. Hanmer's house on Neyman Street.

. .. , b.^. ... - . ^ ,

SyS Smiii jB ^j iiigjpj na ^.ir:;;^^^

..^.U^si^i^v'

£^^">'^:*g.-;>'j?i/t,v.v< ^;j!g sywprg^ ^"

Peter McKinney, pioneer rancher and business man, built this
beautiful brick home on his Carmen Creek ranch in 1910. It was

described by the Recorder Herald as a "baronial structure among
ranch houses."

197

^ niillNi^S

'•^■■•»*B«B*a^i^;.,

Construction began in 1872 when Lars Geertson, a native of Denmark began to build a home for his family on what is still known as
Geertson Creek. The house took eleven years to complete and was the first house to have running water. It was equipped with water
pipes made of wood. Using a gravity flow system, water was obtained from a nearby spring. It is a fine example of early log construction.

Images

of
Earlier
Times

Miners at the El Dorado
Mine on Geertson Creek.

198

The Gilmore Store was well stocked. Patrons are unidentified. Facing west on Main Street in the early 1900's. First building on

photo courtesy of Michael Hernandez left is the Redwine Building built on the corner of Main and Andrews

Streets by H. G. Redwine, attorney.

t w ... -^

199

Joe Porterfield - throwing the diamond hitch

Jake Lipe, Kadletz daughter, Ted Ames, Charles Lipe, John Hil
Nat Carr, Bill Kadletz.

1903 - Joe Porterfields, alias Big Joe, has pulled his long shadow out
of this town, and carried it tot Thunder Mountain. There is gloom
in the village, there is sorrow among the ladies, for Joe is such a nice
man. But he is gone. No, not for good. For he will come again.

1909 Station Wagon: Corinne Edwards, George
L. Shoup, Lois Edwards, Janice Edwards, Frank
Edwards, Margaret Shoup, Gertrude Edwards.

200

Connie King, Herman Carl, Anna Carl, Two
unknown men, Alice Carl, at the Carl home in
Gibbonville. GIA photo

1926 - Susan Harding - Killed in an automobile accident on March
16, 1926 as she was on her way home from a trip to Washington.

The 1905 Girls Basketball team. Clockwise
from bottom they are: Olive Kadletz, Zella
Morrill, Alta Barrack, Beulah Clayton, Grace
Clayton, Pearl Leacock.

Zella Morrill's father was a miner and the
family lived at Shoup, Gibbonsville and
Ulysses. Zella lived with the Green family in
Salmon during high school and when the
Greens moved away, she went with them,
never returning to Salmon. Alta Barrack
Burnamn's parents were John and Josephine
Barrack. Alta died in 1919 in California after
a lenghty illness.

Nothing is known of Beulah and Grace
Clayton after they moved away shortly after
highschool.

More information can be found on Olive
Kadletz and Pearl Leacock in the Family
History volumes of this publication.

Olive and Reuben Moore

201

James H. Hockensmith and wife, James Norton, F. B. Sharkey,
Mrs. N.I. Andrews, Norman I. Andrews and Murdock McPherson

".SLIM JIM'S"

Give Slim 'a Griivrhc'll take-you

In and treat you-ton glass

6rGIN\

Peter McKinney and his pack string at the west end of the
Salmon bridge, heading out to Thunder Mountain.

Bessie Moore (Cannon) and Charles Cockrell at
Hughes Creek Ranger Station. On the back she
wrote "... I was ready to go fishing."

202

Dr. E. L. Hubbard and wife. He was an early dentist in Salmon.

Lora Moore, Mrs Olive Moore, Lillian Moore and Bessie Moore

THERE ARE
OTHERS

of course, but there is no dtaler
in the city of Salmon who is bet-
ter equipped to supply you with

STATIONERY, BOOKS, CON-
FECTIONS, CIGARS,
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,
DRY GOODS, READY-MADE
GOODS, NOTIONS AND NOV-
ELTIES OF ALL KINDS.

.^t the very lowest prices, con-
sistent with good goods. I solic-
it your patronage and assure you
right treatment.

E. L. Hubbard

8®*0nc door west of Hank.

o^»^

0=e.oo-...:?.C?^2-^C-0€:-C?-i--^'2'-T--0'r--i--«'OC-

An older Dr. Hubbard and wife, possibly a second wife.

203

Willie Beatty and sisters.

, •iiUlfti

Walter Scott Brown when he played in the
town band.

Ethan Elder • Son of Newton and brother of Tom Elder.

204

Milton C. Slavin played baseball for
the Salmon Team - 1919.

Lemhi Indians assemble for the 1926 parade.

'-W--

i'»~'/^iiifcfe'

Cim Mi^4

m.i^

This was Main Street lool^ing west in 1926. The parade celebrated the County Fair and the opening of the new bridge.

205

Geraldine Goddard (Odell) - 1925. The old milkhouse at the Boyle Creek
stage stop and the cedar tree from which the stage warning bell hung.

Jack McPherson, early day cowboy, worked
for various ranchers in the area. Picture
about 1955. J. Randolph photo

206

This rather "up-town barbershop" was
located in the basement of the building
that is the Masonic Lodge Building and
was operated by the White brothers. The
patrons in the picture are unknown, but
the barbers are Fred and Russ White.

Call and Scr (lie

\\.- (.'.^r^ M-.-..- ^..^■ r.

■ r.ii.i- ...■.! «.v'>Mi'i.(.Ti;

l.>i> .<■ IK.I t^l.vl..

Csmpotont IXTcrlcmon Emplcyed.

In 1922 these mining and business
associates met every Wednesday
afternoon in a brick house behind the
Catholic Church. Front: Dr. James
Kirtley, Murdock M. McPherson, James
Horton, Norman I. Andrews. Back:
James Beattie, Edgar S. Edwards, James
H. Hockensmith, Thomas Pope, Eli
Minert.

207

MUST PAY UP.

ALT. PER?»OXS K.VOWINO THEM-
«rW«t Indtblfd lo tho rtrm of Fr«/irb
A Keiin«r muat sritle tlia itnins before

August 1st, 1890i

Tha builnm will be conilnclcd lh» •nme
M rormerly, except wo shall »ll sirlrUy for

C-i^ss:.

FRTNCH i HENNEV.
film .n CUT, Idnho, June U. Igr,.

Friends and neighbors at Boyle
Creek • 1925. Front: Charles
Mitchell, Norene Mitchell, Emma
Jewett, Leopal Mitchell, Wesley
Jewett, Dorothy Aikens, "Babe"
Aikens, Varney Aikens. Back: Pearl
Johnson, James Kellogg, Emma
Aikens, Fred Mitchell, Lee Aikens,
Art Johnson.

DR. FEED V. GRIFFITH

OSTEOPATH

Office front room over Pennej Store.

Phone No. 235

DR. T. P. CARNES

DENTIST

Office In Odd Fellows' Block

Salmon, Idato

Phone No. 7d

In 1929 Allen Baker was the manager of the Salmon and
Gibbonsville Stage Line carrying, among other things, the U S
Mail.

1918 - The ladies managing the public library have moved its books
to the millinery store of Mrs. Murdoch where the books will be given
out every Friday afternoon with Mrs. Wright and Mrs. Preston in
charge. The quarters at considered highly desirable for the institution.

19 19 - Mail service between Salmon City and Shoup has been increased
to a semi-weekly which is a great accomodation to the people at the
Kentuck, Grunter and Pine Creek mines.

208

Roy L. Dryer's tire shop on
Main Street about 1926.

What price beauty? Lila Lee's Beauty Shop • 1936. Standing:
Margaret Pyeatt and Lila Lee. Seated: Lucille Peterson, Hazel
McFredrick, and unknown patron.

1903 - Indianola. Wm Fowler arrived at camp this afternoon. He is
one of them Salmon sports. Killed one of Mr. Spayd's chickens and
thought he had bagged a mountain grouse.

19 18 - Lew Elliott, Gilmore mining man, has bought the residence of
Mrs. A. L. Keys in Salmon, for ^600. The location is in Brooklyn.

"Salmonettes Riding Club" about 1936 at Sun Valley. Front:
Margaret Nilsson, Gayle Jakovac, Ann Carl (Hirschey), Pat Kirtley
(Long). Back: Connie Snook, Myrtle Hixson, Audrey Hodges, Lois
Bell, Ruby Dawson, — , Edwina Yearian (Nichols).

J. I.e. STABLE

RIGS. DOUB.L)C_RIGS,

aiul all

KINDS OF RIGS.

SaDDLK IIOUSLS & ALL ClASSES
: OF CoNVLVANCr.S.

OICO. OrWENTZ; Pi'oprictor;

209

Ilk

^^-tk:

'"-•-^SSr X-X :i^S^>miiLO'

?'j(S'

^f#'' ■" *^

.-<J-.^,^^.-jf-

-"'aBfc

Turn of the century Stage Stop at Boyle (Tower) Creek. Mrs.
Nieman and daughters served travelers a meal before they
headed north over the mountains.

This clothing store belonged to Russ White, the former barber,
and was located in the 400 block on the north side of Main
Street. The entire block burned in 1931.

210

MOUNTAIN PEAK
by Bessie Ellis

God, when you thought of the mountain peak,

How did you think of the snow?
And how did you dream of those stately pines

That circle the base below?
And how did you think of that ice-cold creek

That melts from the glacial flow?

God, when you pictured the meadow green

How did you think of the deer?
When startled he raised his antlered head.

And stomped the ground with fear.
And how did you know his graceful leap

Would clear every bush growing near?

God, when you fashioned the Meadowlark,

Our harbinger of spring,
How did you think of his golden throat

And the speckles on his wing?
And how did you know his early call

Would cause my heart to sing?

Thank you, God, for our canyon

With sunrise all aglow.
But, God, when you thought of the mountain
peak

How did you think of the snow?

Editor's note: This poem was sent to Phyllis Caples by Bessie Ellis,
one of our early pioneers. She wrote it while in Arizona during her
"wintering" there, when she became homesick for Lemhi County.
The Ellis Ranch is on Freeman Creek below Freeman Peak.

Freeman Peak

211

50 YEARS OF

THE WAR EFFORT and LEMHI

COUNTY VETERANS

With the advent of World War II In 1941, many lives
were radically changed, some never to be the same
again. Husbands, sons and fathers left home and those
they left behind took on new responsibilities. Everyone
pulled together to support the war effort and to help
each other to get through the difficult years before the
end of the war and the return of their loved ones. There
was rationing. Gas, sugar, tires; almost everything was
in short supply. We collected paper, scrap metal, even
string, and "Lucky Stike Green" went to war, too, re-
member? For the people of the valley, growing their
own food was nothing new and at least there was al-
ways plenty to eat. Some people left the valley to work
in defense plants, some did volunteer work at home.
New and ingenious ways were found to accomplish
things.

Some of the men did not come home, as was the
case at the end of other conflicts such as Korea, Viet-
nam and the Gulf War, and even earlier after World War
I. Others came home with their lives unalterably
changed as a result of their experiences in battle.

In 1992 a memorial plaque was place in front of the
Lemhi County Courthouse and dedicated to the men
and women who have served their country and Lemhi
County. The following are lists of those who lost their
lives while serving in the military during World War I
and II. Death lists from the Korean conflict, Vietnam,
or the Gulf War, were not available at the time of pub-
lication.

WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR II

J. N. Anderson
R. A. Anderson
Bert M. Beattie
0. F. Beller
H. J. Blasingame

D. N. Blasingame
J. M. Brazelton
W. G. Butterfield
Selway Carlson

E. H. Clawson
Clarence Condie
Rice Grain
John Dunkin

T. R. Goddard
Harley E. Harlow
Tony Harris
B. E. Holcomb

E. F. LaMunyan
Frank Charles Lee

Robert W. Lipe
Ralph Phillips

Stanely Prosser
H. A. Rackham
John E. Randolph

Walter Shoup
Ed Stephanishen
Chester 0. Ward

William Watson
George Wayman Jr.
J. B. Webster

C. E. Whiteside
Robert Whitsett
Frank Wright

IN APPRECIATION

TO THE VETERANS FOR THEIi

PARTICIPATION IN THE ARMED F0RC>

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN TIMES ^

OF CONFLICT.

WE THE PEOPLE OF LEMHI COUNTY,

STATE OF IDAHO WISH TO EXPRESS OUR

SINCERE APPRECIATION TO YOU, FOR YOUR

DEVOTION TO MILITARY DUTY IN HELPING TO

EXTINGUISH TYRANNY, AND PROMOTING
PEACE AND FREEDOM IN A TROUBLED WORLD.

George Leiand Allen
Abe Bergeron
Harry A. Bullock
Duncan Carleton

Guy C. Frazee
William J. Hank
Millard Johnston
John E. Kirkham

Archie E. Lindsey
John P. Loveless
Charles Roy Manfull
John Pyeatt

Frank A. Schwartz
Lloyd Shaw
H. Manson Soule
Elmer Stroud

1918 - BROUGHT FROM SIBERIA FOR BURIAL AT GIB-
BONSVILLE. The mortal remains of the first of the Salmon soldiers
who gave their lives in a foreign land for the cause of freedom has
arrived for burial at home. This was George Leiand Allen, who died
in far away Siberia.

1918 - Ron Myers drives car of General Bell in France.

19 18 - A fine riding horse which John McKinney used for a cow horse
for several years and which was quite a character in these parts was
recognized recently by some Lemhi soldier boys on the French Front
doing patriotic duty in the Cavalry forces.

The memorial plaque that was placed at the entrance to the
Lemhi County Courthouse in 1991.

Official Veterans' Day color guard.

214

Veterans' Day 1953 - unofficial celebration continues as "George Washington" feels compelled to sacrifice a cherry tree ■ much to the
distress of the owner. Jim Egge (in hat), Joe Houver (sailor), Perry Smith, Fred Summers, John Kapp (in tree), Vern Bell (G. Washington),
Claude Boyle, William Butterfield.

OiSfJIy

•• ••• •■A-

•••••••
*••••••

The late Vern McDonald reads the list of veterans of the Spanish American War which
is framed with this old flag from that war. There were 45 stars in the flag at that time.
Lettering reads: Idaho Troop - Co. D 2nd Regt. U.S.V. - Torrey's Cavalry.

This quilted wall hanging is on display at the
Courthouse. It comemorates those who served
during Operation Desert Storm in 1991, and each
star is embroidered with a serviceman or
woman's name.

215

LLOYD SHAW POST NO. (^7
American Legion

Lloyd Shaw Post No. 67 of the American Legion, a
national veteran's organization, is named for Lloyd
Shaw, the first soldier from Salmon to lose his life in
World War I. He was twenty one years old.

The Post was formed in 1920 with Reverend L. E.
Vincent as the first Commander. They met at different
places once a month, the most frequent place being
Dr. C. F. Hanmer's office on Main Street.

The Post and its Auxiliary Unit were chartered in
1924 and needed ten or more members to do so. At
that time there were twenty five to thirty members,
but not thinking of the historical importance, they sent
in the first ten or twelve names of the members paying
dues for that year. Later it was realized that some of
the first members of the Post were not included on
the charter.

In the early 1940's, with a cash donation from the
local chapter of the American War Mothers and bor-
rowed money from a local rancher, they purchased
the present site of the Post's home. They built the
building with membership labor and designed it and
used it as school rooms for several years. The bor-
rowed money was paid back with proceeds from Bingo,
dances, card parties, raffles, and member's donations.
A club room was added in the 1970's. Present mem-
bership is one hundred forty.

Lloyd Shaw, the first Lemhi County soldier to loose his life during
World War 1.

ELECTED OFFICIALS OF
LEMHI COUNTY

County Commissioners

Lemhi County operates with three County Commis-
sioners directing the operation of the County. Many
prominent citizens have served as County Commis-
sioner. The County is divided into three districts and
a candidate must reside in his district. The Board reg-
ularly meets to conduct business in the Lemhi County
Courthouse. The old Commissioners' Room was on the
first floor, a part of what is today the County Clerk's
Office. The present Commissioners' Room, is on the
second floor and also is used as the Court's Jury Room.

George L. Shoup, E. H. Tuttle and Benjamin L. Heath
were the first three County Commissioners. At least
one hundred people have served since 1869. Some
members of the same family have been elected. George
Shoup's brother, Jim Shoup served a term as County
Commissioner. Jacob Yearian and George W. Yearian
both served and the McKinney family has been rep-
resented by Peter McKinney, John McKinney, and Sam
McKinney. Both Fred H. Snook, Sr. and his younger
brother Quinton Snook served since World War II. Bob
Literal of May served for twenty-four years followed by
Charles B. Kane who served twenty-two years. Charles
Kane was an extremely dedicated man who never
missed a meeting during his long tenure. His position
was filled by Louis Demick of Salmon who served twelve
years. From the Lemhi River area, Corliss R. Morhpey,
Sam McKinney and Quinton Snook all served lengthy
terms.

Commissioners District 1
George L. Shoup, appointed February 22, 1869,
served until June 1870. B. F. Price, June 1870-January
1875. The following served from January to January
of the years listed: Jacob Yearian, 1875-77; A. P. Jen-
kins, 1877-79; J. D. Wood, 1879-81; J. S. P. Robinson,
1881-83; James K. Fuller, 1883-87; F. B. Sharkey, 1887-
91; Wm. H. Andrews, 1891-95; Chester B. Mathewson,
1895-97; Wm. A. Holland, 1897-99; Wm. J. Wil-
son, 1899-1901; Wm. Anderson, 1901-03; Benjamin F.
Ibach, 1903-05; John Long, 1905-09; George W. Kings-
bury, 1909-13; Thomas J. Atkins, 1913-15; Louis F.
Ramey, 1915-17; Peter McKinney, 1917-21; Harry L.
Summers, 1921-23; Fred L. Viel, 1923-29; Peter
McKinney, 1929-33; Harry Kelly, 1933-35; Minor A.
Brown, 1935-37; Fred L. Viel, 1937-41; Russ White,
1941-47; John McKinney, 1947-51; Fred H. Snook,
1951-55; Charles B. Kane, 1955-77; Louie Demick,
1977-89; Denny Hawley, 1989-

Commissioners District 2
E. H. Tuttle, appointed February 22, 1869, served until
June 1870. James Glendenning, June 1870-January
1873. The following served from January to January
of the years listed, except as noted: Rudolph Mohr,
1873-1875; E. J. Jenkins, 1875-1877; A. P. Challis.

216

1877-79; E. J. Jenkins, 1879-81; James Shoup, 1881-
83; J. P. Clough, 1883-85; Robert Dunlap, 1885-87;
Ralph Nichols, 1887-89; George V. Gross, 1889-91;
John Clark, 1891-93; Robert G. Rees, 1893-97; Charles
D. Long, 1897-July 1898; John E. Rees, appointed July
1898- January 1899; James H. Hockensmith, 1899-
1903; Robert G. Rees, 1903-05; Richard Morphey,
1905-07; Robert Wilson, 1907-09; Wilbur F. Stone,
1909-13; William Oltmer, 1913-15; George Grubb,
1915-17; George W. Yearian, 1917-21; Charles F. Sny-
der, 1921- 23; W. H. Fayle, 1923-31; R. H. Davidson,
1931-33, S. H. Seaweard, 1933-35; R. H. Davidson,
1935-37; Earl H. McRea, 1937-43; Corliss R. Morphey,
1943-57; Sam McKinney, 1957-75; Jack Weigand,
1975-79; James E. Ellsworth, 1979-81; Quinton Snook,
1981-

Commlssioners District 3
Benjamin L. Heath, appointed February 22, 1869,
served until June 1869. Fred Phillips, June 1869-June
1870. M. McPherson, June 1870-June 1872. W. Mor-
row, June 1872-January 1875. The following served
from January to January of the years listed. A. P. Chal-
lis, 1875-1877; Jacob Yearian, 1877-79; Caleb Davis,
1879-83; A. M. Stephenson, 1883-85; J. J. Gilson, 1885-
87, 1889-91 and 1893-95; Charles Spaydes, 1887-89;
James M. Nighswander, 1891-93; Fred P. Dunton, 1895-
97; Jeremiah Fahey, 1897-99; Armstead L. Kirk, 1889-
1901; John W. Ostrander, 1901-03; Eddie E. Edwards,
1903-05; Hiram F. Haynes, 1905-07; Charles M. Hull,
1907-11 and 1913-15; Peter McKinney, 1911-13; H. F.
William Nieman, 1915-17; George Grubb, 1917-19; W.
A. Briney, 1919-23; Joseph D.Brown, 1923-29; Minor
A. Brown, 1929-33; V. A. Coiner, 1933-47; M. R. (Bob)
Literal 1947-57 and 1961-75; James W. Caples, 1957-
61; Don M. O'Neal 1975-

County Clerk, Auditor & Recorder

The title of this very important position has changed
over the years. There was first an Auditor and Re-
corder, R. H. Johns was the first person appointed.
There was then a County Clerk. Charles G. Chamber-

James w. Caples, Sam McKinney, William W. Simmonds-1957. "Bil-
ly" Simmonds served as County Clerk for forty-two years.

lain was the first appointee. The position then was con-
solidated to Clerk of the District Court, Auditor and
Recorder, commonly referred to as County Clerk.

In Lemhi County when people think of County Clerk,
they think of one person, W. W. Simmonds. Simmonds
served in that position from 1919 until 1959, a total
of forty years. No other person has ever held any office
longer in the history of Lemhi County. John Hogan was
an early fixture, serving fourteen years, and Eleanor
Aldous served fifteen years, from 1967 until 1982. Al-
berta Wiederrick has currently completed ten years in
office.

Auditor & Recorder
R. H. Johns, appointed February 22, 1869; Jesse
McCaleb, June 1869- June 1870.

County Clerk
Charles B. Chamberlain, appointed February 22, 1869.

Clerk of the District Court
Auditor & Recorder

A. J. McNab, June 1870-January 1873; The following
terms ran from January to January unless otherwise
noted. John Hogan, 1873-87; Timothy Dove, 1887-95;
John P. Clough, 1895-1903; William C. Smith, 1903-
11; James L. Kirtley, Jr., 1911-19; William W. Sim-
monds, 1919- 59; Thomas H. Ball, 1959-61; Paul Ad-
ams, 1961-67; Eleanor Aldous, 1967-March 1982; Al-
berta Wiederrick, March 1982 -.

Assessor

The names of the past Lemhi County Assessors im-
mediately spell history. Names such as F. M. Pollard,
Thomas Pope, E. S. Edwards, James L. Kirtley, Jr., and
Roy B. Herndon among others, were all long time, es-
tablished citizens. An amazing fact is that only five peo-
ple have held this elected position during the past sev-
enty-three years! William C White held office for four-
teen years, but his record of longevity was then erased
by John Igou, who made the Courthouse his working
office for the next thirty-four years. Fred Randolph only
served two years but then Gertrude Barrett completed
eighteen years. Current Assessor, Aria Boots, has been
serving since 1987.

Assesssors
Isaac Evans, appointed April 3, 1869, served until Oc-
tober 1870. C. W. Monasco appointed October 1870-
January 1879. The following terms ran from January
to January unless otherwise noted. John E. McDonald,
1879-85; F. M. Pollard, 1885-1887; L. F. Weber, 1887-
89; Thomas Pope, 1889-91, Hal H. Chase, 1891-93;
W. C. Woozley, 1893-94; E. S. Edwards, 1894-95; Dwight
J. Kenney, 1895-97; James L. Kirtley, Jr., 1897-99 and
1905-07; Charles Simpson, 1899-1901; William Smith,
1901-03; Harry S. Waters, 1903-05 and 1907-09; Roy

B. Herndon, 1909-11; Albert H. Ford, 1911-19; William

217

C. White, 1919-33; John Igou, 1933-67; Fred W. Ran-
dolph, 1967-69; Gertrude M. Barrett, 1969-87; Aria
Boots, 1987-

Treasurer

E.G. Whitsett was the first appointed and the first
elected Treasurer for Lemhi Go. The position changed
hands regularly with no long term service until Earl L.
Gilbreath during the Depression Years through World
War II. Beloved, Alice Hobbs took office in 1947 and
held the position until 1975. Shirley Hoy has now held
the office for the past seventeen years.
Lemhi County Treasurers
E. G. Whitsett, appointed April 1869, also served June
1869-June 1870. J. G., Finell, June 1870-January 1873;
Eli Minert, January 1873-January 1875; Ira Tingley,
1875-1877 and 1887-89; M. M. McPherson, 1877-79
and 1881-87; E. G. Whitsett, 1879-81; Robert Dunlap,
1889-93; John Hogan, 1893-95; Josiah E. Ghase, 1895-
99; Herbert E. Burnett, 1899-1901; Ada Merritt 1901-
May 1902; Herbert E. Burnett, appointed May 1902-
January 1905; Guy Edwards, 1905-1909; Jessie M.
Langsdorf, 1909-13; George W. Meitzler, 1913-17
Gharles A. Beers, 1917-19; Earl L. Gilbreath, 1919-31
Frank G. Miller, 1931-33; William G. Smith, 1933-45
Margaret Rand, 1945-47; Alice Hobbs, 1947-75; Shir
ley R. Hoy, 1975-

Lynn Scott, Manager of Idaho Power and Lemhi County Treasurer,
Alice Hobbs, who served twenty-eight years.

Lemhi County Prosecuting Attorney

Numerous attorneys have held this position. The old
office was in the upstairs of the Lemhi Gounty Gourt-
house where the Gounty Law Library is today. The po-
sition has been a springboard to other positions. The

'late Gharles Herndon held the position for the longest
time, eighteen years during three different intervals
starting in 1941 and ending in 1965. Gharles then ran
for Governor on the Democratic ticket in 1966 and
defeated Gecil Andrus in the primary. Gharles would
have won the general election, but tragedy struck, when
he was killed in an airplane crash while traveling during
his campaign. Sherman F. Furey, Jr. went from Lemhi
Gounty Prosecutor to United States Attorney for the
State of Idaho, appointed by President Eisenhower.
Fred H. Snook, Sr. served as Prosecutor until he en-
tered the Army at age thirty-six, during World War II.
After the war he was elected Gounty Gommissioner.
Frederick G. Lyon went from the Prosecutor's office
to Glerk of the Idaho State Supreme Gourt; a position
he holds today. James G. Herndon served as Prose-
cutor for two different terms and was then elected
District Judge with chambers in Blackfoot. Fred Snook,
Jr. was elected to the Prosecutor's office for six terms
and from 1972 through 1982, until his appointment as
Magistrate Judge, with chambers in Salmon.

Prosecuting Attorneys
Terms run from January to January of the years fol-
lowing each name: R. E. Hobb, 1873-75; J. W. Brown,
1875-83; John McDonald, 1883-95; Alfred Budge, 1895-
99; George F. Hansbrough, 1899-1901; Gornelius A.
Boyd, 1901-03; Frederick J. Gowen, 1903-05 and 1907-
09; John G. Sinclair, 1905-07; William H. O'Brien, 1909-
11; John K. Rankin, 1911-13; George W. Padgham,
1913-15; John E. Rees, 1915-19; Erie H. Gasterlin,
1919-21; H. J. Burleigh, 1921-23; Francis R. Hall, Jr.,
1923-31; F. A. McGall, 1931-35 and 1945-47; E. W.
Whitcomb. 1935-41; Gharles Herndon, 1941-43, 1947-
53, and 1955-65; Fred H. Snook, 1943-45; Sherman
F. Furey, Jr., 1953-55; Frederick G. Lyon 1965-69;
James G. Herndon, 1969-73 and 1983-85; Fred Snook,
1973-83; Sherman F. Furey, III, 1985 -October 1986;
Jordan P. Smith, October, 1986-

Sheriff

Festus Butts was the first appointed Sheriff of Lemhi
Gounty, however, he only served a few months until
the first elections were held. John S. Ramey then be-
came the first elected Sheriff of Lemhi Gounty. As
Leesburg was still quite active. Sheriff Ramey regularly
patrolled that area while his first deputy sheriff, John
Wals Snook, resided in Salmon. Jesse McGaleb, who
was later killed by Indians near Mackay, was another
early day Sheriff, holding the position about three years.
Thomas J. Stroud was the first long time Sheriff. He
served from 1913 to 1916, then returned from 1919
to 1922. He was re-elected in 1929, serving through
all of the Depression until 1938. Robert Isley then
served twelve years from 1939 to 1951. In 1956, a
young man by the name of William "Bill" Baker was
first elected. He served for thirty-two years and at the
time of his retirement had served as Sheriff longer than

218

anyone else in the State.

Only one man was ever executed by a Lemhi County
Sheriff. The man was Tim Connors, who murdered a
man in Leesburg. The gallows were built in Salmon,
where the hanging took place. The old gallows re-
mained in place for many years afterward. However,
once the State Penitentiary system became estab-
lished, any executions were to be performed at the Old
Penitentiary in Boise, rather than in the individual
counties. Finally, the Salmon gallows were removed,

their symbol of deterrence falling to modern day pro-
gress.

Throughout history, this position has always attract-
ed more candidates for election than any other county
office. In 1924, eight candidates ran; A. W. Beason, J.
D. Lemble, T. J. Stroud, Lewis Ramey, Joe Mulkey, S.
A. Ball, Donald Martin and F. W. Bellamy. All were well
known and respected Lemhi County residents. This
trend continues today, as candidates line up for the
1992 election.

€^

m ^

Robert Isley, served twelve years as Sheriff. James Egge, Sheriff from 1951 to 1956.

William N. "Bill" Baker, best known Lemhi
County Sheriff, serving thirty-two years.

fc^

John Wals Snook, first Deputy Sheriff of Lemhi County.

Lemhi County Sheriffs
Festus Butts, appointed February 22, 1869; John S.
Ramey, June 1869-June 1870; Jesse McCaleb, June
1870-January 1873.

The following served from January to January of the
years listed: Henry P. Barry, 1873-74; J. C. Hissmell,
1874-75 (appointed); Dave Stahl, 1875-77; J. G. Fin-
nell, 1877-79; Samuel Young, 1879-83; Egbert Nas-
holds, 1883-87; John Miller, 1887-91 and 1895-97; Wil-
liam H. Potter, 1891-93; Edward Johnson, 1893-95

Evan J. Reese. 1897-99; Thomas J. Taylor, 1899-1901
Robert B. Hughes, 1901-03; Rudolph Wright, 1903- 05
Matthew W. Stewart, 1905-07; William L. Mulkey. 1907-
09; Harry S. Waters. 1909-1911; James Mahaffey.
1911-13; Thomas J. Stroud. 1913-17, 1919-23 and
1929-39; Emerson Frazier, 1917-19; Donald E. Martin,
1923-27; MattW. Stewart. 1927-29; Robert Isley, 1939-
51; James Egge, 1951-57; William N. Baker, 1957-89;
Dave S. Call, 1989-

1918 - LEMHI DINING ROOM
formerly Kirtlcy's
Salmon, Idaho
Dinner and Supper, 50 cents.

219

Probate Judge & Magistrate Judge
The Probate Judge was the People's Judge, handling
a number of functions from criminal cases to probates.
Frank P. McCracken was the first Probate Judge to
hold chambers in the new Lemhi County Courthouse.
Probate Judge E. H. Casterlin went from that position
to deputy United States Attorney General, and was also
a very prominent trial attorney. Elsewhere in this vol-
ume read the humorous story of George W. Cronkrite,
whose wife was sentenced to jail for disturbing the
peace after brandishing an ax at the Judge. Emerson
Hill held the position for the longest term, twelve years.
Donald Martin was elected to the position after he had
served as Lemhi County Sheriff many years before.
The last Probate Judge was Irvin Robertson, who held
the position for ten years, until it was eliminated by
the creation of the Statewide Magistrate Court Sys-
tem. Judge Robertson then became the first lay Mag-
istrate for Lemhi County. Milton A. Slavin was appoint-
ed the first lawyer Magistrate Judge and served for six
years. Fred Snook is the current Magistrate, having
served for the past ten years.

Magistrate Judge
Irvin Robertson, 1971-73; William H. Puette, 1973-76;
Milton A. Slavin 1976-83; Fred Snook, 1983-

Honorable Frank P. McCracken in his office in the Lemhi County
Courthouse, May 21, 1914.

Honorable G. B. Quarles, early day Probate Judge.

^MC V

ORKCO

220

Honorable Irvin C. Robertson, last County
Probate Judge, and first lay Magistrate.

Honorable William H. Puette, 1973-76.

Honorable Milton A. Slavin, first lawyer Mag-
istrate Judge, 1976.

Honorable Fred Snook, current Magistrate Judge, serving since 1983.

Justice of the Peace,
Constable & City Police Court Judge

These three offices were not totally researched. All
three positions have been eliminated by consolidation.
Originally, the Justice of the Peace position was for
each precinct in the county; that is, there was a Justice
of the Peace for Salmon, Leesburg, Gibbonsville, Shoup,
etc. As times advanced and the transportation and
communication progressed, the position of Justice of
the Peace also became more consolidated. The last
Justice of the Peace to serve Salmon and Lemhi Coun-
ty was the late Fred Carl. About 1971, the position of
Justice of the Peace was consolidated with the posi-
tions of City Police Court Judge and County Probate

Judge, into the State Magistrate Court System. The
City Police Judge was an appointed position. Harold
Neyman held that position in Salmon for twenty-six
years, from 1945 to 1971; longer than any other per-
son. The last Constable for Salmon was the late Elmer
Keith, internationally known big game hunter and ac-
knowledged dean of American gun writers.

Coroner

The Coroner is an unsung hero in Lemhi County's
history. Few people appreciate the duties of the Coun-
ty Coroner. It is a difficult task with little monetary
reward. The position is rarely contested on the ballot
and the Coroner is oftentimes the highest vote getter
in local elections. Reviewing the names of past Coro-
ners, the reader will recognize many of the old time
doctors on the list. William C. Doebler held the position

221

Fred Carl, longtime Justice of the Peace for Lemhi County.

for thirty years. Later, Del Jones faithfully served the
office for twenty-six years. Del's son in law, Doug Casey
is the current Coroner and has held office since 1975.

Lemhi County Coroners
J. P. Jewell, June 1869-January 1873; Murray Williams,
January 1873-January 1875; H. E. Colvin, 1875-1877;
J. S. Shuk, 1877-83; George A. Kenney, 1883-93 and
1905-09; William C. Whitwell, 1893-95 and 1899-1901;
Jasper Fane, 1895-97; Wiley J. Rose, 1897-99; Hiram
J. Jones, 1901-03; Charles L. Kirtley, 1903-05; Charles
F. Hanmer, 1909-11; William C. Doebler 1911-37 and
1939-43; Charles Doebler, 1937-39 and 1943-45; Ray
McGoldrick, 1945-49; Delbert C. Jones 1949-75; Doug
Casey, 1975-

County Surveyor

This is another position that has been eliminated in
recent years. J. W. Birdseye was the first County Sur-
veyor starting in 1881. Well known surveyor, Allen C.
Merritt held the position twice and Fred Crandall served
fourteen years. A. E. Ferguson served twelve years fol-
lowed by Hugh Coiner. Hugh was the last County Sur-
veyor, holding the position from 1949-1963.

County Surveyors
All terms from January to January of the given years.
J. W. Birdseye, 1881-85; Charles Barclay, 1885-93;
John Rees, 1893- 97; Peter McCardell, 1897-99; J. W.
Birdseye, 1899-1903; William H. Craigue, 1903-1907;
Allen C. Merritt, 1907-11 and 1915-19; Charles Mc-
Clung, 1911-13; E.B.Thornhill, 1913- 1915; Fred Cran-
dall, 1919-33; A. E. Ferguson, 1933-41 and 1945-49;
Robert Simmonds, 1941-45; Hugh Coiner, 1949-63.

Internationally known celebrity, Elmer Keith was Salmon's last Con-
stable.

Harold Neyman held the position of Salmon City Police Court Judge
for thirty-six years.

222

MAYORS
City of Salmon

BOARD OF TRUSTEES-1903: William Peterson, Chair-
man; John W. Kadletz, George H. Monk, Edwin Abbott.
CHAIRMEN: 1905-E. K. Abbott; 1905-George H. Monk;
1906-John H. Kadletz; 1906-Thomas J. Atkins; 1907-
William Peterson; 1909-Frank C. Miller.
MAYORS: Emerson Hill, 1911-13; William Peterson,
1913-15; Thomas J. Atkins, 1915-17; L. E. Glennon,

1917-22; George K. Brown, 1922-23; Charles F. Han-
mer, 1923-37; D. L. Nichols (acting), 1937-41; Fred L.
Viel, 1941-51; Gerald Butler, 1951-57; L. N. Gwartney,
1957-59; Sherman F. Furey, Jr., 1959-61; William C.
Cannon, 1961-74; Bill Miller, 1982-84; Neal James,
1984-86; Jack Nelson, 1986-90; Edward Guyton, Jan-
uary 1990-July 1990; Patricia A. Hauff, July 1990-.

Information on elected officials compiled under the direction of Dep-
uty County Clerk Tern Morton from the records of Lemhi County.

JUDGE MARTIN'S ELECTION

by Fred Snook

1952

Donald Embley Martin's election to the office of Lem-
hi County Probate Judge in 1952 was a very interesting
political race. The ballots for the general election had
already been printed at the time of the death of Pro-
bate Judge Don C. Reed, who was the unapposed in-
cumbent on the Democratic ticket.

Don Martin announced his candidacy after Judge
Reed's death, and asked the voters for write-in votes
on the Republican ticket. Salmon attorney, F. A. McCall,
was a candidate for Prosecuting Attorney on the Dem-
ocratic ticket, but announced his decision to withdraw
said candidacy, and compaigned for election as Pro-
bate Judge.

The winner of the election was Don Martin who was
sworn in as Judge in January of 1953. However, McCall
contested Judge Martin's election on the grounds that
all write-in votes must be in the fourth or blank column
on the ballot. Because of said contest, Judge Martin
could not be paid for his services and served eight
months without salary, until the case was resolved.

Judge Henry McQuade of Pocatello heard the case,
after Judge Preston Thatcher disqualified himself, and
decided in Judge Martin's favor. McCall then appealed
the decision to the Idaho Supreme Court, where it was
argued September 17, 1953, in Pocatello by E. H. Cas-
terland and Fred H. Snook for Judge Martin and F. A.
McCall and Wayne Loveless for appellant, McCall.

(F* ^.

FRONT: Harold F. Neyman, Clerk; Mayor William J. Cannon; Fred
Snook Sr., City Attorney. BACK: Councilmen Charles Walchly, L.
N. "Mick" Gwartney, Dr. Roy D. Sinclair, Frank Kerin, Bill Perry,
and Roy Durand.

The Supreme Court announced their decision thir-
teen days after hearing said arguments, and an-
nounced a unanimous decision in favor of Judge Mar-
tin.

Donald E. Martin

223

LEGISLATORS FROM LEMHI COUNTY
Over the Past One Hundred Years

The first state legislature in 1891 had Lemhi County
represented by M. M. McPherson, J. M. Shoup, and
Thomas Pyeatt. Governor Shoup's son, Walter C.
Shoup, was a State Senator in 1909. Salmon attorney,
E. W. Whitcomb served five terms in the Senate from
1911 through 1922. Salmon businessman, rancher and
miner, Howard Sims was elected seven times to the
State Senate beginning in 1937 through 1942 and then
from 1955 until his final election in 1963. Howard was
tragically killed in an airplane crash while serving as
Senator. Clyde Starr was another veteran legislator
serving during the late 1940's into the 1950's. James
Ellsworth, a Leadore rancher, was elected to six terms
in the State Senate and served as Senate Pro Tem for
many years. During the State Centennial he was se-
lected as one of the most important Senators in the
State's one hundred year history. No resident of Lemhi
County has been elected to the State Senate since
James Ellsworth retired in 1976. Lemhi, Clark, Custer
and Jefferson Counties were combined in one legisla-
tive district. Jefferson County has more population than
the other three counties combined, and it is very
doubtful if any person who resides outside of Jefferson
County will ever be elected to the State Senate.

The House of Representatives seat for Lemhi County
has also been filled with historic personalities. Names
such as Rees, Kirkpatrick, Kirtley, Snook, Hanmer, Ni-
chols, Ramey, Beers, Carl, Slavin, and many others
from old time Lemhi County families are on the House
records. Emma R. Yearian, the "Sheep Queen" from
Lemhi, was the first woman ever elected to the Idaho
House of Representatives in 1930. L. N. Gwartney
served three terms starting in the late 1940's and Car-
men Creek was represented by Ted Slavin, 1955 to
1959 followed by George Howell 1959 to 1965. Besides
Emma Yearian, the only other woman to serve in either
house from Lemhi County was Helen McKinney. Helen
was elected to four terms from 1965 through 1972.
Ray Infanger won election in the 1972 election and has
been re-elected a record ten times with twenty years
of faithful service.

Photos of Lemhi County's past state legislators are
on display at the State Capitol. It is worth the time to
visit the Capitol in Boise, and go back a moment in
time to revisit these distinguished citizens of Lemhi
County.

1895 John E. Rees 1945

1899 Hyram G. Redwine 1947

1903 C. G. Mathewson 1949

Robert W. McBride 1951

1905 0. E. Kirkpatrick 1953

1907 J. Kirtley 1955

1909 John Snook 1957

1911 Edwin J. Hanmer 1959

1913 Roy B. Herndon 1963

1915 De Witt L. Nichols 1965

1917 R. E. Wickham 1967

1921 John W. Snook 1969

1923 Owen Swift 1971

1925 H. L. Summers 1973

1927 H. L. Summers 1975

1929 J. C. Sorenson 1977

1931 Emma R. Yearian 1979

1933 Louis F. Ramey 1981

1935 Louis F. Ramey 1983

1937 Louis F. Ramey 1985

1939 Fred Carl 1987

1941 Clyde Starr 1991
1943 Charles A. Beers

David Schultz
L. N. Gwartney
L. N. Gwartney
L. N. Gwartney
Robert Henderlider
Ted Slavin
Ted Slavin
George Howell
George Howell
Helen McKinney
Helen McKinney
Helen McKinney
Helen McKinney
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger
Ray E. Infanger

John W. Snook - House of Representatives, 1921

COUNTY LICENSE.

CLIES. IH'T.

J. W. Yearian 9 $ C 00

Tboiuas Tope II 16 CO

Thomaa Top* II 15 00

Bam yoiiiKt 21 50 00

|). K. llemmiuger 21 60 00

Augrmttlalt Ifl 3 00

Puutoo & tIa\T 31 eO 00

Ht». A. \V. Polliiou ..10 3 00

Mrs. E. NoeloIJa 10 3 00

D. J. Kennrj 10 3 DO

Jsrrmiiib Fahey 5 24 00

J. C. Matlineljr 21 60 00

Wnh BIdr 9 00

Oeorge Sicel 10 3 00

J. h. Klrllej 10 3 00

224

STATE SENATORS
1891 M. M. McPherson

J. M. Shoup

Thomas Pyeatt
1893 G. F. Yearian
1899 H. Redwine
1901 Wm. C. Whitwell
1907 Wm. C. Whitwell
1909 Walter C. Shoup
1911 Enoch W. Whitcomb
1913 Don C. Reed
1915 Enoch W. Whitcomb
1917 Enoch W. Whitcomb
1919 Enoch W. Whitcomb
1921 Enoch W. Whitcomb
1923 A. C. Amonson
1925 L. E. Glennon
1929 Karl 0. Spahn
1931 Owen T. Stratton
1933 Owen T. Stratton

1935 Owen T. Stratton
1937 Howard Sims
1939 Howard Sims
1941 Howard Sims
1943 Murd McPherson
1945 Charles A. Beers
1949 Clyde Starr
1951 Clyde Starr
1953 Clyde Starr
1955 Howard Sims
1957 Howard Sims
1959 Howard Sims
1961 Howard Sims
1963 J. H. Sims
1965 James Ellsworth
1967 James Ellsworth
1969 James Ellsworth
1971 James Ellsworth
1973 James Ellsworth
1975 James Ellsworth

Senator James Ellsworth

Senator Enoch W. Whitcomb

Senator Howard Sims

Rp»jd5 <t:Mtdol 21 GO 00

J. 0. Glbbl 21 DO 00

n. Williams 21 60 00

Bing Kbs ID 3 00

Joliu DiTli 10 3 UO

T. D. Mill.... 10 3 00

Ed MfRe» 2a IC UO

Ohm. Siog 10 3 00

II. 0. Kood 10 3 00

OrossBroi C 18 CO

Wm. M»t?lD 21 60 to

Tbof. Pop* 21 50 00

Kenlock MIna 10 3 00

Frtnch A Konoey 18 00

p. NV. Thonifion 10 3 00

Ed Southwick 10 t 00

J. U. LUb 10 J 00

Peo. L. Shonp i Co 3 16 00

A. r >^;i xridoD 19 10 00

Jim I.oe 10 3 00

'Via. Wiliou 21 60 CO

W. Melh»Dy 10 3 00

Hfll HcDe»il« 10 3 00

0. 0, Mittewion 10 3 00

0. DanllDR A Oo 6 24 00

^mltb £ Oltrk, 8 00

FoDg Res A SJDg 00

p. O. Weniz 10 3 00

AVin. J. DrowD C 00

|I. 11. Dntij 8 9 00

Tolol t78C 00

JOHN MILLER.
June aoih, WKi SbtrifT of Lembi county.

225

HISTORY OF THE SALMON PUBLIC LIBRARY

Salmon's public library had its first rudimentary be-
ginnings as a reading club created in an effort to keep
young men off the streets and out of trouble. The
Washington Reading Club was formed by a group of
young people with the goal of founding a public library
and reading room for Salmon. By February of 1892 the
group had a "room in the rear of the auditor and re-
corder's office in the Odd Fellows' building fitted up
for a reading room" (Idaho Recorder, 24 February
1892).

The club's success was due in part to generous do-
nations from Senator Shoup and his previous business
partner Mr. Glendenning. Senator Shoup donated many
magazines, public documents, reference materials, and
a large map of the U.S. to the club. In an article in the
Wednesday March 16, 1892 edition of the Idaho Re-
corder "The box of books contributed by Mr. James
Glendenning to the public library established by the
Washington Reading Club, was received by coach . . .
There are 100 volumes 54 bound books, and 46 paper
covers, comprising works of science, art and travel,
containing useful and interesting information, as well
as many works of fiction by standard authors." Later
the Shoup home was donated to house the library.

Col. Shoup's original log home "was purchased by
James Martinelly who refurnished it and lived there
with his bride until his death. After that the house was
occupied by Salmon's first public library, where it re-
mained until the property was sold to the First National
Bank" (Recorder-Herald, Diamond Jubilee edition 1886-
1961).

Research is lacking on the history of the library
shortly before and after the turn of the century, but
according to a history paper compiled by Beulah
Brenneman, a trustee of the Salmon Public Library,
the idea of a library was revived in 1916. At that time
a group of local women decided to form a lending li-
brary for their own improvement. Each member
brought a book, and exchanged with another member.
Later, a birthday party was given, at which time each
member brought a book and donated it to the library.

Eventually individual members of the Culture Club
gave a dollar to be used for the purchase of books.

A shelf was donated in the Charles A. Norton Jewelry
store and the few books were placed there. Each Sat-
urday, a member gave her time and checked out books
to the public.

Soon the Culture Club was changed to the Women's
Club of Salmon. Bimonthly meetings were held and the
members took turns in giving cultural programs.

The first paid librarian was Margaret Shoup, young-
est daughter of the late Senator Shoup, who was the
last Territorial Governor and the first Governor of Ida-
ho.

In 1918 the ladies managing the public library moved
its books to the millinery store of Mrs. Murdoch where

the books were given out every Friday afternoon by
Mrs. Wright and Mrs. Preston. The quarters were con-
sidered highly desirable for the institution.

After World War I the books were moved to a small
frame house on Main Street. That building has since
been demolished and is the site of the present Rigby
Pharmacy.

A Library Board was formed after the acquisition of
the Main Street building and the Women's Club turned
over the affairs of the library to this board, as agreed
to by the City Council.

The first board consisted of Mesdames Millicent
Herndon, Ella Ketchum, Minnie Hart, Brandling Wright,
Ada Barber, Lillian Padgham, and Maurine McBride.

The library was again moved, this time to the Shenon
Building, now the Herndon block, and was housed in a
section that later became law office of James Herndon.

Later, Mrs. Frank Miller was appointed librarian and
Mrs. Estelle Carpenter succeeded her when she re-
signed.

Fund raising efforts in 1933, collected three thou-
sand dollars for a new library building. The library books
and equipment were moved to the second story of the
Cavaness building, formerly the Brown Block. Unfor-
tunately, the bank in which the funds had been de-
posited failed and a second bank failure wiped out what
remained.

The City of Salmon erected a new city hall on Main
Street and provided a room for a new library. In 1939
the books and all the library equipment were moved
to the new location. Both the city and the county ap-
propriated money for the library.

Estelle Carpenter resigned to take a position as li-
brarian in the Salmon High School. Clarice Smith be-
came librarian and was succeeded by Eunice Robert-
son two years later. She served until 1964, when Mar-
garet Morphey became the librarian.

In August 1975 a fund, started with five hundred dol-
lars left by the late Estelle Carpenter, was established
for the erection of a new library building on ground
donated by the city between the City Hall and the Lem-
hi County Historical Museum. Shortly thereafter, a drive
was underway, headed by Dave Ainsworth. The goal of
forty thousand dollars in local funds was met and ex-
ceeded in a very short time. This enabled Salmon to
match for a sixty thousand dollar public library con-
struction grant from the Idaho State Library — part of
the State Aid funds appropriated by the Idaho State
Legislature in 1976.

The building, designed by architect Dates Fryberger
of Ketchum, Idaho, was erected by contractor Don
Schafer of Salmon, was finished January 1, 1977 and
opened its doors to the public some weeks later, in
March. The formal dedication was postponed pending
arrival of tables, chairs and other furnishings. The li-
brary was officially dedicated on June 9, 1977.

226

Librarian Margaret Morphey retired at the comple-
tion of major construction, at the beginning of 1977.
She had been librarian for thirteen years, seeing the
library through its period of greatest growth and
change. Librarian Marian Emerson, after superintend-
ing the move from the old library to the new, moved
from the area and Kathleen Cramer was appointed to
succeed her.

Kathleen Cramer also saw the library through a pe-
riod of expansion. With grant monies from the State
Library additional space, an office and workroom were
added to the library. Kathleen Cramer retired in 1991.
Current trustees are Helen Durand, Phyllis Caples,
Phoebe Ann Finlayson, Barry Miller, Janice Neal, and
Luke Prange. The current librarian is Ramona Combs-
Stauffer.

I^If yon ladies wish an eli gant dn s",
write for samples and prices. If yon
wish to bny a fine sboe, eleRaut Inces,
Jovely underwear, a nice fashionable
wrap, or moit anything a lady needs,, you
can get it by writing to the O. K. L(3wis
Mercantile Company, Dillon, Montana.'

COBALT, IDAHO - 1981

Cobalt is a mineral that, when combined with certain
other minerals in the making of steel, produces an alloy
that retains both its strength and dimension at white
hot temperatures. It has great utility in cutting tools
used in manufacturing metal products. The develop-
ment of this alloy, called Stellite, made mass produc-
tion possible. Stellite was developed just prior to World
War I. The advantages cited above made cobalt of stra-
tegic importance. It had come a long way from being
considered an impurity in ores of other metals such as
gold and copper. Most of the cobalt produced in the
world is a by-product of copper mining in Zaire, for-
merly the Belgian Congo. It is controlled by the Minere'
de Katonga, a European cartel.

The initial mining activity on Panther Creek focused
on gold. Claims were filed, and what proved to be most-
ly surface gold was removed. The interest in mining
cobalt in this area came after the development of Stel-
lite shortly before World War I. The mine at Cobalt was
developed during World War I by a subsidiary of Union
Carbide. The ore was crushed by a stamp mill and con-
centrated for shipment to a refinery in Kokomo, Indi-
ana. Power for this mine and one in the Leesburg basin
to the north was provided by a hydroelectric plant on
Panther Creek. The route of the original powerline in
still followed today by the current powerline.

After World War I, demand for cobalt faltered, and
the mine at Cobalt fell idle. It was sold for back taxes
during the Depression. Just prior to World War II, the
U.S. Government and Howe Sound Mining Corporation
became interested in the Cobalt area. Working at first
independently and later in a joint effort, they did ex-
tensive diamond drilling to determine the extent of the

deposit. This lead to exploratory tunnels to further ex-
amine the quality and scope of the deposit.

New applications for cobalt appeared at this time,
making it even more vital to the military. Jet engines
were being developed, and the cobalt alloy was needed
in the blades of those engines. ALNICO, or ALuminum-
Nlckel-CObalt was developed, and this proved to be a
very powerful magnet, making much smaller motors
possible.

Howe Sound's subsidiary, Calera Mining, developed
the town of Cobalt, together with the mine and the
processing plant, during the 1940's. When Idaho Power
built the current powerline in the 1940's, the high ten-
sion span across Panther Creek was the longest in the
world on wooden structures, at 5200 feet. It is still the
second longest.

At Calera Mining, production was ready to begin in
1950, when the Korean conflict began. The govern-
ment offered Calera a large contract if they could dou-
ble their rate of production. The necessary changes
were made and production began in 1951. The town
of Cobalt was a remote, isolated, but friendly place,
largely supplied by Salmon businesses. It had a food
store. Post Office, recreation center, school, and
church services. Many mining families lived at the
townsite, which was just a few miles from the actual
minesite. In the 1950's, at its peak. Cobalt had perhaps
1500 residents and the mine employed 450 people.
The government contract was completed in 1959.

Another use of cobalt developed by this time, was
the process that binds enamel to metal surfaces. Ap-
pliance manufacturers would therefore be a potential
market. In 1959, Calera contacted G.E. and Westing-
house, and both were interested in buying domestically
produced cobalt. Minere' de Katonga sent both man-
ufacturers a letter advising them that if they bought
any cobalt from another source, they could not expect
to buy any from them. The cartel then sent Calera
Mining a letter stating that the price of cobalt on the
world market was very unstable and could in fact drop

A birthday party at Cobalt about 1920. Front left is Tommy Boyle
and front right is his wife Sally. Others unidentified.

227

to zero. Their copper mining business is so lucrative
that they do not have to worry about the profit they
make on their cobalt. Their cobalt is strictly an impurity
in the copper, an impurity they can virtually give away
and yet one of great importance in national defense
and manufacture. After the cartel so effectively dem-
onstrated its ability to control the world market, Calera
closed its doors. It left behind a 10 year supply of ore
identified and ready for extraction.

The property is currently owned by Noranda Mining
Corporation. They have spent over $1 ,000,000 to build
a water treatment facility to correct some of the pol-
lution problems stemming from the mine. The pollution
comes from the leaching of the waste piles; piles of
rock left after the ore is extracted and concentrated.
Also from leaching of the ore body exposed in the open
pit mine in Big Deer Creek, and drainage from the tun-
nels. Noranda's water treatment plant operates twenty
four hours per day, every day.

Noranda's operation was short lived. In the late
1970's and early 1980's they employed several hun-
dred employees in reconstructing and development.
The economy of Salmon started to have a mini-boom.
Then just as suddenly, the Company closed the op-
eration. Salmon fell into recession, many families moved
away, the school system laid off teachers and times
were tough (1982- 1985). Times were even tougher on
the town of Cobalt, Idaho. The Company sold the town,
that is, sold all of the buildings of the town in a public
auction. Many houses were moved to Salmon and else-
where, others were dismantled for material. In 1991,
a crew began dismantling the mill. Cobalt, Idaho is his-
tory, for now, but, the metal is there, and who knows
when Cobalt will Boom Again!

SHOUP, IDAHO

by Marsha Smith

Sam Jones, said to have been a cousin of Frank and
Jesse James, discovered the Kentuck mine at Shoup
and some at Pine Creek. He sold his claim for a con-
siderable amount but was generous to a fault. Sam
would ride to Shoup on his big white horse and on the
outskirts of town pull out his fiddle and gallop in playing
the Arkansas Traveler. When they heard him coming,
men would throw the saloon doors open so he could
ride in on his horse. Jones would order drinks around,
dismount, and let someone take his horse to the stable.
He continued buying drinks until he was drunk and his
friends would carry him to a rooming house.

Sometimes Sam would come into Salmon and always
set up drinks for the boys at Al Smith's saloon. One
evening they decided to have some fun, so they got
him drunk, called in a prostitute and had the Justice
of the Peace marry them. In the morning Sam asked
the lady, "Who are you?" "I'm your wife, don't you
remember getting married?" "The hell," exclaimed

Sam and out the door he went. The curious twist is
that Sam Jones died not long after. The lady kept track
of him and claimed his bank account. There were plen-
ty of witnesses to the marriage, so she inherited
$70,000.

The Clipper Bullion Mine is a small property one half
mile west of Shoup on the south bank of the river.
Shoup, Idaho lies roughly eighteen miles west of North
Fork on the Salmon River. Today there is little to be
seen of the town which once served some 3,000 peo-
ple. Since discovery in 1887, it has yielded about
$75,000, in gold. Three veins were found on the prop-
erty. They were found at higher elevations on the
mountainside and are locally known as Tramway, Hen-
nessey and Clipper Bullion. These mines were unique
in that the ore was transported by tramway down to
the river. The most productive vein of the three was
the Clipper Bullion. From the north bank visitors can
see the old rundown building and various mining equip-
ment that is in the process of being restored. Also vis-
ible is the old cable going up the hill.

Gold Hill Mine is located nine tenths of a mile below
Shoup. The Gold Hill Mine's history dates back through
the Gold Rush days of the late 1800's and early 1900's
when this region was the scene of one of Idaho's wil-
dest gold rushes.

Today's owners, John and Patty Hulihan have col-
lected many tools and artifacts from the mining days.
They present guided tours during summer months for
tourists delight. You may even try your hand at gold
panning.

When Lewis and Clark made their journey West, even
they concluded that these mountains were too deso-
late and too difficult to traverse. They sent a guide from
North Fork near Spring Creek, just upstream from,
Shoup before making the decision to head up over Lost
Trail Pass and into Montana.

The Salmon River, got its name "The River of No
Return" from the gold rush days. Boatmen ferried sup-
plies downriver to Shoup where the flatboats were dis-
mantled and sold for building supplies to the miners
and prospectors. What went down did not come back.

Today, the Salmon River is no longer a serious threat
to an experienced boatman. It is a marvelous river for
tourists and each year thousands come to float and
relax along its shores. As one of the West's great moun-
tain rivers, its four hundred undammed miles offer con-
stantly changing scenery that is richly imbedded with
human history and offers a trip back into the great
American West.

In addition to the gold mining influence. There is still
visible along the road, evidence of the Sheepeater In-
dians. The shelters have been excavated and contain
evidence of habitation to eight thousand years ago.
Two roadside shelters display petroglyphs which can
be seen from your vehicle. One is located between Pine
and Panther Creeks, while the other is just before Ebe-
nezer campground.

228

Shoup, Idaho in earlier times.

HISTORY OF THE TENDOY STORE

Viola B. Anglin

During the 1890's this vicinity had a small store usu-
ally managed by the Postmaster in connection with the
Post Office within a few miles of the present location.
In 1902 the place was called "Hover", but when John
Reese and Charles Lipe built a store building in 1904,
the Post Office was moved there and the place was
named "Sunfield." Later Lipe sold out to Reese and
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Fox took over the store. When
they sold to Ed Venable, he moved the store to what
is now called the Ball Ranch on Agency Creek.

In 1911, Fred Pattee built a store building on the
Pattee Ranch near the new railroad. He rented it to
Gene Smith and Logue Igou who put in a good supply
of groceries and merchandise. The Post Office was
moved there and the place named "Tendoy" after the
Indian Chief. Soon the place became a depot, cream
station, and community center. Smith sold to Igou and
later he sold to Dad Rathbun, who sold to Ray Pierce.
After several years, in 1928, Pierce built a new building
on the Ball Ranch near the State Highway and the
Tendoy school. With help from his brother Warren, he
stocked the store and it became well known over the
county. Pierce was a good merchant!

In 1944 he sold out to Barbara and Clint Quesnell.
Within a short time, they sold to Mr. and Mrs. Guy
Frazee. On June 26,' 1948, the Frazees sold the store
to Viola and Bill Anglin and Vivian and Herb Godfrey.
The two women managed the store while the men held
other jobs.

1890 - The first ball known to Pine Creek since the history of time
began was given by Mrs. F. W. Niemann on the 23rd instant. Invi-
tations were out three weeks previous to the date and the dancing public
of Shoup responded by the following named: Thomas Boyle and wife,
W. W. St Clair and wife, Thomas Stevens, James Welch, Joe Laughlin,
William Taylor, Thomas Pound, George Chamberlain and Thomas
Finneean.

All that remains of the original Tendoy Store in 1990.

The railroad was abandoned and tracks removed in
1940-41. The State bought the railroad right of way
and built a new highway on the railroad bed. The An-
glins and Godfreys purchased property along the new
highway directly in front of the first Tendoy Store. They
moved the Pierce building and stock there in October
of 1948. The move was a good one and the store was
a busy place.

229

The old Tendoy store built by Fred Pattee in 1911.

In April of 1961 the Godreys sold their share to the
Anglins who increased the stock, added a trailer court,
and built a new addition to house the Post Office when
that office advanced to Third Class.

The store located on the Lemhi River just twelve
miles from the place where Sacajawea led Lewis and
Clark into Idaho, two miles from Chief Tendoy's grave,
and two miles from the old Mormon Fort Lemhi enjoys
a great tourist trade along with business from ranch-
ers, loggers, miners, fishermen, hunters, and all the
local people. It is very well stocked with groceries,
hardware, ranch supplies, dry goods, drugs, jewelry,
sporting goods, beer, pop, and gas and oil.

When Bill Anglin died in 1982, son Kelly came home
to assist his mother with the store operation. In 1983
he was commissioned Postmaster at Tendoy. Today
the store is still owned and operated by the Anglins.

From notes written by Phoebe Pattee

A USEFUL ROSE.

0( .lliuoat Conntaat Worth aJdU Beau-
ty Tliroutfhouc tUe Yea:r.

Tl;o tlt'uro irom Aineilcaa Gaidenlng
shows a slu^le piaiit oC Rosa tnulUflora,
liulgiiC. 7 I'oec <i lacUtiu; dlanmter, 11
feet. A corresiJouUeot says: "I con-
siiier tUi3 oue oil the uioat useful rose*
giotva bi^'ause of the luaar places la
which It i:aa be used auJ yet aoc bo
luther unslghily some time lu the year,
lu the early .^prlo;, oi course, ULe all
the other roses, Us ireeneiT Is beautl

EQUINE HEADGEAR.

Larze Strniv Suu Hats the Lateat De-
vice For Hor»ea' Comfort.

The lilca it placing a wltle brimmed
straw hat over the horse's head to pre-
vent 3unstroUe Is said to have ori|;luai-
!d la New YurL. ami it Is claimed that
straw hats are much better proteutora

^^^^^^%^:^#^^^^#*^^^^*^**^^

LEMHI MEAT MARKET,

Soule & Kail. Props.

Wholesale and Retail Dealers in
Meats of All Kinds. Ranch Pro-
duce, Fruits and Candies.

Salmon. Idaho.

#.#..*r#r^^%^:^#.^-#.^**##.#.^4jb^^%^#r4^

nOSi. JlDLTIfLOKA A8 A DECOBATITB
PLANT.

fiil, but more so because of its freedom
from the stiffness of most other rose-
b\ishcs. la June It is notlceahle for
the number of dowers.

"For August It Is still holding its
own as a green bush, while the other
rosea are hardly presentable. A month
or so later you may thluU It not .so bad,
and as the season slips Into winter the
sight of thousands of bright scarlet
berries, above the carpet of snow per-
chance, makes you speculate at what
time of the year— -Vprll. June, Decem-
ber or Jlarcll— RoKa multldora Is at Its
best.

BOnSES STRAW HAT3.

than any of the awuing arrangements.
From this primitive start a number of
novelties have beeu evolved and put on
the market.

Coarse straw braid hats are largely
manufactured In a variety of styles,
some of which are hera shown. This
headgear gives a decided appearance of
comfort ou horses under the scorching
summer sun.

230

Jl'» '^^ ->i- ■■**

HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN LEMHI COUNTY

by Bob Loucks
Lemhi County Agricultural Agent

Chris Darnutzer, Charles Chamberlain, and George
Yearian. Range cow herds were imported from Oregon,
Utah, southern Idaho, and Montana. By the early 1870's
the livestock industry was well established. The earliest
cattle ranch in Pahsimeroi Valley was started about
1870 by a man known as French Joe. He was soon
followed into the valley by Lorenzo Falls, Wilson and
George Ellis, Edward O'Neal, and J.B. Morrow.

The early cattle herds were longhorn crossed with
eastern native cattle. Cattle were herded in the moun-
tains in the summer and in the native meadows during
the winter. The severe winter and deep snow of 1889-
90 brought an end to these types of operations and
started the era of raising and storing hay from the
valleys for winter feeding. By 1891 the native cattle
were largely supplanted by Durham or shorthorns. In
the late 1920's or early "30's" Hereford cattle came
to the county. At this time, most cattle in the county
are cross-bred with a Hereford or Angus base.

During the early part of this century and into the
1960's, the cattle industry in the county was closely
aligned to the Big Hole. Several herds wintered in Lem-
hi County but spent the pasture season in the Big Hole.
Big Hole ranchers were also an important market for
calves. The Hirschy family, in particular, came into the
county in the fall, purchased calves, and trailed them
to the Big Hole where they were wintered on hay and
then pastured.

Artwork • Helen Yowell

Agriculture did not have too auspicious a beginning
in Lemhi County. When the Mormons established the
Fort Lemhi Mission to the Indians in June 1855, they
immediately dug an irrigation ditch from Pattee Creek
and planted 10 acres of peas, potatoes, turnips and
corn. Unfortunately, an early frost on September 4
wiped out the crop. That winter the missionaries en-
larged their irrigation system and plowed more ground.
In 1856, a plague of grasshoppers destroyed their
crops. Fortunately, their livestock was faring substan-
tially better than the crops. Their cattle herd had in-
creased to more than 300 head by the time the Indians
rustled them and sold them to the army in 1858.

The next farming venture in the county was at the
same site. A father and son produced vegetables at
Fort Lemhi and packed them to Bannack in 1863 and
1864. Permanent agriculture began with the discovery
of gold at Leesburg in 1866. Some of the early pioneers
brought milk cows to Salmon City and the Leesburg
Basin. Vegetables and cereal grains were produced in
the Salmon area in 1867.

The first homestead in the county was that of Lester
Withington at Baker in 1866. It was soon followed by
F.B. Sharkey at the Fort Lemhi site and others. Public
land surveying was active from 1873 to 1887, so the
early homesteads were of necessity metes and bounds
propositions.

The livestock industry in the county followed the gold
rush. The first cattle were longhorn steers from Texas
by way of Montana. These cattle were "run out" and
trailed to the mining camps and butchered as needed.
Among the earliest cattlemen in the Salmon area were

New officers of the Cattlemen's Association - 1956. Steve Mahaffy,
Bill Clark, Bill Fayle.

231

Pine Creek bulls at a Central Idaho Hereford Sale in Salmon.
Second man from left is Emmett Reese and far right is Neal Thomas.

^ < 4

A very busy ewe on the Cockrell ranch.

Bob Johnson photo

Ben Dillon shearing a ewe.

Little data is available to describe the development
of the sheep industry in the county. A lot of the higher
elevation range is more suitable for sheep than for cat-
tle. The early transportation system also favored sheep
because the lambs could be trailed to market or a rail-
head when fat. In any case, the industry apparently
reached its peak size in the 1930's with over 50 thou-
sand ewes. As late as 1950 there were still over 40
thousand ewes in the county; however, by 1970 ewe
numbers were down to 15 thousand and the current
sheep population is less than 3000 ewes.

Horses have always been part of the scene in Lemhi
County. The first commerce in horses, of course, was
when Lewis and Clark traded with Cameahwait's In-
dians to obtain horses for their journey west. Horses
and mules provided most of the transportation and
draft power until the 1940's. According to census fig-
ures, the maximum population was about 4500 head
of stock. Horses were run out in the foothills and gath-
ered as needed for draft purposes. All the old timers
remember bands of range horses even into the 1950's.
In addition to the population needed for draft and
transportation purposes, several ranchers produced
horses for sale to the military, the Oliver Ranch pro-
duced polo ponies, and the Snooks and others pro-

duced race horses. The Salmon Select Horse Sale, one
of the premier sales of working horses in Idaho, cel-
ebrates its 20th annual sale in 1992.

Changes in transportation, eating habits, and food
preservation have created major changes in agricul-
ture in Lemhi County over the years. During the late
1800's and early 1900's, agriculture was considerably
more diverse than the primarily livestock economy
which has dominated since about 1950. Small family
dairy operations supported three small cheese facto-
ries over the years. Until the 1930's about 2000 acres
of spring wheat was grown in the county. This sup-
ported at least two flour mills which exported flour.
About the same period, the county was a major dry
pea seed production area. Old timers report that a
small acreage of sugar beets was grown near Salmon
in the late 1930's and exported on the railroad for
processing.

Commercial mink production was started by Larry
Bills in 1951. This was an important industry for about
six ranches until recent times. The industry peaked in
size during the 1960's at around 3000 breeding fe-
males. Currently, there are only two ranches producing
mink with about 1100 females.

Because of topography, climate, distance to market.

232

and aptitude of ranch operators, agriculture in the
county has become dominated by range livestock op-
erations. During the last 40 years, beef cow numbers
remained relatively constant, fluctuating between 31.5
and 32.5 thousand cows. Lemhi County usually ranks
second or third among the counties in Idaho in stock
cow numbers and ranked 89th in the United States in
1987. The range livestock industry in the county is
quite dependent on public ranges. Over 12 thousand
stock cows spend 4-5 months on public range. In fact,
about 30% of the beef cattle feed base is derived from
BLM and USPS permits. About 116 of the 225 com-
mercial ranches in the county have public range per-
mits. Dairy cow numbers have increased in recent years
to around 1200 cows.

Although the amount of cropland in the county has
changed very little over the years, changes in farming
equipment and methods has led to a vast reduction in
the number of ranches. Mechanization of haying has
probably been the biggest single factor in allowing an
increase in ranch size. From the scythe to the horse-
drawn mower to the tractor mower to the self-pro-
pelled swather-conditioner for mowing; from the pitch-
fork to the dumprake to the buckrake or sweep rake
to side-delivery rakes to the baler or round baler or
ton baler for raking and accumulating; from the slip or
hay wagon to bale wagons and trucks for yarding; from
the pitchfork to hay derricks to beaverslides to bale
wagons for stacking; haying has become increasingly
mechanized. From the time when it was not uncom-
mon for a small ranch to employ five or six men during
haying until today when it is not uncommon for a family
to harvest and stack 500 to 700 tons of hay by them-
selves, mechanization and economies of scale have en-
couraged a trend toward larger ranches.

Except for the period when the railroad was active
(1910- 39), transportation and distance from markets
has created marketing problems for agriculture in the

Thrashing grain on Sandy Creek. This was the first steam tractor
in Lemhi County.

Harvey Bell photo

county. Producers have attempted to create a more
competetive marketing environment through several
methods. Sheepmen first began pooling wool in the
1930's. By consigning their wool to a pool, enough
product could be offered for sale to attract interest
directly from the woolen mills. The original pool was
incorporated in 1952 and continues pooling lambs and
wool to this time. As an affiliate of the PNW Lamb Mar-
keting Association, the pool was one of the pioneers
in tele- auctioning lambs in the early 1980's. Cattle and
calves were all marketed to country buyers (notably
John and Jack McKinney) for many years. About the
end of World War II, Colonel Lykens constructed a sale
yard just east of Salmon. This yard operated very suc-
cessfully until the mid-1950's. The Salmon Sale Yard
was constructed about 1960. It operated with a variety
of owners until the mid-1970's. Currently, most calves
are marketed to country buyers. Judd and Scott Whi-
tworth, Don Burtenshaw, Roy Hoffman, and Jack
McKinney have been the most prominant buyers for
the past 15 years. Cull cows and bulls are primarily
marketed through auction markets in Eastern and
Southern Idaho.

Agriculture has always been the largest part of the
basic economy of the county. Livestock ranching is

Mowing hay on the Sandy Creek Bar about 1916.

Harvey Bell photo

■^_ , , _ ^ , . _£ .^^ - ? ^

.' ^i-^ ik ' *

233

responsible for almost 50% of county employment and
almost 40% of county household income. Mining has
been either boom or bust; the timber industry devel-
oped slowly and peaked in the 1960-80 period; but
agriculture came to supply the mines and remained as
the economic mainstay. Unless there are major chang-
es in access or price of Federal range, livestock agri-
culture will continue to be the dominant part of the
basic economy of the county.

1 90 1 - F. W. Nieman of Boyle Creek, was in towii yesterday. He has
an orchard of i,ooo trees including peaches, pears, plums, apples and
cherries and says the trees ar all in bloom and in fine condition. The
yield of fruit this year will be enormous. Mr. N. is horticultural inspector
for the 6th district.

19 18 - A whole train load of lambs from one ranch in Lemhi Gsunty,
that of Thomas H. Yearian at Lemhi, and made of eighteen double
deckers, was sent out for the main line, yielding the owner, Mrs. Yearian,
fifteen cents per pound at Axmstead.

Lloyd Clark of Leadore, bucking hay the old fashioned way.
V'

The buckrake that was in common use for many years.

234

Stacking hay at Leadore with a beaver-slide
stacker.

Lost: — A span
gray, branded

of geldings,

] on

njrn.'

shoulder; the bay branded blurr-
ed "H" on right hip, also branded
Jc. Last heard of they were en
Carman creek. Si 5 reward lev
their reUirn to W. Rairden, Fo:'.
Lemhi, Idaho.

MATUEIt DAIIIT.

Turn br»J recorded
8linit Hoin :uiU Jerff
Culllr: nlio Kfudca. W*
nto ibf gdvornor brmid
fn oalllo tUiii: i

H»rtiid UolftrlhJ
eiihl«r III th«j

-..^^ »=<r •!"• Ill* »n.l cut nir

tvo illtii Inward from Ih* oropp«d And.
«08 hnvo Hio gOYonior lirorid on tb»
li>ri chnuldPt. Kaneaa -Ciiriiioii Croeli nn4
Itndror nprlngi. ]■. O. atJdi«i>t: Baimoii City
Miihn m»r3l-«i

J. 4 A. UAnnACI
Our f^'illlo braml !• on
left Hide of nnlmrl.

Alnn v\t n liorKenhrtinU-
cd Ike «uh:r •■i ti\tlle
only tho brnnrt U uii loft

• iKlUld.T.

rtonKn --Nnjili nMo of
I.cinhl liver spvc.i inlic^
fioni Hnlmon r.llv.

roftt'>11lou Htlfhrtis: .1 . A
A. I DitilinCIl). Idiiho

NOTICE FOIC PUULICAXrON.

Land Udlcc at llnllry, Idnho, )
Mny .1, mo. f

Nolloei Is hereliy elrrh Ihni (ho Mllowhiar
iianipd Eoltler hn^ HIpiI iinlhe of lilt Inlcii-
llon lo moke fliiKl proof In •iioporl of liH
claim, niid Hint lold jiinnf will be made Iih-
fiiro -riinniaH Elder, riolmin .liiil;p, at Sal-
mon Ully. Idaho, on .Inns 12tli, I8WI, viz: An-
Ihony llornliack, who mudo llomestend
Application Nu. 172 for the W.'i .SWy, and
."iKli 9\VJ,' of sec. 10 and NKU HE'A of see. 9.
Ip. II N. It. 22 E.

lie nainea the following wltn«»ei (oproT*
hit contluiioiii mldencc upon mill oilllva-
tlon of (aid land, viz: Slenhcn Q. Munfiill,
James I.. Klrtlry, Lewis llnlslcad, Uharle*
D. Lee, all or8nlinon Clly, Idaho.

U. O. Bii.i.iNGS, i:«gl<l«r.

CATTLE BRANDS

by Marsha Smith

At one time, countless buffalo roamed this area and
history reports herds covering an area of seventy by
thirty miles. The buffalo herds were almost extermi-
nated by the white man. At the end of the Civil War,
the cattle market in the north was good while Texas
had a surplus. Starting in 1866, great numbers of Texas
cattle were trailed north, starting the greatest range
cattle industry the world has ever known.

The year 1854, when a party of Mormon settlers
brought cattle to the Salmon country, may be called
the beginning event in our cattle history. Cattlemen to
our east owned as many head of cattle as the total
number of cattle in Idaho in 1870; but that area was
rapidly being overgrazed and the push west began.
Some range cattle that came from California and Texas

were of the old Spanish Longhorn type. Most, however,
were English breeds (Shorthorn and Devn) which the
settlers brought with them. They used them both for
work and milk stock.

Settlers became the cattlemen of later years. Be-
cause of this, there was little fighting between cattle-
men and settlers over land or water.

Branding cattle became a necessity, so stockmen
could identify their own stock on the range. Laws were
passed requiring registration of brands. Today, all cat-
tle shipped must be inspected by an official brands
inspector.

A stockman has the choice of design and location of
brand. Left or right hip, side or shoulder. A registration
fee is charged and must be renewed every five years.
In any lawsuit where title or right to possession is in
question, the animal will belong to the person who owns
the brand, provided the brand has been correctly re-
corded.

235

^ TVV

HaH Ckcl* S

J. W. SrKsok

Row»» J, Sotmon, Idaho

Round Top T FTying O

Sam WcKinney AiUfl« Hoffman
Lamhi, Idaho Satmon. Idaho

Bioktn Heart V
Mory Turner
Tendoy. Idaho

Ti >^ K-J

T Up end T Down Rocking Horj«

Bob ond Saba Thomai g^^id 9. and Velmo Rovndol
>o«/f« I. Solmon, Idohc gout» \. Salmon, Idaho

Rocking Hors« K Sat i

«r<3ld 8. and Velmo Rovndol Wrv Annit Scan

Rout* \, Salmon, Idaho Salmon, Idoho

A Sloih '■^"Y T Y Hook Triangle Oiomond F

Arch- Mc/orlond E- C. and lr««. Bolandw Ray Skinner ^^^ 3^,^^

Cormen, Idoho Com^. Idoho Salmon, Idaho ^^^^ ^^^^

Symbols such as flying, box, bar, walking, diamond,
slashes, rocking, and swinging are used.

Lester P. Withington's brand, the "double ox yoke",
was the first brand to be registered in Lemhi County
in 1878. Mr. Withington is the grandfather of Lois W.
Bisson, who with her husband, Roy, inherited the orig-
inal brand. They have recently sold the ranch and
moved into Salmon.

The oldest recorded brand in the State of Idaho,
1884, belonging to and used by the original owner is
the "Half Circle S" registered to J. W. Snook and the
Snook family.

IDAHO POWER

by Paul Schneider

Manager, Salmon Office of Idaho Power Company

Before 1907, there were numerous sets of owners
of small local enterprises of power throughout the State
of Idaho. As projects became more expensive, con-
solidations and mergers took place. The five largest
companies were consolidated as Idaho Power Com-
pany in 1915 and began operation in 1916. Since then,
Idaho Power has purchased other small power com-
panies within or adjacent to Idaho Power Company's
service territory.

In Lemhi County there were several small power
companies. The Edward Mingle Plant started about
1897. The Salmon City Electric Light and Power Com-
pany started about 1898. G. B. and A. J. Quarles owned
this company and the interest of William Peterson.
Salmon Electric Company, Ltd. was formed in 1908
and the Andrews Light and Power Company was formed
in 1909. Riggs and Mackenzie, incorporated the Lemhi
Power Company, Ltd. in 1911 and the Salmon River
Power and Light Company was formed in 1914.

View of the Power Plant diversion dam, located in the Lemhi River,
near Salmon, Idaho. It diverted water into the canal to the Power
Plant located at the end of North St. Charles Street.

The old spillway of the Idaho Power Plant in Salmon, in August ,
1944.

photo Bruce Watters

The "new" spillway of the Idaho Power Plant in 1944.

Idaho Power purchased the Lemhi operations in 1928
when Idaho Power purchased the Salmon River Power
Company which served Salmon with a small hydroe-
lectric plant. The plant did not produce power in the
winter because of ice, so a stand-by diesel generator
was also used.

In 1950 the company built a 69,000 volt line between
Bannock, Montana and the Calera Mining Company
mines in the Cobalt and Blackbird areas of Lemhi Coun-

236

i'm

^I0fii'r|rf'

-ts^f

^1'

mUrm".

The Salmon Power Plant in the 1930's.

Canal running from the Lemhi River to the Pow-
er Plant.

This building, located on North St. Charles Street
in Salmon, generated power from a diesel en-
gine. Photo in 1938.

ty. The line crosses the Continental Divide at Lemhi
Pass near where Lewis and Clark first entered Idaho.
At the same time, the Company connected the town
of Salmon with the Cobalt line. This was the first power
into Salmon that was other than its old hydro/diesel
systems. The 5,240 foot transmission-line span across
Panther Creek west of Salmon, was at the time, 1950,
the longest span in the United States. Employees pa-
trolled the line by airplane, snow cat and on horseback.

Idaho Power's office was located in the Shenon Block
at 608 Main Street until the Company built their new
office at Church and Van Dreff Streets in 1977.

In 1992, the main, future project for the Company
is the construction of a second high voltage transmis-
sion line into Lemhi County from Montana. This second
source should provide adequate power for the future
growth of Lemhi County.

All Photos courtesy of Idaho Power Company.

Another view of the Salmon Power Plant in 1950.

19 1 2 - The city is lighted by means of a hydro-electric plant of 600
horse power, utilizing the current of the Lemhi River for it's enthusiasm.
It is one of the best lighted cities in the West.

I^EZIVTrUSTTP^^S^

—DR. A. M, ALLEN,

TIti II IT

FREXCH and ,KEXXrS Drug -'Stare.
For TE>J DAYS Only.

: AIUDEKTAl/OPERATiONS^SKILUULLY^PERFORMED, :

iRTlFICIAL TEETH IJiSERTED-

/■fe

237

-ij ^ ^ ^p ^ ^

NOTICE.

Owirtg to nccessiiry repairs
oil tlie plant, tlic electric
lights will be olf on this Wed-
nesday, and Thursday nights,
and possibly off on Fri iay
night. On Saturday m.dit
the lights will again be on,
and we trust there will be no
further inconvenience for a
long time.
QUARLES & OUARLES.

Installation of a new diesel generator at the Salmon Power Plant
resulted in the elimination of the Lemhi River diversion dam and
hydro powered plant.

POWER LINE PATROL

by Doris Brown

In 1950, a stirring achievement in the history of Lem-
hi County electric service was the construction of a
69,000 volt line from Bannock, Montana to Salmon,
Idaho. Mile after challenging mile, the high-voltage car-
rier had been pushed by it's builders, leaping the Con-
tinental Divide through the 8,000 foot high Lemhi Pass.
In August of that year, the new $401,000 line was en-
ergized and the Salmon District was linked with Idaho
Power's inter-connected system.

The one hundred eighty miles of lines through the
rugged mountains between Salmon and Bannock are
checked for faults such as broken insulators, loose tie
wires, broken cross-arms and damaged or lost hard-
ware once a year, at the close of the big game season.
It must be done before the snow flies so that the line
crews can get there to make any necessary repairs.

Salmon troubleman Scott Brown had the idea that
riding a horse to patrol the roughest parts of the terrain
would be faster and more economical that the con-
ventional methods of using helicopter and line truck
equipment. He would be expected to record the lo-
cation of any trouble by pole number and later notify
the line crew foreman, who then could arrange for re-
pairs.

Consequently, for twenty-three years, in good
weather and bad, Scott and his registered quarter-
horse, made the ride for Idaho Power. He usually trail-
ered his horses to the Continental Divide just out of
Salmon. For the next thirty- five miles Scott used a
horse, alternating with a fresh mount every ten miles
or so, when the path of the power lines could be reached

Scott Brown and Bankroll Skip patroling the power line

by truck and trailer.

The first trip over the mountains was unique, ac-
cording to Scott, because he miscalculated the time
needed for the journey and spent a night sleeping on
the ground, rolled up in his saddle blanket. The trip
made a very long day in the saddle and sometimes it
took two days to make.

Because of this unique company duty, he was fea-
tured in the February, 1977 issue of Idaho Power's
Current News Bulletin; the Public Information depart-
ment used Scott and his horse, Bankroll Skip, in a tel-
evision commericial illustrating the company's efforts
to use the best way — new, or old — to get the job done;
and he and his horse were featured on the back cover
of the company's 1977 annual report.

Due to health reasons, Scott retired from the com-
pany in March of 1978, after twenty-nine good years
in their service.

238

THE SALMON RIVER BRIDGE

The first in a long series of bridges crossing the Salm-
on River was built in 1866. The following is from The
History of Lemhi County by George E. Shoup:

Darnutzer and Chamberlain, experienced builders,
constructed a foot and pack bridge across the river
where they had built their cabins. This was the first
bridge to span the Salmon River and toll was charged
for its use . . . The fare or toll was 25 cents per man or
animal . . . This bridge was well patronized during . . .
1867.

Later, the same year, a foot and pack bridge was built
by two carpenters . . . Barbet and Johns . . . but a few
rods above the (other) bridge. In 1868 . . . Barbet and
Johns cut and hauled fir logs to Salmon. These were
hewn into square timbers. Low cribs were built in the
river and filled with rock for substantial piers. Squared
timbers were first set upright in the frames before filling.
Upon these upright timbers or posts were placed the
sills and framework of the bridge. Large poles were used
for flooring hewed on the top side. This bridge was built
wideenoughfor one-way wagon crossing. . .This bridge
later was sold to Jesse McCaleb. (It operated as a toll
bridge, with the toll gate at the west end.) This was the
first wagon bridge crossing the Salmon River . . . The
toll was 25 cents each for man or animal and 50 cents
per team.

During the years standing of this rough wooden bridge,
the high swift water coming near to the stringers each
year, and during ice jams of winter the well set piers
withstood it all . . . but in June 1874 a big Cottonwood
tree with its tangle of protruding roots and limbs struck
the floor beams of one of the spans and the tremem-
dous force of rushing water tore the full span from the
bridge.

A new toll bridge was constructed in 1875. Ira Tingley
acquired the bridge from Jesse McCaleb in 1875 and
owned it until it was purchased by the County in 1884.

The fourth bridge: a steel suspension bridge built in 1905.

In 1905 a steel suspension bridge was built to replace
the old wooden structure. A sign on this bridge said,
"$5.00 fine for riding or driving over this bridge faster
than a walk". It served until 1926 when the new con-
crete bridge was completed.

Monday morning, November 9, 1925, the old sus-
pension bridge was closed to traffic when the con-
tractor pulled the steam shovel into place. Excavation
for the concrete footings began on November 6, 1925,
under the west end with pick and shovel. The bucket
for the steam digger arrived by train, and gravel and
sand were hauled from the pit on the Railroad Ranch.
The project was completed in 1926. The new concrete
bridge had a sidewalk on each side with small benches
and the latest thing in street lighting.

This 1887 photograph shows the third of the bridges built across
the Salmon River. It was a wooden bridge constructed in 1875.

I T I I »

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239

This old postcard shows the area at the west end of the steel bridge.

Some time around 1954-55 the pipe hand rails were
removed to make more space for cars to pass, and in
about 1964 a major contract was let for further im-
provement of the bridge. While the location was not
changed, the old concrete bridge was strengthened
and the traffic lane was widened considerably. The
walkway on the north side was removed in order to
widen the traffic lane to its present size, and new light-
ing has been installed in recent years.

The bridge across the river is still as vital to the City
of Salmon as it was to those early pioneers — the only
link between the east and the west sections of the town
and the only practical route for transporting supplies.

J <N e» « > ■■ ■■ » ■«

O JF» IS IFC .1?^ li o.tr JS E^.
WEDNESDAY NIGHT

APRIL -23, 1924

■ Qivcii by .' jj;'^.

LION TAMERS'CLUBSl^

un OENFMr OP.

IlidliSclioorAllilciic Association L

Riiii'l mill II a.1 all Iho moiioy^pooii'.lo
IIIUII GCItOOI, ATllt.ETIU AliS'N

November 1925 - removing the 1905 steel bridge.

4. -sk

.V. ■-*,." ■ .

:-'*'&>a»^-

240

The fifth bridge: constructed in 1926, this concrete bridge still serves Salmon.

^'^i^v

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241

SALMON VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT

The Salmon Volunteer Fire Department has served
for almost one hundred years with great service to the
citizens of Salmon. Serving without pay, many citizens
have volunteered hours of their time, risking their own
lives, to protect the property and lives of their neigh-
bors.

On June 11, 1887, the question was raised, "What
would we do in this town in case of fire?" The response
was "that cisterns or reservoirs should be built on Main
Street, one near Shoup's Store and another near the
Church. As is it, there is nothing to do but let it burn."
Nothing much was done.

On January 21, 1898, John Brough started to or-
ganize a fire company. Hose and other attachments
were ordered and a Fireman's Ball was considered to
raise money for building a house in which to keep these
new things.

On January 28, 1898 the old building on Main and
Center Streets, "Cap's Corner," caught fire. Lack of
water made it difficult to fight the flames. Much credit
was given to T. J. Taylor for his water-wagon and to
George Wentz and Dan Chase for their horses. Many
individuals carried water from nearby wells to fight the
roaring blaze in the center of town. Every well in town
was pumped dry and the citizens then started a string
of buckets from the Salmon River. Bottles of whiskey
were sent down the line to fortify the volunteers and
the result was there was hardly a sober man in town
when the fire burned out. The Cap Williams Corner was
a total loss. It was one of the first buildings erected in
Salmon and named after its proprietor Cap Williams.
(Williams Lake, Williams Creek)

On February 18, 1898, the Board of Village Trustees
ordered a hose cart, 600 feet of hose and a fire bell.
"When these items arrive, Salmon City will have pro-
tection against fire second to no other town in the
State."

CAP'S* PLACE

. . IVll.I.IAMb' COllNKK .

A General Supply of Good Wines

Liquors and Cigars and All

Kinds of Mixed Drinks.

OPEN * DAY * AND * NIGHT.

Gooil Music,

Courteous Trcatnicnt

Good Liquors, and all Kinds of

Drinks Well Mixed
for everyone.

By March 18, 1898, the fire building had been com-
pleted on St. Charles Street, east of the jail, and the
work had been approved and accepted by the village
board. Bagley and Grimes were the contractors.

On April 6, 1898 the hose cart, 600 feet of hose,
ladders and fire bell arrived. Fire Chief John Brough
organized an efficient fire brigade and a test of the new
equipment was made. A stream of water was thrown
ten feet above the twenty foot flag pole on Shoup's
Store, which is three storied. It was considered that
this was a fair test of the pressure of Salmon City's
water works.

On April 21, 1898, a Fireman's Parade was led
through town by Fowler's Band, followed by the fire
company in their new uniform shirts and caps under
the command of John Brough, Fire Chief. They were
followed by a company of volunteer forces under W.
H. Norfolk, who acted as drill master. The 1898 Fire-
men of Salmon were listed as: W. L. Mulkey, Will Warn-
er, Hugh McCaleb, Frank Andrews, Carl Spahn, Will
Shoup and Tom Kane.

After the Parade a Fireman's Ball was held. It was
labeled as the Grand Fireman's Dance at Shoup's Hall,
Thursday evening, April 21, 1898. The committees
were: On Printing and Music, F. G. Havemann. Guy Ed-
wards, Allen Merritt. Decoration, H. J. Grimes, Ernest
Nelson. Reception, Hugh McCaleb, Allen Merritt, J. H.
White. General Arrangements, W. H. Shoup, Thomas
Kane, James Kirtley, Floor Managers, William Mulkey,
James A. Vaughn.

The Fireman's Ball has become an Annual event and
is one of the highlights of Salmon's social season. Tick-
ets still cost $1 and each year a worthy member of
the Fire Department is honored.

The Fire Department used horse carts pulled by
teams. The Department had fire teams of six to eight
men assigned to a cart. The Department had a Big 4th
of July contest with competition between teams and
hooking up the horse team to the carts and getting
their water running. One fire team was assigned to the
Salmon bar area and one team was assigned to down-
town. Later two teams were assigned to downtown.

The Department then received a water tank to pull
behind a truck. This tank was used at the Ekersall fam-
ily fire tragedy at the old Billy Bryant place in about
1915. The two story home was set on fire and the
family of five, father, mother and three children per-
ished. The tank froze up while the Department fought
the terrible blaze. A sheepherder who worked for Mr.
Ekersall went insane and set the fire. Mrs. Ekersall was
a Beattie and was Will Beattie's sister.

About 1915 the Fire Department went belly up. In
1916 it was reorganized with E. K. Abbott, President
of the Department. Frazee was Chief of the City (Down-
town) Company and George Brown was the Chief of
the Brooklyn (bar) Company. Fred Brough had a fund

242

raiser to finance the Department. He served a chicken
dinner and real beer, two or three barrels, and had a
stag party at Brough's Cafe on Main Street.

The Department got a Ford truck which they used
until after World War I. The truck was short on power
and they had to push it up the hill on runs up Fulton
Street or Courthouse Drive.

Brough got on the City Council and pushed for the
purchase of the first fire truck in about 1921 or 1922.
This truck was from Portland and had all the right, up
to the minute, attachments.

Over the years a Salmon Fire Truck has normally led
parades through Salmon. For many years there was
only one fire truck until the City finally could afford two
trucks.

The following memo was sent to all Salmon Volunteer
Firemen on February 29, 1960 by Frank Kerin, Chief.

A situation has developed on county fires which must
be corrected. As you probably know, when we receive
a call out of town, we must see that not over half of
the crew goes on the county truck. The remaining half
must stay in town in case we have a fire. The whole city
— has its insurance rates set up on this 24 hour readiness
of the Salmon Fire Department. At our last meeting, to
assure the city would always have a crew, we decided
to split the firemen into two groups. The first group will
be the only ones allowed on county fires during the first
six months of this years and will be the "Blue Team".
The second group, or "Red Team" will be ordered to
stay inside the city in order to take any city fires that
may occur. July 1st the Red Team will take county fires
and the Blue Team will stay in town. All city fires will be
treated as usual with both Blue and Red turning out to
fight. Check the list below to see which team you are
on: Blue Team: Bill Canon. Frank Barsalou, Paul Brog,
Roy Durand, Bob Gwartney, Charles Herndon, Harry
Holgate. Ken Klingler, Harold Neyman, Mark Phillips,
Charles Walchli. Carl Zeigler. Red Team: W. J. Lewis.
Gerald Butler, Glen Mc Frederick, Maurice Cochran. Del
Jones. Val Black, Max Hemmert, Sam Weber, Bill Koes-
ter, Voyd Dahle, Joe Herndon, Emmett Steeples, Ray
Colvin, Jack Stevenson, Bill Pruitt. Dr. Walt Blackadar.
Ross Smith, Joe Nebeker.

The Fire Department Station burnt down in the big
fire of 1962 on South St. Charles Street that destroyed
the Pioneer Hall, Elks Lodge, Silver Spur Bar, Lemhi
Hotel, and Drug Store. Later, a new, modern Fire Sta-
tion was constructed on South St. Charles Street.
Throughout the last thirty years, several new fire trucks
have been purchased and the volunteer force keeps
current with new training procedures.

Several Fire Districts have been established in rural
areas of the County in recent years. These districts
have their own boards, budgets and equipment.

The Salmon City Fire Department has always had a
waiting list of future volunteers wanting to join the De-
partment. It has a proud, historic past and is one of
the crown jewels of Salmon's history.

This article was compiled by Fred Snook from notes prepared by
Salmon historian, Marjorie B. Sims who sent her information to Salm-
on Attorney and Volunteer Fireman, Charles Herndon in the 1960's.
Mr. Herndon was preparing a talk on the Salmon Fire Department's
history. Mr. Herndon's notes, courtesy of Milton A. Slavin.

THE ALASKAN COLD STORAGE

Patsy Wolf ley Stokes

The Alaskan Cold Storage was built by Carl J. Kriley
and family, in the spring of 1946, on the northeast
corner of Shoup and Terrace Streets. The substantial
structure was constructed of concrete and cinder
blocks with steel window and door frames. It had ap-
proximately two hundred lockers both wooden and
metal. A glass case in the office housed the keys for
the lockers.

Farmers no longer had to process their own meat.
The plant cut and wrappted meat to the owners spec-
ifications. Then it was quick frozen and placed in their
individual lockers.

Wild game being plentiful, brought hunters from all
over the state. They had their meat processed and
frozen. At the time of shipping, dry ice was placed on
top of the boxed meat, and it was picked up that morn-
ing by Miller's Trucking, taken to Armstead, Montana,
and placed on the train.

The Kriley's sold the business to Edgar and Carmen
Wolfley from Etna, Wyoming, who began operating the
plant in the fall of 1951. It was a great place to cool
off on a hot summer day, but one did not tarry very
long.

The plant remained an active business for about ten
years, but became obsolete in the late 1950's when
freezers became available for the home. The Wolfleys
traded it to Chauncey Taylor for the Keystone ranch
in 1955. At present, the building is the home of the
House of Bargains.

The Alaskan Cold Storage - 1953

Kim Wolfley, Cathy Buster, — Webb, Monty Wolfley, Richard (Dick)

Buster.

243

LEMHI COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND MUSEUM

Rose Coram

Prior to 1918 a Lemhi County Historical Society led
by Historian John E. Rees, E.H. Casterlin, Phil Rand,
Ralph Irvin and others did some work and research on
Lemhi County History. According to Mr. Casterlin, the
notes and materials were turned over to John Rees
when the society disbanded. For over thirty years no
organized historical effort was made, but during this
period and until his death in 1928 Mr. Rees was con-
tacting pioneers and writing their stories and reminis-
cences. Some stories are published in the Recorder.
He has left invaluable and authentic records of his study
and research.

A condensed history of Lemhi County by George E.
Shoup was written in 1941 and published for all to read.

To continue the local history the Lemhi County His-
torical Society was reorganized by a small group meet-
ing in the Probate Court room on May 11, 1956. Meet-
ings were held in the Probate Court room, the City
Hall, and in the home of Miss Alice McDonald and Mrs.
Elizabeth Reed.

Soon old Leesburg relics and objects were acquired
and a case was donated by Myra McPherson to hold
them. The case was moved to the lobby of the Herndon
Hotel. Later a case was placed in the Steele Memorial
Hospital.

The need for a meeting place and a home for the
collection made a museum building most desirable.

The Eagles Lodge offered a ninety-nine year lease of
their choice lot on the corner of Main and Terrace
Streets. The offer was accepted with the agreement
that the Eagles could have their lodge room in the
basement entirely separate from the museum. Articles
of incorporation were filed, a lease drawn and signed
by officers of the Eagles Lodge and the Lemhi County
Historical Society, and the permanent site was ac-
cepted.

The Salmon Junior Chamber of Commerce in 1958
had a survey to find out what the people of Lemhi
County would like to have them do for the improve-
ment of the community. Survey ballots were cast June
26th resulting in a three to one vote in favor of a mu-
seum building. A fund raising program began with a
Halloween masquerade dance at which the first six cin-
der blocks to be used in the proposed building were
auctioned. Each block was sold for one hundred dollars
to: KSRA radio, Myra McPherson, Henry Benson, Pope
Oil Company, Salmon Rotary Club, and Salmon Cham-
ber of Commerce. The dance and auction brought the
fund to $1,945.87. Many other activities together with
contributions and pledges made a total of $11,956.11.

Plans were drawn by M.M. McNicoll and submitted
to Director H.J. Swinney and Art Director and Curator
George Bowditch of the Idaho State Historical Museum
for suggestions and recommendations. Mr. Bowditch
made a complete plan and water sketch of the pro-
posed building, and was present to discuss the plans.
Mr. Swinney also gave invaluable aid and help.

We are indebted to the Junior Chamber for its spon-
sorship, and especially to Florin Beller, who as chair-
man, devoted generously time and public spirited lead-
ership in making funds available. Harry B. Fisher was
the superintendent of the building.

Ground was broken on October 23, 1960 for a mu-
seum building and dedicated on March 3, 1963, exactly

The Lemhi County Museum

Museum dedication March 3, 1963. Charles Kane, County com-
missioner; Dick Banks, Jay C; Mrs. Orville Brenneman, President
Historical Society; Bill Cannon, Mayor; Elizabeth Reed, Secretary
Historical Society

244

one hundred years after President Abraham Lincoln
signed the bill that created the Territory of Idaho. Lem-
hi County Historical officers were: Mrs. Orville Brenne-
man, President; Elizabeth Reed, Secretary and Mrs.
Earl Corum, Treasurer.

In December, 1965, a thirty by forty addition on the
east side of the building was completed. This addition
was made possible by Ray Edwards, a son of a pioneer
Lemhi County family. Mr. Edwards not only provided
the funds to build the addition but donated an unusual
and beautiful Oriental collection. Mr. Edwards traveled
extensively in the Far East during the 1920's. This ad-
dition was dedicated in 1966 as Leesburg was one hun-
dred years old.

The Directors and Officers of the Historical Society
are the governance of the museum. The present offi-
cers are Robert Wiederrick, President; Jay Davis, Vice
President; Mrs. Robert Morton, Secretary and Rose
Corum, Treasurer.

STOKES BROTHERS DAIRY

by Wynn Stokes

The Stokes Brothers Dairy came about when Dick,
Bob, Len and Earl Stokes bought the Golden Guernsey
Dairy from Glenn and Alice Hobbs in 1944. The busi-
ness coinsisted of a bottling, cooling and pasteurization
plant, located on Kids' Creek next to the Hobbs resi-
dence near St. Charles Street and Lemhi Avenue. Also
a Chevy panel delivery truck, and customers on the
route which included residences and businesses.

They hand milked seventy or so head of cows, night
and morning, to supply milk for the business. Later a
Sui-ge milking system was put in, which made the milk-
ing much easier. During the winter they milked the
cows at Dick's place, located north of the Lemhi River
just off of North St. Charles, as that was where the
hay was kept. In the summer they milked at Earl's,
located on Highway 93 North , because there was am-
ple pasture there. The cows were moved from one
place to the other; down Main Street, across the bridge,
and down Highway 93 North, then back again.

Bob ran the delivery route and the preparation of
the milk and cream. The milk was hauled to the plant
in ten gallon cans. There, some of it was separated for
cream, some was pasteurized as whole milk, and all of
it was bottled. The bottles were washed by hand, then
steamed to sterilize them, then fed into a machine
which filled the bottles and put on a cardboard cap
with a pull tab. The bottles were ready by late after-
noon and refrigerated for delivery early the next morn-
ing to customers on .the route.

People would leave empty bottles on the porch with
a note telling what they wanted. The order for milk or
cream would be left on the porch and the empties
collected along the entire route. At the end of the

month, or sometimes each day, customers would pay
their bill by leaving money inside one of the empty
bottles; 25 cents for a quart, or 75 cents for a gallon
of milk. The Small Boys Cafe was on the route and a
very interesting place.

The dairy was a family business and everybody
helped; from feeding and milking to cleaning the barn.
All the kids wanted to ride "Old Dolly" after the cows.
The property was jointly owned by the brothers and
all members of the families helped on the ranches do-
ing whatever needed to be done.

After several years the dairy was sold to Corwin
Bowles who ran it with several partners for some time.

Corwin Bowles dairy truclt.

w Just a Few w

I Christmas Suggestions |

nothing better than n KODAK from 75c to $27.5(i. ^
)j| VICTORS and VICTROLAS from $15 up. >H

All the new RECORDS from 75c to $7.00. ^

We have nil kinds of TOILET ARTICLES in \h
PARISIAN IVORY, uicludiug thr following: *S

Cuticle Knives Kail Files

S Powder Boxes Talcum Boxes

Hair Receivers Perfume Bottles

a Candle Stlcits (electric) Salad Sets

Whisk Broom and holder Crumb Tray

V^ Jewel Boxes, all sizes Shoe Honu

JS Hair Brushes Cloth Brushes

Ml Hat Brushes , Military Brushes

J? Toilet Sets Infant's Sets

S French Plate Mirrors, all sizes ami styles.

SOur line of LEATHER GOODS is complete—
Collar Boxes Music Rolls

HJI Shaving Sets Tourist's Sets

j2 Purses and Pocket Books Bridge Sets

SJI Leather bound Books Manicure Sets

vL We have BOOKS— any kind you should want.
jS from 50c to $1.50.

^ RAVENWARE— Something new— an ideal gift.
Hj All the leading brands of CIGARS in Xjnas boxes.
v2 Our line of CANDIES and NUTS arc the best ever

Fancy Briar and Meerschaum Pipes from $2. -$1''.
Do your Christmas shopping early. We

have ample room to lake care of your package tlH

Christmas.

Red Cross Pharmacy

Tha ^ivy'^j. Stom

hafs^f^af^^safsaf^iif^-f^rf^^rf^sf^nt^

245

THREE CENTENARIANS

by Marilyn Alford

In compiling a centennial history of the county it
seems appropriate to note that there are at least three
people, at this writing, who have lived for more than
one hundred years! While there may be others, and we
apologize if we have overlooked anyone, we are aware
of three individuals now living at Salmon Valley Care
Center. They are Mrs. Cassie McKinney Starr, Mrs. Mary
Molly Pierce, and Mr. Adrian A. Merritt. Their lives have
been exceptionally long and their experiences varied
and interesting.

CASSIE McKINNEY STARR was born in the mining
camp at Silver Bow, Montana, near Butte, on August
25, 1890. Her parents, Peter and Rose McKinney,
moved from there to Lemhi County when she was two
years old. They lived on the Big Flats and later Peter
McKinney built a large brick house on Carmen Creek,
which still stands and is owned by Albert Schultz. It
was in this house that Cassie married Clyde Starr in
1916.

Cassie and her brother John, as teenagers, often
trailed their father's cattle to Ulysses from the Big Flat
ranch, and from the Big Hole in Montana. They also
trailed them to Roosevelt at Thunder Mountain, where
her father owned a meat market.

Always active as a child, Cassie contracted Rheu-
matoid Arthritis and by the time she was eighteen she
was severly affected with stiff and painful joints. So
much so, that doctors feared she would never walk
again. Her parents decided to take her to the mineral
baths at Soap Lake, Washington where she was treated
for about a year. The trip from Salmon was something
of a challenge for the family. Cassie was unable to sit,
so they put a mattress of top of the stage coach, with
a sun shade, and she was able to lie down for the trip
to Armstead, Montana and from there they traveled

Cassie McKinney about age 15.

by train to Soap Lake. The treatment was so successful
that she was eventually able to lead an active life, rais-
ing her own family on the ranch, cooking for the men
and enjoying dancing when the occasion arose.

After Cassie's husband Clyde Starr passed away she
lived at the ranch for a while and later moved into town
where she was very active in the newly formed Senior
Citizens organization, serving as Secretary Treasurer
for many years.

Her friends and contemporaries are gone and she
will soon be one hundred two years old, but Cassie
McKinney Starr is truely a woman to be remembered
as a pioneer of this community.

Cassie McKinney-1908

MARY MOLLY AMES PIERCE is another woman who
has seen the many changes in Lemhi County over the
years. She was born December 25, 1890 in Seattle,
Washington, one of at least five children born to George
and Lucy Webster Ames. She once said she couldn't
remember how many people were in her family; only
that in addition to lots of brothers and sisters there
were also some relatives and other youngsters living
with them.

On October 2, 1909 she married W. F. Pierce. He
came to Lemhi County in 1919 to work on a ranch on
Kirtley Creek, and soon sent for Mary and their three
children. Mary and her husband were later employed
by the railroad; she as a cook, while he worked at
repairing track. They found that their combined wages
were not enough to support the family, and upon hear-
ing of the need for a meat market in the mining town

246

of Gilmore, they opened the Owl Market in May of 1923.

In 1925 Mary was asked to serve as Postmaster at
Gilmore. She reluctantly agreed, as she felt her eighth
grade education was inadequate, but she held the po-
sition from August 1925 until December 1957; some
thirty-two years. She saw the population of Gilmore
reach one thousand people and then dwindle to only
a few. At one time there were threeteachers and ninety
children in the Gilmore School. Mary said that although
there was no electricity at Gilmore, they had a battery
powered radio, gas and coal-oil lanterns and a butane
refrigerator, which she thought was one of the nicest
things. She could have ice cream if she wished and
even told her husband that he could keep his fish in
it. She had not liked fish, or fishing, since the time he
ran out of bait and she had to stomp grasshoppers for
him.

Mary said, "I loved Gilmore, and I walked every trail
in those mountains". The winters were bitter and the
winds ferocious, but her favorite summer hideaway was
beautiful Meadow Lake in the mountains nearby.

When Gilmore was largely abandoned, the Pierces
stayed on and Mr. Pierce died there in 1962 at the age
of seventy-eight. Mary then moved to Salmon. Of their
children, only one is still living; Cora Lind of Tacoma,
Washington.

At the age of ninety years Mary still did most of her
own housekeeping, and was active in the Dorcas So-
ciety of the Seventh- day Adventist Church. She spent
much of her time reading and crocheting. She had no
time for gossip and always said she would rather read
a good book any day. She is known among her many
friends for her lively wit and her ability to tell wonderful
stories of the years that she lived at Gilmore.

At the age of ninety she often walked from her home
to the library and also to the courthouse to vote. Due
to failing health Mary Molly moved to the Salmon Valley
Care Center in 1986 and resides there today. On
Christmas Day, 1992 she will be one hundred two.

ADRIAN ALONZO MERRITT was born October 14,
1891 in Peoria, Utah. Later his family moved to Star
Valley, Wyoming where he grew up. He then settled in
Bedford, Wyoming where he met Maude Ethel Nelson
of Liberty Valley, Idaho. Chaperoned by her mother,
they traveled together on horseback for two days, to
reach Montpelier, Idaho where they boarded the train
for Salt Lake City, and were married in the LDS Temple
there. Returning to Bedford they settled down to ranch
life.

Adrian was well known in the community for his fid-
dle-playing at local dances where he accompanied his
wife, Maude, and his sister, who sang. He worked on
various local ranches and was a cook for the Forest
Service before starting his own freight Line. He drove
a freight wagon from Star Valley, Wyoming to Mont-
pelier, making the round trip in four days. Later he
owned and operated a small mercantile store in Bed-
ford. Thirteen children were born to Adrian and Maude.

In 1945 the Merritts moved to Afton, Wyoming, and
in 1947 they moved to Salmon where Adrian worked
for the Forest Service as a cook and laborer until his
retirement in the 1950's. Maude Nelson Merritt passed
away on December 4, 1958. Adrian later married Josie
Williams of Salmon, and persued his interest in gar-
dening, fishing and hunting as long as health permitted.
He is now a resident of Salmon Valley Care Center and
was one hundred and one years old in October of 1992.

DAN. T. CHAPMAN,

X3ort.l.o»- In.

BAIN WAGONS, WHITELY nuil

Charr.picn Harvestir.ij ftlachiiios,

Bugfjlea, Cuclc-Boarde, Coits, Hoofl V/o'ton-^,
Plioclons, Spring Worjor.r, Dart) Wire, Blnck-
smilli's ConI, Tcnls, Crnin r.n(.\ Wool Boys, Hey
onci Rakes.

^||aM0S8 and ^aidles.

Bridles, Bits, Spurs, Whip's, Aoricullurol Ini-
pleinenla or Every Description. Nc\a^ Goods
Fresh from Ihe Factories, In Car-Lood Lots, at
Prices to Meet Iho Current Hard Tlincs. Call
and Seo Me.

3D..fk2sr_ T_ cxa:^-^iP3vi:-2^.jisr

Young friends enjoy the company of Mary Molly Ames Pierce.

247

IDAHO 2L 1 and 2L 2

by Fred Snook

One of the pleasures of living in a small, rural area
such as Lemhi County, is that everyone knows ever-
ybody's license plate number. This characteristic is
starting to disappear as individual plates, centennial
plates, and other numbering systems are put into place.
In local history, the most prestigious plate numbers
have been 2L 1 or 2L 2.

In the "teens" Dr. Hanmer served as Mayor of Salm-
on. He served longer than any Mayor in the history of
our town. The Mayor received license plate 2L 1; his
son, the well known and well liked, Bill Hanmer, re-
ceived license plate 2L 2. When Dr. Hanmer died in the
1930's, Bill, who became Salmon's Postmaster, had
both plate 1 and 2. The next year, the assessor told
Bill, that it was unfair for him to have both numbers
and that he would have to chose. Bill chose 2, which
had always been his number and was on his favorite
car.

Plate 2L 1 went to another popular figure of the time,
businessman rancher, horse dealer, George Oliver.
George had plate 1 on his big car, usually a Lincoln or
Cadillac, until he moved from the community in the
1960's. Plate 1 then passed to another Salmon com-
munity leader, Max Hemmert. Again the plate rode
through town in luxury on Max's Lincoln. Upon Max's
death, his car and plate passed to Doug and Elizabeth
Casey who still proudly display plate 2 L 1. What of
plate 2L 2? Bill Hanmer kept it all these years, and
from 1977 until his death in 1990 it was on his luxury
car, a 1977 Chrysler. It was then claimed by Lemhi
County Assessor, Aria Boots, and is now attached to
a very sporty, blue Pontiac Grand Prix.

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

The history of the bureau of Land Management in
Lemhi County begins with predecessor agencies. The
first such agency, the General Land Office, was created
in 1812 in order to survey and dispose of the federal
public domain. By the 1880's the Land Office, based
first in Blackfoot and then in Hailey, was surveying lands
in Lemhi County and patenting them under the various
mining laws, homestead acts, and townsite laws. In
1875, the Lemhi Indian Agency was withdrawn from
the public domain and in the early 1900's, the Forest
Reserves were set up out of the original public lands.
Throughout the west, the effects of uncontrolled live-
stock grazing were seen on the remaining public lands,
and in 1934 the Taylor Grazing Act was passed to reg-
ulate the grazing and stabilize the livestock industry.
In 1936, the Salmon Grazing District was established,
and a District Grazing Advisory Board was appointed
to provide advice to the District Grazier. The first local
Grazing Advisory Board consisted of Milford Vaught,

Bert Coates, Thomas Campbell, Merle L. Drake, Verne
Coiner, Ora Cockrell, Doyle Mulkey, George Howell,
Steve Mahaffey, Floyd Whittaker, and Sherman Furey.
The first District Grazier was Frank Miller, with offices
located upstairs in the building currently occupied by
Salmon Artworks and Floral (504-6 Main St.).

In 1946, the General Land Office and the Grazing
Service were merged to form the Bureau of Land Man-
agement. It wasn't necessarily a happy marriage at
first, since the old Land Office still wanted to dispose
of the public lands, and the Grazing Service was trying
to manage them for livestock grazing. By 1957, the
expanded role of the agency required more space, and
the offices were moved to the old fish hatchery, lo-
cated in the wetland area on Bean Lane, behind In-
dependent Lumber.

In 1964, the Classification and Multiple Use Act was
passed. As the firs multiple use management act for
the public lands, it did away with the conflicting mis-
sions of the old agencies. Also in 1964, the current
BLM office was built on Highway 93 South. A second
building, the Teton Building, was acquired in 1980 from
the Bureau of Reclamation project site at Teton Dam.

Today, under the authority of the Federal Land Pol-
icy and Land Management Act of 1976, the BLM is a
multiple use, multiple user, multiple disciplinary public
land management agency. Traditional uses an users,
such as livestock grazing, mining, and timber produc-

Planting trees, using an auger.

Doug Carlson photo

248

tion are integrated with the newer programs such as
outdoor recreation, wildlife, fisheries, cultural re-
sources, and watershed. The resulting management mix
strives to provide public lands for all to use, share, and
appreciate.

SALMON NATIONAL FOREST

The mountains of central Idaho have provided re-
sources for people throughout the history of Lemhi
County. Native Americans, explorers, fur trappers,
miners settlers, ranchers and loggers all used the for-
ests, streams and land that eventually became the
Salmon National Forest. Around the turn of the century
the American people started to realize the need to
conserve these resources for sustained use and future
generations.

fThe Salmon National Forest Reserve was estab-
lished by proclamation of President Theodore Roos-
evelt on November 5, 1906. The reserve included most
of the land between the Middle Fork and main Salmon

Forest officer setting back fire from fire line -July 23, 1919.

River. Later presidential proclamations and executive
orders added or eliminated lands from this original
Salmon River Forest Reserve. In 1907 the names of
the Reserves were changed to National Forests.

On July 1, 1908, portions of the Bitterroot National
Forest and the Lemhi National Forest were added to
the Salmon National Forest. The area south of Camas
Creek was eliminated from the Salmon and added to
the newly created Challis National Forest.

Major F. E. (Frank) Fenn, Supervisor of Forest Re-
serves in Idaho, came to Salmon in February 1907 to
help the new supervisor of the Salmon National Forest
set up the administration of the Forest. Fenn told the
concerned citizens of Lemhi County,

The objects of the forest policy are three-fold: To
protect the remaining forests from ruthless slaughter,
to reduce the loss occasioned by forest fires, and to
guard the head of streams for conservation of the water
flow. Incidentally, the government proposes to improve
and protect the grazing ranges within the limits of the
forest reserves, and add to their carrying capacity for
the betterment of the livestock industry.

In 1907 the Forest employed a Supervisor, Assistant
Supervisor and eleven forest guards and rangers.

Today the Salmon National Forest covers more than
1.8 million acres of land, nearly twenty-four percent of
which lies within the 2.3 million acre Frank Church -
River of no Return Wilderness, which was created in
1980. The Forest acreage outside the wilderness con-
tinues to provide lumber for the local timber industry,
grazing lands for cattle, and a significant watershed for
the Salmon River, as well as mining activity on the
Forest.

The Salmon National Forest is widely known for hunt-
ng, fishing, and recreational opportunities. Elk, deer,
bear,, bighorn sheep, mountain goats and moose all
nhabit the Forest.

The Salmon River and Middle Fork have been des-
gnated Wild and Scenic Rivers. The excellent floating
on these rivers had made Salmon a white water capitol.

STEELE MEMORIAL HOSPITAL

by Kay Springer, Administrator

Steele Memorial Hospital was built in 1949-50 after
a grant of $75,000 was awarded by Eleanor Steele
Reese. Local residents at the time went from door to
door to raise matching funds to make the hospital a
reality. The hospital was dedicated in 1950 and has
provided services as a county hospital since that time.

Today the hospital has thirty-five beds and an active
medical staff of General/Family practitioners. Com-
plementing the physicians are four physician's assis-
tants; one of which is located in Challis and supervised
by a Salmon physician.

Typically, small rural hospitals limit the type and
scope of services, and frequently patients with critical

249

Wmt mi

conditions will be Lifeflighted to larger facilities. This
pattern is very characteristic of the hospital in Salmon.

In the last five years new equipment and services
have been offered, including new x-ray, laboratory, ul-
trasound and mammography, plus birthing room and
outpatient services. This has been accomplished in spite
of financial challenges resulting from higher costs,
combined with highly restrictive Medicare policies as
well as those of private insurance companies.

The changing healthcare environment has been re-
sponsible for closing several hundred small hospitals
in the last few years. In Salmon we believe our situation
is unique, and we must remain, no matter what.

JOHN CHARLES HERNDON

Candidate for Governor of Idaho

Everyone knows that Salmon pioneer businessman
Colonel George L. Shoup was the State of Idaho's first
governor, but Salmon almost had a second governor
of Idaho, John Charles Herndon. Charles was born
February 9, 1911 in Bloomfield, Missouri. His parents
moved to Salmon and Charles attended public schools
here before graduating from the University of Idaho.
He then graduated from law school at Stanford Uni-
versity in 1938.

He served in the Army during World War II and was
discharged as a Captain in 1945. He resumed his prac-
tice of law in Salmon and served several terms as Pros-
ecuting Attorney. Charles purchased the Shenon Hotel

Steele Memorial Hospital

Block and developed the Herndon Block. He added the
Herndon Courts to the old Hotel, added the Salmon
River Inn, and moved his law office to the Herndon
Block. He was very active in other community affairs
such as the Masonic Lodge, the Salmon volunteer fire
department, and the Episcopal Church.

Charles had a wonderful family. His wife, Lucille Tway
and three children, Jim, John and Betty Lou were all
active citizens. Lucille ran for the Idaho Legislature and
Jim was Lemhi County Prosecuting Attorney before
being elected District Judge.

In 1966, Charles entered the race for Governor of
the State of Idaho on the Democratic ticket. He won
the Primary election, defeating Cecil D. Andrus! In the
fall election, he faced the Republican candidate, Don
Samuelson who had defeated the incumbent Gover-
nor, Robert E. Smylie, in the Republican primary.
Charles had the ability, the personality, and the plat-
form to win the November, 1966 election.

Tragedy struck when he took a small airplane flight
from southern Idaho to northern Idaho on the cam-
paign trail. The small plane went down in the rugged
mountains near Stanley, Idaho. Charles was killed as
a result of the terrible accident and Lemhi County's
hopes for another Governor of the State of Idaho per-
ished with him. Cecil D. Andrus went on to serve many
terms as governor. Idaho's history might well have been
very different if not for the tragic death of Charles John
Herndon.

250

HISTORY OF THE GOLDSTONE MINE
Pratt Creek Mining District

by Norman A. Lamb
Secretary-Treasurer, Goldstone Mining Co.

The Goldstone vein was first discovered in 1885 by
Archibald and John McKillop, veteran placer and quartz
miners, who located the Goldstone, Climax, Dark Horse
and Home claims. The brothers sank the Climax shaft
to a depth of 30 feet and drifted on the vein for a
distance of 250 feet and stoped out to the surface. The
ore was a high-grade oxidized gold-bearing rock. They
built an arrastra and milled all the ore that was possible
by this primitive method. In 1890, the property was
bonded to a man named Chrissman from Salt Lake
City, Utah. He sank the Climax shaft to a greater depth;
and at the same time, began the erection of a 10-stamp
mill. The mill was never completed due to financial dif-
ficulties. The property reverted back to the McKillop
Brothers in 1897. They then bonded it to Richard Gies
of Great Falls, Montana. After six months operation,
he bought the four claims for $40,000.

Mr. Gies extended the Climax shaft to a depth of 300
feet and drifted 250 feet on the 160-foot level and 690
feet on the 300-foot level. In 1900, he completed the
Hope shaft by sinking and raising, thus furnishing the
mine with an excellent supply of fresh air. During this
time the mill was finished. About 3,000 tons of ore were
hoisted to the surface through the Climax shaft and
milled. Later he ran the long No. 5 crosscut level and
opened up the 500 and 400 foot levels of the mine.

In 1907, the property was lease-optioned by Climax
Gold Mining and Milling Company. The mine was pre-
pared for production and the mill was started. At that
time the mill was 700 feet below the boardinghouse
near Pratt Creek. It had operated a short time when
the hillside against which it stood started slipping. The
building was pushed out of plumb putting the mill com-
pletely out of commission. The machinery was moved
to a new location near the mouth of the No. 5 crosscut
level. In 1919, after having everything in readiness again
for a long mill run, Richard Gies died leaving the prop-
erty to his widow, Isadora Gies. Operations continued
on a limited scale through 1926. In 1926 Isadora Gies
located the Custer No. 1 and No. 2 claims across the
Continental Divide in Montana. The nine key claims
that comprise the heart of the Goldstone Mine today
were consolidated as follows from west to east: Gold-
stone, Climax, Dark Horse, Teddy Roosevelt, McKinley,
Custer No. 1 and Custer No. 2 for a total of 1 1,000 feet
along the Goldstone vein system, with the Paul Kruger
adjoining the Dark Horse on the south and the Home
claim oriented North-south adjoining the Paul Kruger
on its south side.

In 1927, Andrew Prader and 0. C. Lapp of Spokane,
Washington, acquired a lease-option on the property.

They organized Goldstone Mines Corporation in 1928
and assigned their lease-option agreement to it. To
that time the property had production by owners and
lessees of about $75,000. Goldstone Mines built a mine
in 1929. Construction also began that year on a 100-
ton-per-day amalgamation flotation mill at the portal
of the No. 5 level. The new mill was completed in 1930.
Extensive sampling was done in 1929 by L. F. Paddison
for United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Com-
pany. He concluded that the good values held close to
an average over 4.47 feet of 0.418 ounces gold, 0.88
ounces silver, 3.30 percent lead and 0.47 percent cop-
per per ton. The Goldstone Mine was then the largest
and most active mine in Lemhi County. Operations were
suspended in 1931 while Goldstone Mines Corporation
reorganized as Western Gold Mines, Inc. Due to the
depressed economic conditions, they were unable to
continue financing the operation. They gave up their
lease-option in 1932.

In 1933, Callahan Zinc-Lead Company of Wallace,
Idaho, acquired a lease-option but did little work. An
assignment of the agreement was acquired in 1935 by
James McCarthy, President and W. L. Zeigler, Mill Su-
perintendent, of Hecia Mining Company, Wallace, Ida-
ho, and James Fitzpatrick, President of Union Iron
Works, Spokane, Washington. They formed Goldstone
Mining Company and thus began the most active and
productive period of the mine's history. The hydroe-
lectric power plant was re-equipped and the mill re-
modeled to house a new flotation unit. Development
work was emphasized during the next several years
and considerable ore was mined and milled largely from
the 400 and 500 foot levels. Late in 1938, a winze
below the 500 foot level was started and sunk off the
vein to the 600 foot level where a drift was driven
westerly 120 feet. The vein in the drift averaged 0.63
ounces gold. Exploration also began to develop the
probable eastern extension of the Goldstone vein in
Montana. An 86 foot adit on the Custer claim exposed
a 65 foot shoot averagingO.125 ounces gold. The Gold-
stone Mine averaged 40 tons per day and produced
13,214 tons by 1939, when unfortunately, the mill
building was struck by lightening and destroyed by the
ensuing fire. Mules used to pull mine cars from the No.
5 level were trapped by the fire and suffocated from
the smoke.

Records show recovery of 0.38 ounces gold, 0.25
ounces silver, 0.55 percent lead and 0.60 percent cop-
per per ton. Mr. McCarthy and Mr. Fitzpatrick passed
away within a short time of each other. The property
was operated thereafter; but because of World War II

251

Bennett W. Porter, founder of Goldstone Mining Company, at the
portal of the Mottman Adit, circa early 1950's.

No. 5 crosscut level of the Goldstone Mine and flotation mill, about
1938.

restrictions and the inability of new operators to get
lease extensions, it reverted to the owner Isadora Gies.

Production from the Pratt Creek Mining District from
1901-40 was 19,613 tons, averaging 0.21 ounces gold,
0.23 ounces silver, 0.42 percent lead and 0.18 percent
copper per ton in recovered values. Including the 3,000
tons mined prior to 1900, mine production has been
about 22,000 tons; nearly all attributed to the Gold-
stone Mine.

In 1943 Bennett W. Porter of Seattle, Washington,
acquired a lease-option on the Goldstone Mine from
Isadora Gies. He formed Goldstone Mining Company
to re-open the underground workings for mapping and
sampling. In 1944 their mining engineer, Arthur Lakes,
estimated that the mine contained 29,900 tons above
the 600 foot level with an average grade of 0.35 ounces
gold across a 2.5 foot stoping width. Goldstone Mining
Company incorporated in the state of Washington on
April 24, 1947. The plans of the late McCarthy and
Fitzpatrick were followed to drive a long crosscut adit
to the vein some 400 feet below the 600 foot level.
The adit would serve as a drain tunnel to dewater the
upper workings, and was sheltered from the excessive
snow drifts that prevented year round operation at the

No. 5 level. The crosscut was named the Mottman Adit,
after Emil Mottman, Secretary of the Company. From
1948 to 1956 the Company drove the crosscut dis-
covering the blind Mottman vein at 825 feet and the
Goldstone vein at 1900 feet from the portal of the adit.
The Mottman vein assayed 0.19 ounces gold, 0.7
ounces silver and 3.88 percent copper across a width
of 2.0 feet. The Goldstone vein was a wide shear zone
at this point with a narrow streak that assayed 0.2
ounces gold, a trace of silver and 0.2 percent lead. It
was recommended that a raise be driven up 400 feet
to the bottom of the 600 foot level to prospect the
Goldstone vein and drifting be commenced on the
Mottman vein. By 1957, the Company had completed
purchase of the property; however, the increasing cost
of labor and materials and the fixed price for gold pre-
cluded any further work. In recent years extensive sur-
face exploration by the Company and various opti-
onees has been conducted at the Goldstone Mine. Cur-
rent officers and directors of Goldstone Mining Com-
pany are James E. Brousseau, President; D. H. "Shorty"
Brown, of Salmon, Vice President; and Norman A. Lamb,
Secretary-Treasurer.

HERMITS OF MT. CARMEL

by Fr. Peter Bourne and Bro. Maurice Mansfield

We, the Hermits of Mount Carmel, are a monastic
group of men of the Catholic Church, who attempt to
imitate Jesus Christ, like all Churchmen do, except that
we have chosen to imitate that particular aspect of His
life when He went off to the wilderness to pray. For
this reason did we choose the upper region of Hayden
Creek to establish ourselves. It is the last homestead
before one reaches the National Forest, sometimes
called the old Negus Ranch.

Our numbers vary each year. At present, February
1991, there are only two in residence and one who is
studying in Arizona. In 1979, we felt the "call of the
wild" and came to Idaho, precisely because it did offer
a wilderness location. We came from New Hampshire,
where we had lived and worked for ten years with the
Carmelite Order of the Church. You might say that we
came also to gain the freedom to do what we wanted
to do, and it is significant that we entered the State

252

from Wyoming at the town of Freedom. We looked over
most of southeastern Idaho, while staying in Pocatello,
to find an ideal location. It was only after we made a
trip up the Lost River Valley through Arco and Mackay
that we found the Mountains that attracted us.

We reached Salmon and decided to go down the
Lemhi Valley. When we saw that lonely little mission
church of St. Joseph in Leadore, we decided that this
was the place that needed our help. With the Bishop's
permission, we stayed in the sacristy of the little mis-
sion until we found a place to live, which was the Bob
Plum house in the Clark Addition. The following year
we bought the old Tage place and five acres ten miles
north of town. We lived here for four years under Goat
Mountain. We were able to sell the place as a down
payment in 1985 for the Negus homestead which was
owned by Dorothy Peterson. We now have 200 acres
of land in the mountains with stream frontage and trees;
it is ideal for our purposes.

We decided to add to the few log buildings by ac-
quiring other old log houses from our neighbors. We
have dismantled and transported six log cabins. For
these we are thankful to the Amonson family and the
Snyders especially. One of these cabins was built by
Peterson, and may be one of the oldest in the valley.
Another is the old Alphin house from Maires Lane. Our
present chapel comes from Augusta Mines, who was
over one hundred years old when she died. The Taylors

The Chapel of St. Joachim and St. Anne ■ The Augusta Mines cabin
with addition.

have agreed to let us take the old Episcopal Mission
from the Lemhi Reservation. We will restore its use as
a chapel. We are conscious of preserving some of Lem-
hi history.

Concerning the residents, there is Brother Maurice
Mansfield, known throughout the valley as "Brother
Mo." He is a licensed electrician and has worked on
many of the houses in the Valley over the last ten
years. Brother Mo is a native of Nashua, New Hamp-
shire; he was born there on January 9, 1941. His father
ran a saw sharpening business for a number of years,
where as a boy, he helped to earn his keep. Very early,
he went to the seminary, and became a Brother in the
Carmelite Order. He had been stationed in Massachu-
setts, New York, Wisconsin and Hew Hampshire before

♦J

jrii

Common House, under construction - buildings will be joined to-
gether, and include the Alphin House and Peterson Cabin.

*" '* »■' •

The Hermitage of St. Elijah, in construction.

The Hermitage of Bl. Nicholas the Frenchman
The Negus cabin.

253

coming West. Brother Mo is a jack of ail trades, plus
an excellent cook, and he has an abiding interest in all
arts and crafts.

The second member is Father Peter Bourne. He is
the Prior of the Hermitage at Lemhi, and Pastor of the
Mission Church in Leadore. He was born in Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania in 1929, but grew up on a farm outside
of Crumpton, which is located on the eastern shore of
Maryland. Father Peter spent his youth on the farm,
and later attended various colleges. He entered the
Navy during the Korean conflict, and after discharge,
entered the Carmelite Order.

After studies in philosophy and theology. Father Pe-
ter was ordained a priest. He was sent to teach in
seminaries in Peterborough, New Hampshire, and
Medellin, Colombia. He also studied in Mexico. To-
gether with Brother Mo and others, he ran a retreat
house in New Hampshire until 1975. Between 1975 and
1979, they both lived in a small hermitage in the woods
of New Hampshire, where they enjoyed hiking on the
Appalachian Trail, and climbing in the White Mountains.

Even though their roots are Eastern, they have never
felt comfortable in an urban setting. They have found
their home on Hayden Creek, where they will most
likely spend the rest of their lives, living simply and
enjoying nature as God intended it.

jf. . !i %•.

The Commons House

The Bip 4 Theatrical companj'
arrived in Sahiion this week, and
being unable to secure a hall,
have erected a temporary ,)avil-
ion near the river. They open
Saturday night in a roaring com-
edy entitled "Uncle joSh." Thcj'
will show all next week, and
promise "'Uncle Tom's Cabin" to
be on their interesting list. This
company comes highly spoken of.

THE SALMON ARTS COUNCIL

by Geneal Anderson, Executive Director

The Salmon Arts Council was organized in the kitch-
en of a Salmon household in the fall of 1978. Since
that time it has grown from a group of five, to a thirteen
member Board of Directors with a paid part-time Ex-
ecutive Director, an eleven member advisory board,
an office, and an annual operating budget of $40,000
or so.

The mission of the Salmon Arts Council is: "To foster
the growth, quality, and awareness of the Arts and Hu-
manities." This is accomplished through the presen-
tation of arts events; providing arts education in the
schools; and continuing arts education for adults.

Over the years, the organization has received a tre-
mendous amount of support, financial and otherwise,
from the community through membership drives and
also through attendance at arts events. The Salmon
Arts Council has also received support in the form of
grants from the Idaho Commission on the Arts, the
National Endowment For the Arts, the Idaho Humani-
ties Council and the National Humanities Council. These
grant awards have been used for technical assistance,
visual and performing artists contracts, sponsorship of
workshops for aspiring professional artists, and general
operating support. Due to Salmon's somewhat remote
location, the opportunity for the area residents to ex-
perience high quality arts events had been limited until
the formation of the Salmon Arts Council and its sub-
sequent arts programming for the community.

Over the past fifteen years, the Council has pre-
sented an abundance of events and programs: Several
ballets, including The Nutcracker, a touring symphony;
mimes, clowns and magicians; opera excerpts; cham-
ber music groups; comedy; theatre, including fall and
spring dinner theatre. Also presented are childrens'
theatre; an annual artist in the schools program; chil-
drens' art-in-the-park; chautauquas; and the annual
Idaho Cowboy Poetry Gathering. We have also adopted
a section of Highway 28 to maintain. Space does not
permit all that is accomplished by this organization.

In 1988 the Salmon Arts Council was awarded the
Governor's Arts Award for Excellence in Support of the
Arts. The nomination was made by the local school
district and was the only one given, up to that time,
to an arts organization. The Award hangs in our office
in the Salmon Valley Center.

The Salmon Arts Council is a definite asset to this
community, in that it fills a definite need. Sometimes
that need is so subtle that one does not realize it exists
until it has been filled. The purpose of the arts is: To
provide the "AAH' in our lives. The Salmon Arts Council
is committed to the "AAH".

254

Barbara and Richard Young, originators of
the Salmon River Playhouse

Missoula Children's Theatre 1989 production of "The Fisherman's
Wife", presented by the Salmon Arts Council and featuring many
local children.

THE SALMON RIVER PLAYHOUSE

1979-1989

In 1979 the community of Salmon experienced
something it hadn't since 1902; a live theater. The peo-
ple who originated the idea were Richard and Barbara
Young. Armed with a background rich in theater and
music, they formed a non- profit organization in the
spring of 1979, to buy and transform the old Assembly
of God Church on Water Street, into the Salmon River
Playhouse. With help from their five children and a lot
of local people, the renovation was miraculously com-
pleted in less than a month. Risers were built for the
installation of used theater seats, which were pur-
chased from the Liberty Movie Theater in Great Falls,
Montana. A gold velvet curtain, damaged in the Teton
flood, was acquired and remade into a stage curtain
and theater drapes. Stage lights were procured from
Theater 138 in Salt Lake City. The walls were painted
and wall paper hung. Then the stage was set for the
first performance at the Playhouse. On June 22, 1979
Neil Simon's Barefoot In The Park opened the season.

Four years later, the Youngs decided to retire from
the demanding operation of running the Playhouse.
Thus the Salmon River Players were formed in the fall
of 1982, with a board of directors and twenty-six mem-
bers. The group expanded their operation to more than
"summer theater." They sponsored singing telegrams,
did variety shows and Christmas time productions. The
Youngs didn't completely leave the theater scene how-
ever; they were still directly involved in sales and pro-
duction work to get every season going.

In 1988 it was discovered that Barbara had cancer.

One of the many productions at the Salmon River Playhouse.

The Playhouse took too much energy that was needed
to keep up with this illness, and unfortunately that year
the Salmon River Playhouse closed its doors.

Barbara died in the spring of 1990, and with her the
spirit of the Playhouse. Through the ten years of op-
eration, over five hundred people worked with the Play-
house in various ways. Memories of Arsenic and Old
Lace, The Miracle Worker, Annie Get Your Gun, The
Mousetrap, Abie's Irish Rose, and many more titles still
linger in the walls of the Playhouse.

Salmon High School has recently been renovating
the Playhouse for student productions. Otherwise the
Playhouse sits in silence, waiting for another theater-
lover's interest to be sparked and the stage to be set
again.

255

KSRA - THE VOICE OF THE VALLEY

information provided by Renee Smith

Before February 27, 1959 the Salmon area was en-
tirely without a radio station. That was the day that
KSRA 960 AM signed on for the first time at 12:30 p.m.,
thanks to the efforts of two men; David Ainsworth and
Gene Shumate.

Gene Shumate and Dave Ainsworth met in Iowa where
Dave was a newspaper columnist. Gene owned a radio
station in Rexburg and the two formed a partnership
to bring Salmon's first radio station into being. The
broadcasting facility was located in the building on the
southwest corner of Main and Water street for some
time before being moved up on the bar, in the vicinity
of the present Elks Club. A few years later Dave bought
Gene Shumate's interest in the partnership. Dave was
a very civic minded individual and did a great deal for
his adopted community.

In 1969 the station was sold to Dale Smith, another
highly respected member of the community. His fa-
miliar voice brought news of the addition of FM fre-
quency 92.7, in 1979. In 1983 the operation was moved
from the old building on the bar to its present location
at 315 Highway 93 North; the building that was for-
merly the Herndon home.

Since Dale Smith's untimely death in 1986 KSRA has
been under the able management of his wife Renee
Smith. Further progress was the addition of a trans-
lator into Challis, frequency 94.3, in April 1987.

KSRA continues to be a vital part of this community,
serving the interests of business, public service and
entertainment.

The present home of KSRA

chaIr

COMNERCE

VISITOR
INFORMATION

V HEttY CIRISTHIIS ■jS^^H|

ij' h"b^_- A

.mVHJJJ^I^^^II^^^Hfe " -' '

BETA SIGMA PHI SORORITY

by Bettye Gott, Sheryl Amar & Marsha Smith

In the fall of 1962 Wanda Rafferty and Bettye Gott,
both newcomers to Salmon, decided to combine their
efforts to organize a Beta Sigma Phi chapter in Salmon.
Bettye had been a member in Coeur D'Alene, Idaho
and Wanda was a member in Jerome, Idaho. The Jer-
ome Chapter led them in a friendly venture with a mod-
el meeting held on November 20, 1962. A pledge ban-
quet was held on December 5th, with twelve pledges
and three members present. Another member had been
discovered living in Salmon, Helen Howard from Alpha
Theta Chapter of Council, Idaho. The first twelve pledg-
es of the new Beta Alpha Chapter were: Jean Brog,
Beth Reed, Lois Bisson, Snookie Harris, Ardis Briggs,
Harriet Pearson, Shelly Hawkins, Beverly Owens, Ann
Moore, Linda Sherretts, Wilma Doyle and Virginia Klin-
gler. Coleen Barkes later moved to Salmon and joined
the chapter. The first sponsor was Mrs. John Mulder
who joined in April of 1963 and remained a sponsor
until she moved away in 1967. Beta Alpha was termi-
nated in 1985.

In November of 1966, Beta Alpha led a friendly ven-
ture to organize a Nu Phi Mu chapter in Salmon.
Through the efforts of Bettye Gott, as Extension Offi-
cer, Jean Brog, President and Lois Bisson, Co-advisor,
Phi Kappa Chapter was formed with eleven members.
Nu Phi Mu was terminated in 1975 with members pro-
gressing into Ritual of Jewels chapter.

Beta Alpha became over crowded so in April of 1970,
Idaho Beta Omicron was chartered. This group of am-
bitious girls friendly ventured to Challis to form a Ritual
of Jewels chapter. Beta Omicron was terminated in
1989.

The first Exemplar Chapter, Xi Alpha Theta was
formed in May of 1968, with Snookie Harris as the first
president. Again a chapter became too crowded and
another Exemplar chapter, Xi Beta Kappa was formed
in April 1980.

In April of 1977, Salmon was ready to charter an-
other level of Beta Sigma Phi. Idaho Preceptor Phi was
formed.

As time has progressed, so have these ladies and in
April of 1984, Salmon was ready for the next level of
Beta, and Idaho Laureate Lambda was chartered.

256

In 1976, Beulah Brenneman was installed as a life-
time Honorary Member of Beta Sigma Phi. Her honor
was written in our sorority magazine, The Torch.

Our community oriented members decided in 1980
that it would be a good idea to give a scholarship. The
Beta Sigma Phi Scholarship is given yearly in the
amount of $1,000 to a graduating student in Lemhi
County. In 1985, in memory of Beulah Brenneman, her
name was added to the Scholarship name.

Kimberly Amar, Amy Chorn, Suzette Stenersen, Penny Stenersen,
Annisa Stenersen, Merelda Gough, Esther Johnson, Helen Nielsen,
Olga K. Sobczak, Debbie Neugebauer, Laurie Santee, Martha Mood-
ie, Lisa Stenersen, Janet Nelson Taylor, Kimberly Peterson, Terri
A. Orr, Elizabeth Snook, Laura Chorn Gough, Sue Stenersen, Betty
J. Cochran, Chris Slavin, Janice Glanzer, Kathy Ellis, Ruth F. Blay-
den, Evelyn Heidemann, Judy Skinner, Donna Keirnes, Martha An-
drews, Rose Morphey, LaRae West, Vicky Smith, Sue Dickens, Esther
Hallock, Sheila Ankrum, Jean Brog, Sheryl Lyn Brog Amar, Barbara
Amar, Ellen Gleason Smith, Phyllis Farquhar, Doreen Mildon, Bar-
bara McNee, Marsha Smith, Terri Herman, Bonnie Gray, Lucille
Gibson, Linda Robie, Roberta Fadness, Rhonda Paul.

MARY TURNER

Her Own Story

When only a day or two old, on November 1909, I
was left at St. Vincent's Orphanage in Chicago. I left
there at eleven or twelve and did all kinds of domestic
jobs for the next few years. At age twenty-one I entered
the Chicago School of Nursing, but after two and a half
years, found my eighth grade education was not enough
to get me a Registered Nurse diploma. I went to aircraft
building school, but there was no future there either,
as no girl could get a license. I was a cook, waitress,
box board factory worker and had jobs for board and
room.

During those days in Chicago I knew all the gangsters
and their histories. There was Al Capone, John Dillin-
ger, Ma Barker, Dutch Schultz, Bugs Moran, Bonnie
and Clyde, and Pretty Boy Floyd. Machine Gun Kelly,
Baby Face Nelson and Legs Diamond all had machine
guns. All claimed a territory in Chicago and if any other
hood came in, he was ventilated by a Chicago Type-
writer or something else befell him. A rich man's boot-
legger, Floyd Fyckes, was a personal friend of mine. I

rode with him to deliver to rich people. Once I furnished
him an alibi and carried warning to him. He stopped
one day at a store, grinned and handed me $100, and
said, "Go get yourself some clothes. I want to see what
you look like."

I hiked from job to job all over the U. S. and Canada
and

parts of Mexico. When my thumb failed me, I rode
freights, and the rods and tenders on passenger trains
at sixty miles an hour. I remember riding through Moffit
Tunnel in Colorado

on top of a freight car, my head wrapped in a damp
towel.

During World War Two I bought a ranch and a sixty
head forest permit in Colorado. Then I took a job driv-
ing a State

Highway truck and building roads in Colorado and also
was a timekeeper on this job for nearly four years. I
leased the ranch and kept my job to pay it off. In time
I sold the ranch and cattle I had accumulated. I put
the money in the bank and spent the winter rounding
up wild horses at $25 a head. I also trapped one whole
winter at Douglas Pass Colorado for coyote, bobcat

257

and honey badger. I harvested apples, peaches, beans
and spuds in Colorado and also rodeoed a little at
Glennwood Springs, Colorado. Then I ran wild horses
in Utah and cooked at the Yellow Jacket Mine there,
mined Uranium, Vanadium and high test Carnatite, and
loaded railroad cars at Thompson, Utah. While in Utah
I hunted, trapped and punched cows on ranches. I took
part in a drive of about two weeks, up out of Moab in
the Henry Mountains. We drove none hundred head
one time, and a thousand another, to shipping pens at
Thompson. We had a chuckwagon, bedwagon, and
horse herd all with us.

Besides my Colorado and Utah ranches, I have
owned, in partnership with my former husband Ernest
Turner, six hundred two acres at Leadore; formerly the
Vezina ranch. In 1959 I bought the Langfitt ranch at
Lemhi; four hundred forty acres with over one hundred
head of cattle and range rights for one hundred four
head.

For most of the over forty years spent in Idaho I
have done my own work to pay for the ranch. I spent
twelve years as water surveyor for the Geological Sur-
vey on the Lemhi River and two or three years as water
master for the George Ellsworth and Yearian Ranches.

At eighty-two I am now retired on a small section of
the ranch, but still working, so people can't call me
lazy, and living free in an unfree world.

My motto: Be sure you are right, then go ahead and
nothing can stop you. Far better it is to dare mighty
thing, to win glorious triumphs, even though checkered
by failures, than to take rank with those poor spirits,
who neither enjoy much nor suffer much, because they
live in the grey twilight that knows neither victory or
defeat.

I feel that I have a host of good friends in this valley.

Editor's Note: Mary Turner was a local legend in Lemhi County. Al-
most everyone, has a favorite "Mary Turner" story to tell. Prior to
her death in January 1992, she had submitted the above story for
inclusion in the Family History section of this book. After she passed
away new facts were discovered that make the following story nec-
essary to update the reader.

Mary Royer Turner

by Fred Snook

Mary Turner was a study in contrasts. She could be
pleasant to visit with and very sociable, but one did
not try to go to her house to visit. Her main gate was
always locked at the road. She did not like visitors and
immediately grew suspicious if anyone tried to help her
do anything; unless she asked them to help. Then she
would become extremely angry if a friend or neighbor
did not drop everything and respond at once. Mary had
a telephone, but had an unlisted number that she gave
to no one. Over the years she changed mailing ad-
dresses several times. In short, she was extremely pri-
vate and overly suspicious.

Mary was found dead, just outside her home near

258

Highway 28, in January of 1992. She probably fell and
then froze to death. She was discovered by an Idaho
Power employee several days after her death.

Mary had been receiving food stamps and some as-
sistance, but for the last several years, she continually
moaned about how poor she was, and how she could
not afford to live. The day her death was discovered,
Lemhi County Sheriff Deputies found more than
$40,000 in cash in her purse! Inside the home, was
her purebred Doberman-Pinscher, a trained guard dog;
also, several oldtime bear traps. In her china cupboard,
in an official looking box, was an imitation snake on a
spring, set to move when you opened the box. Her
weapons included an old time Thompson Machine gun,
and a scoped rifle with a full silencer barrel, among
others.

She willed almost all of her estate to the University
of Idaho, Department of Agriculture. So maybe, her
thought was that it was okay to receive some assis-
tance from the State, because she was going to leave
them somewhere near $100,000 in her estate.

Mary had always said she was an orphan. Yet in her
downstairs spare bedroom, officials found an old time
chest full of family treasures, including pictures and
letters from family. From that information we were able
to learn that Mary Turner was actually born as Mary
Royer on November 25, 1909 at Clarkshill, Indiana. Her
parents were Curtis R. Royer and Minnie May Royer.
She had one brother, John H. Royer, who was born
February 10, 1907. John died about 1986.

Mary was raised on an Indiana farm and attended
school in Clarkshill, Indiana. She then attended and
graduated from the Chicago School of Nursing in 1930.
Her diploma was with her effects, together with ma-
terial from her nursing exams.

She moved to the State of Colorado where she was
married on September 24, 1936 to Tino Cordova of
Thompson, Utah. Mary's address on the license is
Glenwood Springs, Colorado. They leased ranches in
Colorado and were involved in various ranching activ-
ities. They were later divorced.

Mary then moved to Lemhi County, Idaho, where

Mary Turner with her furs from trapping in the Leadore area prob-
ably in the 1950's.

she married Ernest Turner. They purchased a ranch,
the Slavin ranch, on Texas Creek a few miles above
Leadore. She and Ernest later divorced and he moved
from the area. Mary sold the Leadore ranch and pur-
chased the old Langfitt Ranch on the Lemhi River be-
tween Tendoy and Lemhi. She operated this cattle
ranch by herself and never remarried.

Mary was a very large woman, and physically, prob-
ably the strongest woman I have ever known. At age
sixty, she could toss an eighty pound bale of hay around
like a loaf of bread. The name of her new ranch, was
the "Broken Heart Ranch" and she had a large sign
depicting a broken heart erected. She later sold most
of the ranch retaining some property across the high-
way. This property included a steep hillside vantage
point that had a view of the valley below. There she
constructed her new home, in which she lived until her
death.

Mary had not lost contact with her family. Her fath-
er's obituary and estate documents were in her pos-
session, together with many letters from her mother.
Also, included were some photos of her mother and
brother taken in the past twenty years.

What caused Mary to act like this? That is the ques-
tion. She claimed to have ties to the Chicago Mob, and
it is true she was in Chicago during the late twenties
and early 1930's. We can only speculate. Some feel
she said she was an orphan to gain sympathy; but Mary
was woman for whom it was hard to feel sympathy.
Every person has their own theory.

In the six months before her death, Mary's actions
became even more bizarre. She called often, com-
plaining that she was freezing to death and the power
company was shutting her power off. When the power
company responded they found the temperature to be
over eighty degrees in her all electrically heated home.
Mary complained to me for six months before her death
that she had no meat. She had a 1900 pound, yes that
is right, 1900 pound steer, that she would not butcher.
She explained that she had been told that if she butch-
ered it. Health and Welfare would take the meat. I tried
to explain several times this was not true, and sug-
gested that she have the animal butchered; but she
refused. Sure enough, upon opening her freezer after
her death, I found there was no meat in it. There was
basically nothing in her large freezer.

In the upstairs of her nice barn, was found, the old,
old, small sign, "Ernest and Mary Turner" that once
stood outside of her Leadore ranch. She never seemed
to get over that divorce, although she certainly would
not have admitted that to anyone.

Mary would often complain about the cost of eve-
rything, but when she bought something, she bought
quality. Her wardrobe consisted of work clothes, but
also some very good quality clothing. When Mary went
to town she liked to dress nicely. She would drive down
the highway wearing an old straw cowboy hat in her
pickup truck one day and the next day she would drive

by in her Corvette, which she sold several years ago.

She had a Federal Firearms License and talked of
buying and selling guns. One letter found in her col-
lection from an Arizona acquaintance, was addressed
as follows: Mary (Gun-Moll) Turner, better known as
Sweety-pie or "Toots" Turner. Turner's Hideout & Way
Station on the Lemhi, P Box 1385 Salmon, Idaho
83467. In the letter, the writer asked, "I haven't heard
from you for a long spell — have you broken your writen
hand or gone blind from drinkin cheap rot-gut whiskey,
or maybe a bear got you or you've fallen in the Lemhi
and drownded and are now polluting the stream — God
forbid."

Mary was obsessed with power and strength, maybe
control is a better word. She wanted no one to have
any control over her. She admired or respected few
people, but five whom she would mention often to me
were, my father, Salmon attorney, Fred H. Snook,
whom she would call, "Old Fred." "Now, if 'Old Fred'
were here, he would tell me what to do, but I'm not
so sure if you can," she would often comment; just
before she asked me to do something for her. Next,
was longtime Lemhi County Sheriff, Bill Baker. "Why,
if there's any trouble. Bill will pull that old hogleg out
and use it, if he has to. By God, he ain't afraid to use
it," was a familiar refrain. The third was her neighbor,
Lemhi rancher, George Ellsworth, whom Mary de-
scribed as "about the best person I ever worked with."
Ernest Waterman, the Salmon carpenter who con-
structed her new home located on the "perch", was
another person Mary appreciated, and she never spoke
unfavorably of Salmon rancher, Vergil Olson. That was
probably the hardest thing for anyone to accomplish;
NOT to have Mary speak ill of you. Usually, the more
you tried to please her, the more she would find fault
with your efforts.

Mary has passed on, and we probably will never know
the complete truth of what caused her paranoia, or
why she denied her family; but like most people, there
was good in Mary, and Mary's act of leaving her estate
to the University of Idaho, College of Agriculture for
research may help many others for generations to
come.

During the construction of her home, Mary had se-
cret compartments built into her home. After her death,
these hiding places were empty. Did she leave other
hidden money or treasurers? Perhaps. It may be odd
that she had all of her money in her purse, but then,
she was complaining that she thought people were
breaking into her house whenever she went to town.
Maybe she just decided to keep it all with her wherever
she went. Many speculate and wonder where some-
thing else would be hidden or, if it is hidden, whether
it is bobbytrapped. Only time will tell and time can
sometimes take forever.

259

THE CENTENNIAL QUILT

The Lemhi Piecemaker's, a group of quilters, made
the beautiful Centennial quilt that is now on display at
the Salmon City Center. Each of the panels of the quilt
represents a different time period in Lemhi County's
history, and was put together by one or two women
with others helping with the small detail.

1890-1900; Salmon was a thriving trade center, sup-
porting the area mining operations. Chinatown was re-
stricted to an area near the river. Captain Guleke built
and piloted flatboats to Shoup and beyond, delivering
mining supplies. The mining industry at Gilmore built
the charcoal kilns there.

1900-1910: This quilt block contains the old Stage
Stop, Red Rock Stage, the Syringa and the Blubird,
Idaho's State flower and bird. Also a map of the Red
Rock Stage route. Agency Creek Narrows, rivers and
creeks.

Some of the drivers for the Red Rock Stage were
Charlie Beach, Harry Williams, Milliard Grieber, George
LaMunyan, Riley Pyeatte, Monte Caldwell, Ferrell Ter-
ry, Fred Kroeger, and Mr. Paul.

1910-1920: River travel was common from Salmon
to Shoup, but the return trip had to be made by foot
or on horseback, as did any trip between Challis and
Salmon. The G & P Railroad came to Salmon via Ban-
nock Pass and the Lemhi County Courthouse was built
on the hill above Salmon.

1920-1930: Prohibition was in effect from 1920 until
December 1933. On March 18, 1920, Helen Tobias
came to Gilmore to live with her parents. She had been
accompanied from the flat by Sheriff Ed Whiddoson.
That night nearly everyone in Gilmore got drunk and

the Sheriff was told that Helen had brought the whiskey
in her trunk. Later she found out that her arrest and
the humiliating search of her room and belongings were
only a test for being accepted in Gilmore.

In November 1925 construction began on the new
concrete bridge replacing the old wooden bridge.

In 1930 Emma Yearian, The Sheep Queen, was the
first woman from Lemhi County to be elected to the
State Legislature.

1930-1940: Burrel Mulkey won a silver-mounted sad-
dle at Madison Square Gardens where he was named
World Champion Cowboy. The rock wall behind him
still stands at Highway 93North and Courthouse Drive.
It was built by the WPA during this decade. The man
on the horse is a CCC man. The logging industry is
represented by the giant Ponderosa Pine. Miners are
shown with an ore car piled high. The background col-
ors represent the sagebrush covered hills, the moun-
tains and the Salmon flowing between them. The set-
ting sun represents the great depression, and the blue
sky, the dawn of a new era of hope.

1940-1950: The mining industry slowed and more
people depended on livestock for their livelihood. In
the 40's there were over 530 ranches and farms in the
county and 42,650 cows and calves. As sheep and dairy
cattle numbers declined in the 50's and 60's, beef cat-
tle increased to an estimated 32,815 head.

Brands at the top of the panel represent some brands
that have been registered and used by the same ranch-
es for at least the past fifty years.

1950-1960: The beginning of the interest in a wil-
derness area was felt here. The gold mine at Leesburg
and the mine at Cobalt were important to the area's
economy.

1960-1970: The Frank Church River-of-No-Return
Wilderness Area was established and world class Whi-
tewater river trips brought many people, famous and
otherwise, to the area. The adventurous tried kyaking,
while most found thrills enough in rubber boats or Mak-
enzies. A trip down the river road rewards the sightseer
with views of wildlife and Indian paintings on the rocks.
1970-1980: This was a decade of growth with the tim-
ber industry flourishing. Champion International bought
the largest mill, but several small ones ran also and QB
beam plant was going strong. Many new roads were
built. 1980-1990: Salmon experienced one of the worst
winter floodsin recent memory; damage was extensive.
On the positive side, a new High School was completed
and Patchwork, a compilation of local history, was be-
gun as a multi-year project by the high school students.

Salmon River Days, begun 31 years ago, continues
today with spectacular fireworks on July 4th. In spite
of some down times during this decade, we are looking
with renewed hope toward the next 100 years of Idaho
history.

The Centennial quilt made by the Lemhi Piecemakers. The
description of the segments of the wheel moves clockwise,
beginning with the first block to the right of center.

260

LEMHI COUNTY'S CELEBRATION OF THE IDAHO STATE CENTENNIAL

by Fred Snook

The Idaho State Centennial Celebration was a major
event. The State Legislature made provisions for a Cen-
tennial Committee in every county, and without a doubt,
Lemhi County had the best organized Centennial Com-
mittee in the State. This was largely due to the efforts
of the late Barbara Young, Lemhi County Centennial
Chairperson. Barbara got into the Centennial program
on the ground floor, and had our Centennial Commit-
tee organized a year before most counties even knew
about the Centennial Celebration.

The Centennial Celebration lasted several years. The
State organized Statehood Day Celebrations from 1986
through 1990, in five different cities. Salmon was se-
lected as the Statehood Day location for 1989. Salmon
was the only small city selected in the entire state;
probably for three reasons. First, Barbara Young's ef-
forts at the beginning of the State wide planning; sec-
ond, Lewis and Clark first entered Idaho in Lemhi Coun-
ty; and third. Colonel George L. Shoup, Idaho's first
governor was from Salmon.

The Lemhi County Centennial Committee consisted
of: Barbara Young, Chairperson, Harold Heidemann,
Finance, Sharon Infanger, Information Management,
James Ellsworth. Legislative, Mona Van Overen, Arts
and Humanities, Jerry Rosin, Publications, Pat Fitz-
gerald, Homecoming, Wilmer Rigby, Education, Kaye
Guth, Centennial Historian, Bob Johnson, Public Infor-
mation, Fred Snook, History, and Paul Schneider,
Chamber of Commerce.

Some funding was received from the State of Idaho
through the statewide Centennial license plate sales.
A special Centennial plate was designed and when
county residents purchased the plate, a share of the
money went to sponsor their county Centennial activ-
ities. The State also produced a special limited edition
Centennial poster which included a picture of Governor
Shoup. Revenue from these sales also helped finance
activities.

The first activity that created local interest in the
Centennial was the State Pioneer Certificates. These
certificates were presented to individuals who filed
proof that their family lived in Idaho before 1890. Lem-
hi County had one of the largest percentages of resi-
dents file for Pioneer Certificates in the entire State.

Lemhi County residents Marjorie Sims and Julia Ran-
dolph received recognition for their efforts in docu-
menting our history, and received "Take Pride in Ida-
ho" awards from the Centennial Commission.

Julia Randolph has made many presentations of her
slide show about Cemeteries in Lemhi County, and also
took charge of the Ethnic Heritage section of Lemhi
Counties Centennial.

Marjorie Sims was honored for her many, many years
of collecting the history of Lemhi County with special
emphasis on Leesburg and the Chinese.

The Salmon branch of the East Idaho Federal Credit
Union sponsored a Centennial Talent Show to help fi-
nance Centennial activities. Bonnie Groll and her staff
donated many hours of time organizing the show which
was held at the Salmon High School Football Field. It
was a great show with a lot of local talent. Unfortu-
nately, the weather did not cooperate, and a very small
crowd braved a blustery, cold wind to watch the ac-
tivities.

On July 3, 1989, Statehood Day converged on Lemhi
County. The Centennial hot-air balloon circled Salmon
to kick off the activities. Norma and Tom Tapscott or-
ganized the largest parade ever held in Salmon. Gov-
ernor Cecil D. Andrus led the parade on horseback,
followed closely by the Centennial Calvary Honor Guard,
who were then followed by United States Senator Steve
Symms. The historic parade, that lasted over an hour,
opened with a release of balloons, and the ringing of
all the bells in town for five minutes. A large crowd
jammed Main Street to view the many floats, oldtime
cars, tractors, horses and parade participants, while
KSRA Radio broadcast the parade live with Salmon
commentators, Jim Caples and Ray Cheney providing
the color. The Guyaz family professionally videoed the
parade and tapes are available.

Following the Centennial Parade, Governor Andrus
and Senator Symms spoke at a Statehood Day Lunch-
eon at the Catholic Church Center. (It is interesting to
note, that Colonel Shoup held both of those of those
powerful positions during his political career.) The
luncheon concluded with a toast to the past, present
and future led by Master of Ceremonies, Fred Snook.

Other Statehood Day events were: The Centennial
Cemetery Slide Show by Julia Randolph; the "Saca-
jawea of the Shining Mountains" Puppet Show, pre-
sented by Barbara and Alden Wolfe. (This popular pup-
pet show has been presented many other times to
school children throughout the area); a Centennial
Photographic Display, Agricultural Display and Art Ex-
hibition at the Junior High School; Bev and Ray Cock-
rell put together an Historic Mining Exhibition and Dis-
play that featured placer gold ,,,,mining; the Centennial
Quilt was displayed at the Masonic Lodge Building, while
the Farrier Display was at the Frontier Plaza.

A Centennial Readers Theater highlighted the lives
of three Pioneer women, Mrs. Amonson, Belle O'Con-
ner and Anna McCaleb.

They were portrayed by Mavis Delong, Sherrie Furness,
Vicki Harbor.

Statehood Day ended with a Western Play Day fea-
turing old time horse races at the Fairgrounds. Races
included the Statehood Dash, the Centennial Charge
and the Governor's Cup.

The Centennial Cavalry Guard consisted of: General
General Judge Snook, Major General Agent Loucks,

261

Major State Officer Rockwell, Colonel Colonel Sheriff
Call, Salmon City Major Freel, Major Doctor C. Heck-
endorf, Major McPherson S. Beller, Emergency Medic
Captain Snyder, Colonel Major Agent Cook and Dis-
patch Captain Buck Adams. No group photo was ever
taken of this auspicious group and their western image
lives only in memory.

Statehood Day, 1989, was one of the greatest cel-
ebrations ever in the history of Lemhi County. It also
marked the 365 day countdown to the Centennial Cel-
ebration.

As the Centennial Parade began, KSRA radio broad-
cast the "Salmon Statehood Day Proclamation" by
Centennial Committee Member Fred Snook:

"Ladies and Gentlemen! Ninety-nine years ago to-
day, our great State of Idaho was admitted as the forty
third State of the United States of America. Today, we
pay honor to our historic past, our present, and to our
promising future by celebrating Statehood Day! It is
therefore proclaimed that our citizens celebrate by
ringing bells throughout Salmon City and Lemhi County
for the next five minutes as a salute to our great State
of Idaho. Let the Centennial Celebration begin!"

Activities continued throughout 1990. The year be-
gan with a Day of Thanksgiving, which was a gathering
of Lemhi County's churches for thanksgiving through
song and the narration of church histories. Former
Mayor, Bill Cannon read the narrative prepared by Bar-
bara Young.

February began an informative lecture series held at
the Salmon City Center entitled "A Centennial Look at
the History of Lemhi County and the Salmon National
Forest". Topics presented throughout the spring in-
cluded: "Lewis and Clark's Route Through Lemhi
County" by Michael Crosby: "Nez Perce-Trail of Tears"
by Dr. Richard Clark; "Shades of Idaho Cemeteries;
Stories and Legends of Rural Lemhi County" by Julia
Randolph; "Back up the River of No Return - The His-
tory of Power Boating on the Main Salmon River" by
Mel Reingold; "Gifford Pinchot - From the Other Side"
by Gary Hines; "Captain William Clark's Reconnais-
sance of the Salmon River Canyon" by Wilmer Rigby;
"The Gilmore and Pittsburg - Lemhi County's Only Rail-
road" by Lyie Longhurst; and "The Legend of Walt
Blackadar" by Ron Watters.

In April, 1990 there was a Centennial Fashion Show
entitled, "A Century of Fashion". This funfilled, enter-
taining and educational event was coordinated by Ruth
Blayden, assisted by Karen Whitworth and many oth-
ers. It featured authentic clothing from the turn of the
century with a historic narration.

Kaye Guth and Jon Wright coordinated the Lemhi
County Time Capsule project in which residents pur-
chased a time envelope to fill with individual memo-
rabilia. The Time Capsule is on display at the Court-
house and will be opened in 2090.

Beverly Cockrell organized the Commemorative Fort
Lemhi Trek. This wagon train trek started at Birch Creek

and made their way to Salmon. It lasted several days
and commemorated Lemhi County's first white set-
tlers' journey to Fort Lemhi. The wagon train followed
off-road trails as much as possible, and from Leadore
to Salmon, followed along the old back road system.
It was a lot of fun and very educational for all the par-
ticipants. The group invited the community to join them
near Tendoy for the Fort Lemhi Pageant. This special
program was based on the experiences of the Mormon
settlers.

Mona Van Overen and Paul Schneider worked on a
Sacajawea monument. Local sculptor and western art-
ist, Gary Ericsson began work on the model. This pro-
ject has not yet been completed. A very limited number
of small statues are being sold to help finance the large
sculpture. When completed it will be put on display in
an appropriate area near Salmon.

In June. 1990, The Centennial Flotilla passed through
Lemhi County on their way to Lewiston. Starting near
the headwaters of the Salmon River, the assembly of
boats and kayaks were joined near Salmon by the two
Centennial Scows. These replica scows were built un-
der the direction of Bob Smith of North Fork, in the
pattern of Captain Guleke's oldtime Salmon River
scows. One scow was named "Captain Guleke", and
one "Captain Smith". Lt. Governor Butch Otter and
his friend, Salmon native, Mike Gwartney led the flotilla
from the Shoup Bridge to Island Park in the "Captain
Smith", expertly manned by Bob Smith and Steve Set-
tles. Several Boise and Idaho Falls TV news programs
sent crews to the area to cover the event. The after-
noon float was highlighted by the "Salmon Queen"
crashing into a pillar of the Salmon Bridge just as Salm-
on radio announcer, Leo Marshall, was interviewing
Judge Snook and Lt. Governor Otter. They were able
to announce the comical mishap live. The only serious
damage was to the crew's reputation, as no one was
physically injured.

Butch Otter then christened the "Captain Guleke"
in a brief ceremony, which was followed by a sump-
tuous dinner and lively dance near the Island Pavilion.

The Flotilla continued downstream spending a night
in North Fork before descending toward Shoup, where
Smith and Settles guided the historic scows safely
through the Pine Creek Rapids. People from through-
out the state signed up to ride the scows for a portion
of the trip.

Don O'Neal was selected as Lemhi County's repre-
sentative to serve as a Grand Marshall at the State
Centennial Parade in Boise. Don O'Neal and the late
Fred H. Snook, Sr. each received a Centennial Medal-
lion from the State Centennial Commission.

The Centennial emphasis shifted to Boise for the ac-
tual Centennial on July 3, 1990. Some Lemhi County
residents participated in the many Boise activities, but
most stayed at home to participate in Salmon River
Days and Salmon's Centennial Events. Many of the
Boise events were televised. In Salmon, longtime res-

262

idents, John C. Snook and his brother, Fred H. Snook,
Sr. led Salmon's Centennial Parade as Grand Marshals.

The Piecemaker Quilt Show displayed quilts dating
back to the turn of the century plus many other heir-
looms; Julia Randolph put on a Slavic Booth with au-
thentic Slavic music, genealogies and information of
Slavic culture; and MarRue Simmons presented a Walk-
ing Tour of Historic Buildings. This was a guided tour
of Salmon's most historic buildings. MarRue also helped
published a brochure for the Walking Tour.

Ciska Mosher was in charge of the Statehood Day
Ceremony held at noon on July 3, 1990 at the Lemhi
County Courthouse lawn. A city wide bell ringing began
the ceremony which included the flag presentation,
history, singing, dancing and a viewing of Lemhi Coun-
ty's time capsule.

A Grand Reunion of Salmon Schools was organized
by Pat Fitzgerald. This reunion, for all alumni who at-
tended any of the Salmon schools, featured lunch, din-
ner and a Reunion dance.

West One Bank presented a Spirit of the West Art
Exhibit. This exhibit went statewide for several months.
The exhibit was featured in Salmon for three days in
September, 1990 under direction of Paula Guth of West
One Bank. The exhibit was free to the public and also
featured local talent performing on stage during an
evening performance.

The final organized Centennial event held in Lemhi
County was the Centennial Ball which occurred in late
October, 1990. Stefani Blayden organized this large
event which celebrated Idaho's statehood through
dance. The State also held a Centennial Ball in Boise.
The University of Idaho Jazz Band performed at the
Elks Hall while two groups performed at the LDS Stake
Center and the Salmon High School. There was some-
thing for everybody.

The State Centennial was scheduled to end Decem-
ber 31, 1990. In late December, there was a statewide
event entitled. Weekend of Commitment. This event
encouraged Idahoans to commit to a better future. All
of the area churches were invited to participate with
messages of hope, peace and unity within our com-
munity.

As the Centennial Celebration came to an end, a
small group began to form the Lemhi County History
Book Committee. Its purpose was to finalize the Cen-
tennial Celebration by gathering the most and the best
information possible on the history of Lemhi County.
The completion of this project celebrates, forever,
Lemhi County's participation in the State Centennial.

1903 - LJlysses. Mike Coan started down the river with two pack horses
and in some way the pack got loose along the trail and spilled all his
supplies for about a mile and one of his bronchos was not satisfied
with that and jumped in the river and swam across leaving Mike on
this side.

THE STRANGE CAR SALE

by Dee Keirnes

It was a summer afternoon, in 1965 I think. I had
moved back to Salmon the year before and was work-
ing in my father's barber shop. Tom Kessel from up
around Leadore came in for a haircut and shave and
of course his old shepherd dog "Shag" was with him.
Shag was an easy going old dog that seemed to un-
derstand most of what you said. If you asked him to
shake hands he would reach up with his right hind foot,
which made everyone laugh.

Tom had been drinking a little, as he often did when
he came to town and was in a jovial mood. He said
they were in town to buy a new car.

While I was shaving him I noticed one of the car
salesman from the Ford garage go by and grin when
he saw Tom. I think it was Dutch Morrison. I wondered
what was up and, shortly after Tom left, here came
Dutch to tell us about the strangest car deal he had
ever made.

It seems that Tom had been up there and looked at
every new car they had on the lot. Even test drove
some of them while Dutch rode in the back seat. Shag
got to ride on the passenger side. Anyway, Tom couldn't
seem to decide which one he liked best. Finally he went
down the line and opened the passenger door on every
one of them. Then, back out on the sidewalk in front
of all the cars, he turned to Shag and said, "Well, which
one of those damn things do you like best?" Shag trot-
ted off down to a big Mercury station wagon, jumped
up on the seat and just sat there panting.

Tom said, "We'll take that one."

DON'T FORGET

— THE—

Arbor Lodging House

South of Coiinly Jnll,

Beds, 25 aiul 50 Cents.

A. A.S.MITH, rroprlolor.
ALSO BREEDER OF- —

ROBE AND KINOl.E COMH HROWN
I,ogtinin Chlckons from l>R£niU«l
tU>ck. wlU noil yoiina fowls from

^X to J^a so X3Acla.

Tlinjr Bra li.TmlKomo nml non-sellers, ond
ni»re ihmi onllimry Inycri. I nni now rcody
lo nil ordem for young foirls. 6'ome nnd sea
for yourself. Ueuncry, Houlli Terroca 3t.
A. A. SMITH.

263

FIFTY YEARS OF PROGRESS

by Fred Snook

1940 to 1990

Editor's note: This section reviews the gradual change that has taken
place in Lemhi County in the past fifty years. This change, highlighted
by several booms and busts, has moved our isolated community
closer and closer toward the modern world. The section combines
an overview narrative, many illustrative photos, and interesting top-
ics. Although the focus is on the 1940 to 1990 time period, it was
often necessary to go back before 1940 to cover the complete his-
tory of an individual subject, or to show the contrast or change that
has occurred.

Many changes have occurred in Salmon and Lemhi
County during the past fifty years. Most of these chang-
es and growth have been slow and sometimes unnot-
iced. People come back to visit and say, "The town
hasn't changed at all", but change continues. Most of
the change has been for the good, some for the bad.
Salmon is still a very good place to raise your family;
isolated and protected from some, not all, of the dan-
gers of the real world.

As America grew after World War II, so did Lemhi
County. One of the main changes was in transporta-
tion. When the G & P Railroad went out in 1939, the
highway system was inadequate. During World War II,
it was not possible to make many improvements, how-
ever, after the war one of the main improvements was
in highway transportation. A narrative history of Lemhi
County, written in about 1949 by an unknown source
states:

Salmon, has a population of 3,400. Salmon is served
by bus and truck lines from Missoula. Butte, Idaho Falls
and Pocatello. By the end of this summer a 10 mile
stretch of the road from Pocatello will be oiled giving
Lemhi County its first oiled road leading (for ten miles)
to the outside. It is expected that oiling of the roads to
Missoula and Idaho Falls will be completed within the
next three or four years.

The roads were not completed that soon, but by the
middle 1950's, the relocation of State Highway 28 from
the back road to the old railroad right of way, up the
middle of the Lemhi Valley, was completed. This pro-
ject opened up the road to Idaho Falls, and what fifteen
years before had been a two day trip by train, became
a three to four hour trip by auto.

Over the years, small improvements have continued
on U.S. Highway 93. This north-south route that con-
nects Mexico to Canada, running through Salmon's
Main Street, was virtually forgotten when the interstate
system was built in the 1960's and 1970's. Rather than
improve the old two lane, mountainous, curving U.S.
93 which leads from Missoula over Lost Trail Pass, to
Salmon, and on to Challis and Twin Falls, Interstate 15
diverted traffic from Missoula through Butte, Dillon and
Monida Pass to Idaho Falls and Salt Lake City.

In the past few years, Montana has made major im-
provements to U.S. 93 including a three lane, open
view grade to the top of Lost Trail Pass. Plans are now
underway to upgrade the Idaho side of Lost Trail Pass.
This will have immediate impact. First, an estimated
three to five year construction period will provide jobs
and revenue, and more and more traffic will resume
use of U.S. 93.

Growth periods affecting Lemhi County have includ-
ed the Cobalt Boom, the Land Boom, the Noranda

Nationally known gun writer and big game hunter, Elmer Keith
helped put Salmon on the map, writing for more than 50 years. The
recipient of the first Outstanding Handgunner of the Year Award,
his autobiography, "Hell, I Was There!", is a must for any Keith
enthusiast.

1950 - a delegation from Lemhi County visits the State Capitol asking for funding
for a paved highways. Fred H. Snook, County Commissioner; Ed Douglas, Mgr.
Cobalt Mine; Max Hemmert, Salmon businessman; John W. Snook, former State
Legislator; Stever Mahaffey Sr., rancher.

^.^p^-s^mi.

264

Boom, and the Recreation Boom. The Cobalt period
began in the late 1940's into the 1950's. The old Lemhi
County general narrative referred to above states:

Even today mining is one of the major industries. At
the present time the Calera Mining Company is devel-
oping a large mine in the Blackbird area. One hundred
seventeen employees are employed. This mine will be
one of the largest producers of cobalt in the United
States.

Cobalt boomed and Salmon boomed. Cougar Point
Campground was a popular place for family picnics and
community events during the 1950's. The Panther
Creek and Morgan Creek roads were busy with traffic
as well as Williams Creek. Then Cobalt closed, and
Salmon partially closed for a few years. Cutbacks were
made in the school system and some businesses closed,
but the community survived and prepared for the next
boom.

The Land Boom began in the middle 1960's and ex-
ploded in the early 1970's. Ranchers close to town sold
off properties for an unheard of $500 per acre, then
soon $1,000 per acre. In a few years, land was $2,500
per acre one year, and the same property was $3,500
to $4,000 per acre the next year. People jumped on
the band wagon, more land was subdivided, outside
investors came in, eager for profits. Again the crash
came. Too many lots for too few permanent people,
and at the same time, the national economy dipped.
Land prices fell, from $4,000 to $3,000, to about $2,000
per acre with few buyers. All of the industries that had
built up on the land sale income suffered; real estate
offices, attorneys, title companies, and lending insti-
tutions saw income decline. Some survived these lean
years, others did not.

To further fuel this fire, we need to review the Nor-
anda Boom. Noranda Mining Company came to town
in the late 1970's to reopen the Cobalt Mine. Many
people were employed and many new people moved
to Salmon. This increase in population and home buy-
ers fueled the Land Boom. Noranda planned a thirty
year life operation. But suddenly in the early 1980's
they quietly shut down and left town. This collapse,
further escalated the land sale decline, and definitely
hurt Salmon. Many fine families had the leave the area.
Others could not sell their Salmon homes in order to
afford to move, and suffered economically.

Throughout the last twenty years another gradual force
was at work. A quiet retirement boom keeps growing
with people from outside areas retiring to Lemhi County.
The community of Elk Bend was developed by Penn Phil-
lips of Southern California. Today over a hundred homes
are located on this development alongside the Salmon
River about twenty miles south of Salmon on U.S. 93.

Other areas of the county have changed from agri-
cultural areas to residential areas. Many homes are
now located on Carrhen Creek, Fourth of July Creek,
Tower Creek, Haynes Creek, Williams Creek and Per-
reau Creek, Hughes Creek and the North Fork River.
The valley floor area south of town is filling with homes

centered around a development of the Mammon's dur-
ing the 1960's and 1970's, which was unofficially nick-
named Hammonville. South St Charles Street exten-
sion has filled with homes and the old Yakovac ranch
on Lover's Lane was subdivided into homesites. The
lower Lemhi River area has many new homes carved
out of former ranch land. The major developments of
Bob Thomas' Valley View Heights and Ralston Adams'
Sunset Heights, offered many scenic home locations
on marginal agricultural land.

The North Fork to Gibbonsville areas saw many new
homes. The Ravndal Ranch at Hughes Creek was sub-
divided, lots were platted on Sheep Creek, other ranch-
es sold off parcels, and quietly the area has grown.
Gibbonsville resident, Les Usher led a ten year battle
to obtain legal title for the property owners of Gib-
bonsville from the US Forest Service. Under the old
system the home owners only had a government per-
mit for their homes. The old town of Gibbonsville is a
thing of peaceful beauty today.

Along the Main River above North Fork, the residen-
tial area of Holcombville was developed. Down the riv-
er, the Forest Service burned down many of the old
homes in an ill advised effort to make the river more
scenic. The Tibbitts family developed the Colson Creek
Ranch into a nice retreat and John Booker's Outpost
became a downriver retreat for many Salmon residents
for special barbecue events.

In the 1950's the government began construction of
a large dike along the Salmon River starting at the
Salmon River Bridge. The dike has been expanded over
the years and now runs upstream several miles pro-
viding protection for the south side of Salmon's Main
Street. Flooding, caused by winter ice jams still occurs
on the north side of Salmon near the Lemhi River. In
the 1980's, a dike was built along the lower end of the
Lemhi River to try to protect this area from future
flooding.

The Deadwater area of the Salmon River located a
few miles below North Fork has been a source of con-
troversy. Many blame this area as the cause of the ice
jams that threaten river area residents from North Fork
to Salmon. Some have proposed to dredge out Dead-
water to eliminate the dead current. Others oppose
this idea, citing the fact that the Salmon River is a wild
and scenic river and should be left undisturbed.

The other gradual change has been in agriculture.
Several new families moved to the area during this time
period and replaced old time ranching families. Many
ranches on the Lemhi and in the Pahsimeroi have re-
mained in the same family for several generations.

The commercial business grew. Historically, Salmon
had only one bank; Idaho First National Bank, located
on the corner of Center and Main Street. Their old bank
building was torn down and a new facility built at the
same location. In the early 1970's, First Security Bank
built a new building at Shoup and Andrews. It was soon
joined by Mountain States Savings, located across An-

265

drews Street in the Herndon Motel Building. Next, East-
ern Idaho Federal Credit Union opened as a one per-
son, small office, and has now grown to a major op-
eration. In an old issue of the Recorder Herald there
is a news story, about the State Banking Commission
denying an application for a new Salmon bank. The
State explained that all of the old banks in Salmon had
failed, except Idaho First National, and their opinion
was that the community could not support more than
one bank. What was right then, is wrong now.

The Lemhi County Courthouse underwent major ex-
pansion adding a new Sheriff's Department and ex-
panding the first floor offices.

In the early 1960's, the last of the old wooden side-
walks on Main Street were replaced as the town mod-
ernized. Today, some western communities are re-
placing concrete sidewalks with old wooden board-
walks. Main Street's appearance has changed. Two new
buildings built by Prochko and Cook filled in the gap
on the south side of Main Street in the 500 block and
Jack Cook's sporting goods store filled in the old drive-
way in the 400 block. Elsewhere, the hospital was pur-
chasing additional ground in the 700 block. The col-
lection of old homes and trees was replaced by a new
green belt area, about a half a block long.

The 900 and 1 100 blocks changed dramatically. Two
old motels were demolished. Criddle's Drive Inn Motel
and the Trail's End Motel were taken out and the areas
cleaned off for future development. That development
has never occurred, but no doubt will, someday. The
removal of old buildings did change the appearance of
"Old Main Street". This trend continued in the 1200

This handsome building was built by W.W. Schultz. It was built in
the colonial style with a hip roof and is adorned with four multi-
colored, double tapered Ionic columns which support the heavy
stone Lintel. The brick dentil corbling gives a continuous line effect
across the top. It has broken pediment and neoclassical details un-
der the eaves and a gabled dormer, with full eave return, flanked
by ornamental metal finials. The brick and stone is from local
sources. The 8 foot bronze statue of "Justice" stands serenely at
the top of the dormer, placed on her lofty perch by an ordinary hay
derrick.

block. The old Pearl Bowen, John Deere Tractor deal-
ership building was destroyed by fire, and almost all of
the rest of the block has been cleaned off.

The south side of the 900, 1000 and 1100 blocks
also changed. The residential appearance remains in-
tact, but most of the old homes are now businesses.
This has helped preserve Salmon's small town flavor.

There have been several attempts to organize the
building of a big city mall at the edge of town, but the
idea has never taken hold.

Several of Salmon's old businesses have expanded.
The McPherson Dry Goods Store is celebrating its 90th
year of business. Over the years it has expanded by
making the adjoining Bakery building a part of the store.
Havemann Hardware added additional space when the
Salmon Post Office moved from Main Street to the new
brick building on Shoup Street. Saveway Market out-
grew its Main Street location, and built a large grocery
store on the north side of Shoup Street in an old res-
idential area.

The south side of Shoup Street in the 500 block
changed, as all the old residential buildings were taken
out to provide parking. Rexall Drug expanded, adding
the Hallmark Store where Clinton's Shoe Store had
been for years. Arfman's Department Store, moved
from the old JC Penny Store across the street, to the
old location of Saveway Market. B&B Grocery added
the Pioneer Bakery and also expanded their operation
to front onto the Shoup Street parking lot.

After World War II came the real discovery of the gas-
oline age in Lemhi County. It seemed that every inter-
section had at least one gas station. Many of these old
Main Street Service Stations have changed over the past
years. The Club Bar was torn down to make room for a
Chevron Station in the 200 block. The station on the
west side of No. Center Street and Main Street was dis-
continued when the Perry brothers built their new Chev-
ron Station where the old Methodist Church used to be
at Main and Church Streets. An old residence was moved
on the south side of Main at Church Street to make way
for Bernard's Conoco Service Station. Tom Reid's busy
station at the intersection of No. Andrews and Main Street
served for many years until being converted into a tire
shop. Max Hemmert's old Texaco station at the NE cor-
ner of Center and Main was replaced by a large Texaco

D T ,1 '"; ^ ' *. ' •>»•

266

»— - - 111 -mil!!!

•salfsil/ n*''^" ^^^^'''

Bill

"^^%«»j

The old Pioneer Ford Building on the south side of Main St.
between Andrews and Church Streets, was remodeled to
accomodate the present King's Department Store.

station that has become V-l. The Amoco Station, owned
by Chuck Kane was at Lillian and Main, where the Country
Store is today. At the corner of Clark and Main was the
V-l gas station. This building is now Farmer's Insurance.
In the 1000 block was another gas station. This was also
where Max Hemmert's Jeep dealership was located, later
it was Arnold's Texaco Station. On Union Avenue, Jim
Pope's Beeline Gas station operated for many years. It
was later replaced by Joe Proksch with the large Prox
Oil Station on Hwy. 93 South.

Back in the center of town, the Pioneer Ford garage
also had a large gas station deck with Phillips 66. The
Pioneer Garage, developed by the Nichols family, was the
hub of activity for many years. Their phone number was
simply number 1. As the Pioneer building grew older and
older, the Ford dealership was sold to a new fellow, Gary
Anderson, who proposed to move the dealership out of
the city limits to a location on Hwy. 93 South. "Ridicu-
lous. It will never work", said old-timers. "The Ford ga-
rage has always been in the middle of town, how can
they move it", added others. But the move was made
and has proved quite successful both for Gary Anderson
and for the new tenants of the old Pioneer property. M.H.
King Department Store purchased the property and re-
constructed the old building into a new, modern Kings
Store.

Other gas stations included Bob Stokes Co-op at the
edge of town of Hwy. 93 north, a Maverick station near
the present day City park, and Ed Wolfley's 93 Mini-Mart,
which started in a small temporary building that has grown
into a nice gas station/porting goods store.

With the many gas stations were many car dealerships.
Sam and Babe Weber's Valley Chevrolet was purchased
by Marlin Blayden.

Marlin and his son John have expanded over the years
to serve all General Motors vehicles; one of the few deal-
erships in the nation", authorized to service and sell every
type of GM auto. Meeks Motors, located on So. Andrews
and Van Dreff, which had Buick, Pontiac and GMC trucks,
sold out to Quality Motors and became a parts house.

■'''''Wr^^,^

o a

The Herndon Hotel

Max Hemmert Jeep dealership was one of the largest in
the northwest. Almost every rancher in the valley had a
Jeep four wheel drive pickup. Chris's Motors, located at
So. St. Charles and Van Dreff, sold Nash Ramblers and
there was a dealership located on North St. Charles sell-
ing Imperials and Chrysler. In the late 1950's, Jack Cook
and Frank Stahl sold Dodge cars and Dodge Power Wag-
on pickups at Salmon Motors, located where the A to Z
Feed Store is today, on Shoup Street. Dale Skinner built
the Quonset design building on Hwy. 93 South to sell
Ford tractors. Mercury cars, and the popular Interna-
tional Scout four wheel drive units. Eli and Jack Smith
opened Smitty's Auto Sales with Plymouth-Dodge cars
on Hwy. 93 South in the building that is now Economy
Supply. Today, only two, dealerships remain; Quality Mo-
tors and Gary Anderson Auto Sales, which has the deal-
ership on Ford-Lincoln and Chrysler-Dodge-Plymouth ve-
hicles.

Changes have come in the Hotel business also, over
the years. The Shenon Hotel became the Pixton Hotel,
and later the Herndon Hotel. Additional units were add-
ed on Church Street and then on Shoup Street, to
become the Herndon Hotel and Courts. The Hotel busi-
ness era ended. First, the Lemhi Hotel was destroyed
by fire in 1962, and second, the modern traveler pre-
ferred newer motels over the old-time hotels. The

267

Herndon Hotel closed and the Herndon Courts were
converted to commercial space. The Motel Deluxe was
built on Church Street and the Suncrest on Hwy 93
South. As the Trail's End and Drive Inn Motels were
removed, two new motels were built across the bridge
on Hwy. 93 North. The Stagecoach Inn is a very fine,
spacious facility built by Nep Lynch at the location of
the old Dunks Army Surplus Store and Cabins, which
were a few old log cabins located just below the Salmon
River Bridge. The Stagecoach Inn was soon joined by
the Wagons West Motel.

Hotel and motel rooms continue to be a problem in
Salmon, and it is either feast or famine. Most of the
year there are many rooms available, but during the
summer months and special events, rooms are scarce.
The low total number of rooms does limit the possibility
of major conventions or activities, but presently the
total year round demand is not sufficient to justify more
lodging space. Today four motels and one bed and
breakfast unit serve Salmon.

Social habits changed. After prohibition ended,
Salmon had a large number of watering holes. This
continued into the 1950's until restrictions and social
changes began the decline of the bar business. The
State law changed making hard liquor licenses outside
of incorporated towns very difficult to obtain. This law
led to the death of such establishments as the Lamar
Club and the Rainbow Club, both located near Salmon,
but outside of the city limits. The old Rat Race saloon
at Carmen continued as a beer bar. In Salmon, Main
Street featured a long list of bars. The Club, The Buck-
horn, The Smokehouse, The Silver Spur in the Lemhi
Hotel, The Lantern, The Crescent Club, The Mint, The
Main, The Owl Club, The Elks Club, The Shady Nook,
and Art's Bar. In the late 1950's the legislature passed
a new law establishing a quota on how many liquor
licenses a town could have. This quota was based on
population and Salmon's quota was three! However,
grandfather licenses could continue. Charles Herndon
remodeled the Herndon Hotel to include the old Salm-
on River Inn, to obtain a license only days before the
quota system began.

The Club Bar was removed to make way for the
Chevron Station. The Buckhorn was removed to make
room for The Smoke House parking lot. The Smoke
House dropped their liquor permit. The Silver Spur
burned down and the license was transferred. The old
Crescent Club moved to a new location and became
the Timberline. Art's Bar closed, followed by The Mint.
Today, only the Salmon River Inn, Timberline, Owl Club,
Lantern and Shady Nook remain in business.

Recreation facilities became a reality. Salmon had
been one of the last communities without a golf course,
when a small, private course sprang up on the Salmon
River at Lake Creek. It was later replaced by the Salm-
on City Golf Course which is part of the City Park. The
City Park project was made possible by the goodwill
of Mr. and Mrs. Gar Hodges. They were the owners of

a ranch situated at the edge of Salmon on Highway
28. The Hodges had many other opportunities to sell
their property, but worked with the City in entering
into a long term sale to the City, at a very reasonable
price, with very reasonable terms. The City Council had
the foresight to jump at the opportunity, and the deal
was struck. The School District had purchased a part
of the Park property for the high school location. Then
it was decided to not build the high school at that
location, so that property has also been incorporated
into the total park system. The community stepped
forward and took the initiative. The Golf Association
was formed and through their efforts a beautiful golf
course was constructed. The Rotary Club constructed
two pavilions in the vicinity of the old Hodges home
and orchard, which is now a popular playground and
eating area of the park. Salmon attorney, Jordan Smith
organized a fund drive to build a new City Swimming
Pool, while other groups have constructed new tennis
courts and many softball and baseball fields. The Salm-
on City Park is truly something that our community
can take pride in. Perhaps, someday Mr. and Mrs.
Hodges will receive the recognition they deserve for
making this possible.

The School District had planned to build the new
Salmon High School at the present park area. They
purchased land from the Hodges for the new school,
but the community rightfully objected to the location,
which was beyond walking distance of most of the com-
munity. Good things often come out of bad, and that
happened here. The School District traded their prop-
erty at the Park to the County in return for the old
Lemhi County Fairgrounds location, located just across
from the other school buildings on Highway 93 South.

The problem of a location with more space for a new
fairgrounds was solved when Salmon residents, Lavan
and Pat Hunsaker offered to give the County acreage
at the end of their ranch, about three miles north of
Salmon on Highway 93, in return for certain construc-
tion work to be done on the Hunsaker's property. The
Lemhi County Fair Board has done an excellent job
over these past fifteen years in developing the new
fairgrounds, with the construction of a racetrack, a
covered grandstand, indoor arena, boxstalls, 4-h build-
ings, and other display buildings. The Lemhi County
Fairgrounds are considered to be the finest small coun-
ty fairgrounds in the State of Idaho.

So the complicated three way switch resulted in more
acreage for the park system, the perfect location for
the Salmon High School, and a fine new fairgrounds
complex.

People always complain that there is nothing for
young people to do in Salmon. This is simply not true.
Any young person who has the initiative to be involved,
can be in more activities than he or she has time for.
Today, there are Little League baseball teams, softball
leagues, golf, football, tennis, swimming, Lifetime Sports
Activities through the High School, gymnastics, power

268

lifting, many school sports activities, very active 4-h
programs. Little Britches Rodeo, High School Rodeo,
Scouting activities, church youth groups, plus the many
activities our location offers for hunting, fishing and
outside events.

Salmon and Leadore High Schools both have many
athletic events, and these games are a treasured social
activity for many people in both communities.

Salmon High School has had a number of fine boys'
basketball teams over the years, but the only team to
win the State Basketball Championship was the 1964
team. They started back in the Brooklyn School in the
fifth grade under Coach Sassman, then progressed
through Junior High School, Freshman and Junior Var-
sity under Coach Terry Armstrong, and then their Var-
sity years under Coach Dean Stokes. Salmon played
at the highest level in the State, and first showed po-
tential in 1962 when Salmon beat Idaho Falls High
School for the District Championship.

1S64 Basketball Team - Front: Buck Stout, Fred Snook, Chuck Jones
Second: Ron Sorenson, Rick Neyman, Bill Whiting, Lonnie Schultz
Back: Jack Sorenson, Van Jolly, Ted Crumbey, John Tracey, Bob
Gutzman, Jordan Smith, Dennis Moodie, Don Wolf.

1964 was the first year of the State A-2 classification
for schools from 300 to 1,000 and Salmon was ready.
At the State tournament, Salmon won their first two
games. The Savages then played their arch rival and
conference foe, Bonneville High School. The game was
32 minutes of intense basketball. Every possession was
an epic struggle; neither team could pull away or take
command. Several Savage starters fouled out, and the
entire team had to pull together. Every player came
through and late in the game, Jordan Smith sank the
winning shot as the Salmon Savages became the first
A-2 State Basketball Champions. Bob Gutzman and Jack
Sorenson were named to the All State team. Coach
Dean Stokes continued for many years as Salmon High
School Basketball and won more games than any coach
before or since at Salmon High School. Since leaving
coaching he has had a successful career in insurance

and real estate. Bob Gutzman went on to play basket-
ball at Trinity College in Connecticut, and is now a school
administrator back east. Von Jolley earned his doc-
torate degree and taught at Brigham Young University;
Don Wolf received a degree in education and teaches
in the Boise area, where Dennis Moody has a beam
plant, and Ted Crumley is with Boise Cascade. Bill Whit-
ing is in Meridian, and Lonnie Schultz was in St. An-
thony. Jordan Smith is an attorney in Salmon. Jack
Sorenson resides in Salmon where he competed in Sal-
mon's Softball leagues for many years. Fred Snook
played football and track at Western Montana College
before returning to Salmon, where teammates John
Tracy (ranching) and Rick Neyman (labor) also reside.
Both team managers. Chuck Jones (BLM) and Buck
Stout are in the Boise area.

Horses helped settle the west, and it is interesting
to review the changing role of the horse during the
past fifty years, from a necessary animal to a recre-
ational animal.

Horses have always been important in Lemhi Coun-
ty. First, for transportation; either by stagecoach or
horseback. The railroad replaced the stagecoach and
horses for cross country trips, unless you were like
John W. Snook, who once rode his new, unbroke stal-
lion home to Baker from Armstead, Montana, rather
than pay the G & P's "unreasonable livestock fare".
The gasoline age came and horses went, but there has
always been a need for horses in agricultural Lemhi
County.

Tractors replaced horses in the haying operations,
and by the 1950's only a few Lemhi County ranchers
continued with horse power. Lloyd Clark of Leadore
still does so in 1992. Ranchers, however, still need
good saddle horses to rotate cattle on the range and
in their day to day cattle operations.

As the every day need for horses decreased, the
recreational use of horses increased. The Salmon River
Posse Club, the Salmon Salmonettes, and Rancho Kids
riding groups were organized in the 1950's. Many busi-
nessmen and their families joined with their ranching
friends in these fun filled activities. Many other com-
munities had posse clubs, and there was a State Posse
Organization with statewide competitions. After a few
years, the thrill of this new activity wore off, and the
group disbanded. A reunion dinner was held a few years
ago at the 28 Club and a complete history was pre-
sented by member. Jack McKinney.

Organized horse racing was always part of the Lemhi
County Fair. In the 1950's there were many horse rac-
ing enthusiasts in Salmon. A change in the Fair Circuit
schedule basically eliminated Salmon and racing was
dropped. The most popular local race horse ever in
Lemhi County was the legendary New Moon who won
over a hundred races. New Moon was one of the first
registered quarter horses to come to Lemhi County.
For a quarter mile, on the half mile track at the old
Fairgrounds, he was virtually unbeatable. It was com-

269

New Moon, legendary local race horse of the 1950's, shown wining
at the Ravalli Co. Fair.

mon for New Moon to win two races in one afternoon.
He was even matched against cars driven by Dr. Walt
Blackadar and Max Hemmert, but would prevail for a
quarter of a mile. At age fifteen, he was matched against
high school sprint star, Don Lemons, in a feature race
at the Fair. Even with a fifteen yard head start in a fifty
yard race, he proved no match for New Moon.

There was no horse racing in Salmon for years and
years. Then the Lemhi County Fair Board reinstated
Saddle Horse Races as part of the Fair. Although not
professional, these races have provided many thrilling
finishes as, "Down the stretch they come."

In the early 1970's the Salmon Chariot Club was
formed. They ran their first chariot races on the Lea-
dore Airport runway. The Championship race was run
on a roadgraded strip through the sagebrush on Steve
Mahaffey's Pattee Creek property. Later a track was
built east of the County Airport and Chariot races were
run almost every Sunday from December to March. As
many as twenty-five local teams competed. Competi-
tion was keen, and many high priced horses were
brought in. Teams participated in State and National
Finals, and chariot racing was the talk of the town at
Jack's Barber Shop. As the economy tightened, the
club dwindled, moved its location to the new Fair-
grounds, and finally disbanded in the 1980's.

Two other horse groups replaced the Chariot As-
sociation. The Backcountry Horsemen were organized
in the middle 1970's. This group takes organized rides
throughout the county, takes on worthwhile activities
to improve backcountry riding, and regularly partici-
pates in local parades. Another adult horse group is
the Salmon Roping Club. This group conducts regular
team roping activities, sponsors the Western Playday
during the 4th of July Holidays, and holds social events
at the Ranch. The Leadore Roping Association was ac-
tive in the 1970's and built the Leadore Indoor Arena.
Later the group disbanded and the arena was sold to
Lemhi County. Wally Yule supervised the dismantling

of the large arena building, which was reconstructed
at the new Lemhi County Fairgrounds.

Law Enforcement has been modernized in recent years.
The old system was for a telephone operator to turn on
the light on top of the Shoup Building, in order to tell the
City Police to go to a phone and call the operator for a
message. This system ended about 1970, plus or minus.
A twenty-four hour dispatch center and jail was put into
operation. The Sheriff's Department changed from Sher-
iff Bill Baker and one Deputy to numerous deputies; the
City Police, from Billie Lewis and one night watchman to
a six man force. An Idaho State Police Officer was as-
signed to Salmon. Game Warden, Mike Wilkins was re-
placed by several Conservation Officers, the Outfitters
and Guides hired an officer, and the Forest Service and
BLM hired law enforcement officers.

Another major change in the economy of Lemhi
County is the increase of government employees. The
US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management
staffs have grown from a few employees each to major
employers. The same is true of the State Department
of Fish and Game, the State Department of Health and
Welfare, State Employment, Soil Conservation Service.
Besides the year round employees, many residents are
dependent on their summer government employment.

The other economic area that continues to grow is
tourism. Floating on the Salmon River and the Middle
Fork is big business. In the 1960's these float trips
started growing in popularity. Soon, the Middle Fork
had more people than it could handle, and the Forest
Service had to establish a permit system for certain
areas of the rivers. Other areas still remain open for
the general public to float. Professional outfitters and
guides are required to have licenses from the State
Outfitters and Guides Board. Many tourists come
through Salmon on their way to float the river. Also,
the flying services at the Lemhi County Airport are
quite busy in the summer, flying floating trips into the
Middle Fork.

In 1992 Salmon celebrates its Centennial Year. The
community continues to change and grow; at a very slow
rate. Our pace of life is slower than our large city cousins,
we don't fight traffic, we know most of our neighbors
and do not have any major crime problems. It is a good
place to live.

One source of future economy that has not been
tapped is a historical center/convention center. Many
have suggested that a Sacajawea Historical Center be
built in or near Salmon. This could provide information
about Sacajawea, Lewis and Clark, the Lemhi Indians,
Fort Lemhi, Chief Tendoy, Leesburg and the many min-
ing ghost towns, a general museum, an Elmer Keith
museum, plus a Chamber of Commerce information
center and a convention center big enough to attract
groups to Salmon. The Buffalo Bill Historical Center in
Cody, Wyoming has been very successful for many
years, and the Salmon area is far more scenic and
interesting than Cody. Perhaps, this will someday be-

270

come a reality.

The future? No one can say for sure. Dangers come
and dangers go, but the largest threats to our lifestyle
now are, major expansion and the change of the eco-
nomic base. Some people fear Salmon will eventually
become another Jackson Hole, Wyoming, with the re-
sulting influx of many people and major lifestyle changes.
The other problem is with agriculture. Ranching, the larg-
est economic force in Lemhi County, is now under attack
from certain groups regarding grazing of the public range.
Most Lemhi County ranchers use public grazing in their
operation, and if this public grazing is eliminated many
small ranchers would have to sell. There would be two
results: Some larger ranches would buy their neighbor's
ranch to provide enough grazing to continue to operate.
Other ranches that cannot continue would be sold for
subdivision or ranchettes. There is not much private
ground in Lemhi County. More than ninety percent of the
County is owned by the government. The after-effects
of eliminating many of the ranches from the small amount
of private ground available for agriculture would be the
largest change ever in the economy of Lemhi County.
Will this happen? I hope not.

Let us pray that the next fifty years brings Lemhi
County as much slow growth history as the past fifty
years.

Salmon Chamber of Commerce visit to Cobalt - 1949 or 1950. Joe
Pixton, J. Christensen, Ervin Dunn, Dr. Peter South, Fred Snook,
Edwinna Nichols, Hap Huber, Raymond White, Ed Douglas, jess Fulk-
erson, R. P. Stevens, Florence Martin. Back: Bill Hanmer, Paul
McPherson, Art Withington, Clint Quesnel, Billie Lewis, Gordon Wolf,
--, Ed Smith, --, Bill Perry, Lewis Bernard, Frank Cammack, Larry
McGivney, --, --, Boyd Andrews, Charles Goodman, Clay Merritt, Jim-
mie Miller, Maurice Cochran, Ed Foss, Carlos Livingston, Harold
Neyman, Max Hemmert, C. Walker Lyon, Walter Harris, Frank Over-
cast, Bob March, Helen Hammer, Joe Herndon, ■-, Milt Havemann,
Mrs. Pelton, Murd McNicoll, ■■.

271

Main Street - Salmon. Id • 1940

A parade on Main Street in the 1940's

u, I

TEXACO TEXACO

272

Clyde Starr, state legislator, and Lucille Tway Herndon, hard at
work, early 1940's.

The parade continues.

2nd Lt. Fred Lowell Brough - 1947 He went
to school in Salmon until entering the serv-
ice.

273

Nine of the oldest men in Lemhi County in 1940 - average age
92 years: Lew Ramey, Smokey Harris, Bill Figley, John Weaver,

Bill Shoup, John Coles, Art Withington, Pete Wasacho, Seth Ball.

photo courtesy of Dee Keirnes

On the back of this picture is written: 'This picture
belongs to Roy E. Moore. I knew all these men when
I was a young man and growing up in Salmon.

"John Weaver was a neighbor living just across the
river in an old log house with a thatch roof. As a
little kid I was fascinated about the grass and flowers
growing on the roof.

"Smokey Harris worked for the State Road
Department as a grader operator which was pulled
by a steam engine and later on (when available) by a
hard rubber tired truck. The truck was driven by a
man named Ira Gable, who should have been in this
picture too.

"Lew Ramey owned a ranch just out of town. His
son and I were in the Navy together.

"Bill Figley worked for many of the ranchers and
worked in the mines. He also drove stage from Idaho
Falls and Red Rock, Montana. Those days stages
were horse drawn. My uncle Ora Cockrell also drove
stage with Mr. Figley.

"John Coles and Seth Ball were both old time
ranchers in Lemhi County, and I worked some for
both. Bill Shoup was a pioneer and related to Col.
Shoup. Art Withington, old time rancher, sheriff, and
gambler. Pete Wasacho, miner and ranch hand."

Dale Skinner Farm Equipment Co.

1904 - Travel to Thunder Mountain: ... In Roosevelt there are three
general stores, six saloons and . . . forty-five houses. Prices are out of
sight. Sugar is ^50 a sack and it costs ^5 to look at the hole card.

1952 - Every motorist is urged to watch his speedometer and reduce
his speed to the maximum now allowed by law - 35 mph.

1952 - A White Leghorn, owned by J. A. Hanson, has been crowned
the champion egg layer of the world.

274

*•*'»♦ ,

In 1958 the Mountain View Motel stood at the NW corner of
Main & Challis. It later became the Trails End Motel.

George & Grace Nagel Monaghan in 1950 at their cabin high up
on the bar hill.

J. Randolph photo

"Men At Work"-The south side of Main Street just west of
Andrews in 1955.

275

"Men Working" again as Christmas decorations go up on Main &
Center Street.

^^''^i.^^'^^^^lir^-/^

Kester Cockreli and one of many lambs, March 1969.

Bob Johnson photo

In March 1956 this was Tom Reid's Mobil Station at the corner of Main and Andrews Street. Present home of J-D Tires.

276

Frederick C. Lyon, C. Walker Lyon, Hon. J. Blaine Anderson, Fred H. Snook, Sr., Hon. Arnold T. Beebe, Fred Snook, Jr., at a ceremony
honoring Fred Snook, Sr. & C. Walker Lyon for serving over 50 years each as Salmon attorneys. 1983.

Eager youngsters watch as "Big John Strong's Circus" comes to town.

277

Loulla T. Carpenter, Edna Livingston and Mae Mulkey.

In 1955 the Salmon Bakery was a thriving business. Here Marilyn
Ihle Bodily & Gertrude Ihle are ready to serve customers.

Harold Gilpin - October 1955.

278

Walter Ihle and Melvin Pontius - 1955.

Salmon Bread
Goes to Washington

By request of Congressman Paul Schaffer of
Michigan, the Salmon Bakery has sent by Air-Mail,
Potato Bread to Washington, to participate in a
program for using the surplus potatoes. We are
proud to be recognized as one of the leading Idaho
Bakeries. So to help the program along we urge you
to eat QUALITY POTATO BREAD.

You will find ir in every slore in Sa!mon
and vicinity.

The Salmon Bakery

Past Masters of the Carmen Grange and wives ■ Front: Laurita
Black, Mae Gutzman, Ruth Larson, Leitha Slavin, Ethel
McFarland, Mae Webb, Janice Slavin. Second row: Mildred
Brown, Shane Brown, Ted Slavin, Harold Black, Harry Briggs, Earl
(Hooley) Larson, Ernest Neal, John Gutzman, John Webb.

279

Recent aerial view of Salmon and vicinity looking NE.

Dale Ford photo

Recent aerial view of Salmon and vicinity looking SW.

Dale Ford photo

280

EPILOGUE

The British historian Macaulay said, "The history of a country is best told
in a record of the lives of its people." There are countless wonderful stories
of earlier times in Lemhi County, and we are grateful to all those who have
helped to record so many of them.

A glance at the staff credits page will show that a number of people helped
to produce these volumes, but over the course of the two years required to
accomplish the publication of the books, one person has held the project
together. That person is Magistrate Judge Fred Snook. Without his determi-
nation, research and writing, to say nothing of his unfailing enthusiasm, oc-
casionally in the face of disappointment, none of us would have come together
to do our part.

Originally this history was intended to be written in one volume, however,
it soon became evident that one volume could not comfortably hold the mass
of material collected about the area and its people. Indeed, two volumes were
found to be inadequate, and the book became a three volume set.

There will be those who feel that certain important events, places or people
have been omitted, and there will be others who will argue with the material
presented. To these people let me say, "We did our very best to record, as
accurately as possible, not only the earliest people and times, but to relate
those times to the present." Each person's memory of a single event varies
to a greater or lesser degree, and with that in mind we ask that you be tolerant
of seeming inconsistencies in the telling of our history.

It was our feeling that the stories of progress in the county through the
years make it important to include accounts of present day people as well as
the pioneers. No generation stands alone, and we will all become a part of
our history one day. History is, after all, an endless stream of individual lives;
each one linked to countless others, and all affected by the events of their
time. Very soon tomorrow will be yesterday.

Marilyn M. Alford

Assistant Chairman

Lemhi County History Committee

281

INDEX

Volume I

Abbot(t), Edwin K.

128, 192, 196,

222, 242
Adams 117, 156
Adams, Buck 262
Adams, George 169
Adams, Henry, Col. 107
Adams, Paul 217
Aikens, "Babe" 208
Aikens, Dorothy 117,

208
Aikens, Emma 208
Aikens, Lee 208
Aikens, Stella 117
Aikens, Varnie 117,208
Aikens, Virgil 117
Ainsworth, David 226,

256
Albertson, Nellie 181,

182
Albertson, Horace 169
Alder family 114
Aldous 217
Aldous, Eleanor 217
Aldous, Teresa 118
Alexander, R, R. 122
Allan, Frank 169
Allan, John F. 169
Allen 22
Allen family 119
Allen, George Leiand

214
Alihands, Bemard 169
Allison, Frank 151
Allison, John F. 169
Alphin 253
Amar, Barbara 257
Amar, Kimberly 257
Amar, Sheryl 256-257
Ames, George 246
Ames, Lucy Webster

253
Ames, Ted 200
Amonson, A. C. 225
Amonson family 119,

253
Amonson, Jean Simon-
son 117
Amonson, Mrs. 261
Amonson, Peter 14, 21,

24, 29, 165, 169,

188
Anderson, Frank Wallace

188
Anderson, Gary 257
Anderson, Geneal 254
Anderson, George 189
Anderson, George D.

109, 132-133
Anderson, J. Blame 277
Anderson, J. N. 214
Anderson, Joe 174
Anderson, Margaret

Bauer 133
Anderson, R. A. 214
Anderson, Rose Works

188
Anderson, William C. 31,

36, 190, 216
Andrews, Boyd 271
Andrews, Daisy 87
Andrews, Frank 242
Andrews, Martha 257
Andrews N. I. 13, 14,

82, 87, 165
Andrews, Nellie 131
Andrews, Noran I. (Hay-

nes) 173
Andrews, Norman I.,

Mrs. 202
Andrews, Norman I.

202, 207
Andrews, Thomas K.

24, 35, 102
Andrews, W. H. 14, 28,

131
Andrews, W. J. 18
Andrews, William H. 216
Andrus, Cecil Gov. 73,

218, 261
Andrus family 119
Anglin 132
Anglin, Bill 229
Anglin, Kelly 132, 230
Anglin, Viola 132, 229-

230
Ankrum, Sheila 257
Armstrong family 114
Armstrong, Percy 149
Armstrong, Terry 269
Amett 169
Arriwite, Ben 58
Arriwite, Bill 58
Arriwite, Coburn 58
Arriwite, Elvina 58
Arriwite, Hattie 60
Arriwite, Irene Nappo 55
Arriwite, Leo 58, 60
Arriwite, Lillian 58
Arriwite, Sadie 58
Atkins, Thomas J. 216,

222

Babcock, F. A. 188
Baer, Frank 44
Bailey, Robert G. 72
Baker, Allen 208
Baker, Darrell 157
Baker family 113, 116,

120
Baker, William (Bill) 218-

219, 259, 270
Baker, William. R. 169
Ball family 113

Ball, Seth A. 13, 124,

219, 274
Ball, Thomas H. 217
Ball, Wayne 157

Ballinger, Zera W. 133
Bandurraga, LeRoy,

Rev. 185
Banks, Bennie 133
Banks, Dick 244
Bannock, John 83
Barber, Ada 226

Barbet 239
Barclay, Charles 222
Barkes, Coleen 256
Barnes, Al 164
Barnett family 119
Barrack, Alexander

(Sandy) 177
Barrack, Alexander 14,

35
Barrack, Alta 201
Barrack family 113, 119
Barrack, John 165, 201
Barrack, John 165
Barrack, Josephine 201
Barrett, Gertrude M.

217-218
Barry, Henry P. 219
Barsalou family 119
Barsalou, Frank 243
Bart(e)l, Angelic 102
Bart(e)l, Tolbert 102
Bart(e)l, Rena 102
Bartlett, Richard 106
Bartlett, Thomasl06
Barton 10
Barton, Eloise 115
Barton family 114
Barton, Lester 115
Barzee family 119
Bates family 119
Bates, William 170
Bauer, Clarence 113
Bauman family 110
Baumert, Bill 276
Beach, Charlie 142,

260
Beagle, Al 170
Beagle, Bill 170
Bean, Annis, Mrs. 236
Bear, George 183
Beason, A. W. 219
Seattle, Ellen 161
Beattie family 113
Beattie, James 161,

165, 207
Beattie, Will 242
Beattie, Bert M. 214
Beatty, Willie 204
Beaversack, Elmira 60
Beck, Billy 151
Beck, Dan 165
Beck family 120
Beebe, Arnold T. 277
Beedle, Al 151
Beers, Charles A. 218,

224-225
Beers, Charley 33
Beers, T. 0. 157
Bell, Lois 209
Bell, Robert N. 68, 74,

170
Bell, Vem 215
Bellamy, Clio 144, 156
Bellamy, F. W. 219
Bellamy, Frank 31, 140,

156, 219
Beller, Florin 244
Beller, 0. F. 214
Beller, Steve 119, 262
Bemis, Charles 72-73

Bemis, Polly 66, 72-73
Benedict, Ernest 119
Benedict, Helen 131
Benedict, Margaret

Swift 190
Benedict, Marian 131
Benedict, T. R. 33
Beneze, Mark, Rev. 184
Benjamin family 116
Benjamin, Lucille Ben-
son 159
Benjamin, Mr. 116
Bennett, Ned 150
Benoit, Pat 157
Benson, Henry 244
Bergeron, Abe 214
Bernard, Lewis 271
Berntsen, John, Mrs.

152
Berntsen, John 151,

152
Berridge, Isabelle 118
Bevan family 114
Biddle, Nicolas 4
Bielby family 120
Bien, Frank 133
Bills, Larry 232
Binning, Gordon 106
Birdseye, James W. 29,

170, 222
Bisson, Lois W. 236,

256
Bisson, Roy 157, 236
Black family 120
Black, Harold 279
Black, Laurita 279
Black, Val 243
Blackadar, Walter, Dr.
101, 103, 236, 270
Blackburn, Challis 21
Blackburn, Tom 21
Biasmgame, D. N. 214
Blasingame, H. J. 214
Blayden, John 267
Blayden, Marlin 267
Blayden, Ruth 257, 262
Blayden, Stefani 263
Blood family 116, 118
Bloom, Charley 187
Bodily, Marilyn Ihle 278
Boggs, Joseph 159
Bohannon family 89,

113, 114
Bohannon, Isaiah 170
Bohney, J. D. (Joe) 37,

88, 156
Boise Sam 69
Bolander, E. C. 236
Boiander, Irene 112,

115, 236
Bolton, Rose 161
Bonner, F. B. 181
Bonneville, Capt 5, 64,

165
Bontecon, James 133
Boomer, A. H. 170
Boomer, H. H. 47
Booth, J. E. 38
Boots, Aria 217-218,
248

283

Boots, Terry 119
Bosch, Herb 134
Bourdon, Michel 5
Bourne, Peter, Fr. 252,

254
Bowditch, George 244
Bowles, Corwin 245
Boyd, Cornelius A. 218
Boyd, William 159
Boyle, Claude 215
Boyle, Maggie 30
Boyle, Michael 170
Boyle, Thomas 70
Boyle, Tommy 227, 229
Bradley, Herbert 157
Bradshaw, Claire 113
Bradshaw, Clyde 113
Bradshaw, Dick 113
Bray, Mark 170
Brazelton, J. M. 214
Brenneman, Beulah

226, 256
Brenneman, Orville, Mrs.

244
Bridger, Jim 64
Briggs, Ardis 256
Briggs, Gertrude 279
Briggs, Harry 279
Briney, E. 11
Briney, W. A. 170, 217
Broadhead family 119
Brog, Jean 256-257
Brog, Paul 243
Brough, Fred 24, 156,

242-243
Brough, Fred Lowell

279
Brough, John 24, 27,

242
Brousseau, James E.

252
Brown, Bill 24
Brown, D. H. (Shorty)

252
Brown, Doris Webb 140
Brown, Emily 181
Brown family 1 15
Brown, George 242
Brown, George K. 222
Brown, Helen 131
Brown, J. W. 218
Brown, Joseph D. 217
Brown, Joshua 24, 35
Brown, Mildred 279
Brown, Minor A. 216,

218
Brown, Scott 140, 238
Brown, Shane 279
Brown, W. F. 26
Brown, W. S. (Bill), Jr.

131
Brown, Walter Scott

204
Brown, William J. 157
Bruce, A. T. 171
Bruce, Mr. 114, 118
Bryan, W. J. 14
Bryant, Billy 242
Bryon, George 13
Bu Kee 6, 74-75
Buchanon, Mrs. 103
Bucklin, Jessie 84
Budge, Alfred 218
Buker, Mr. 149
Bull, Pierce J. 13

Bundy, Jack 26
Burch family 115
Burgraf family 120
Burgreen, Martin 164
Burk, W. H. 28
Burleigh, H. J. 218
Burleigh, Henry J. 72
Burnham, Alta Barrack

201
Burns 171
Burtenshaw 233
Buster, Cathy 243
Buster family 116
Buster, Pug 136
Buster, Richard (Dick)

243
Butler, Gerald 222,

243, 276
Butschke, Frank 124
Butterfield, William G.

214, 215
Buttermilk Jim 51
Butts, Festus 18, 218-

219

Caldwell, Monte 260
Call, Dave 219, 262
Call family 119
Calvin, Mary 134-135
Calvin, Mary C. 133
Cameahwait, Chief 1, 4,

51, 58 105, 110,

180, 232
Cameron, Kinney 150
Cammack, Frank 271
Campbell, Arthur 124
Campbell, Jim 73
Campbell, Myrtle 117
Campbell, Nancy Jane

106
Campbell, Thomas 248
Cannon, Bessie Moore

79, 202
Cannon, Bill 78-79
Cannon, Billie 114
Cannon, Joe 78
Cannon, Mary 133
Cannon, William J. (Bill)

79 223, 242, 243,

262
Caples, J. W. 28
Caples, James W. (Jim)

115 217, 261
Caples, Phyllis 21 1,227
Capps family 113
Carey, John 73
Carl, Alice 201
Carl, Ann 209
Carl, Anna 201
Carl, Fred 221, 222,

224
Carl, Herman 201
Carlson 115
Carlson, Bessie 115

Carlson,
Carlson,
Carlson,
Carlton,
Carman,
Carman
Carman,
Carnes,
Games,

Bob 116
Doug 248
Selway 214
Duncan 214
Benjamin 171
family 112
Martha J. 171
Bob 137
Don 156

Carnes, Donald 137
Carnes, J. P. 156
Carpenter, Estelle, Mrs.

226
Carpenter, Loula T.

161, 278
Carr, Belle 44
Carr, Nat 200
Carson, Kit 165
Casey, Barton B. 133
Casey, Doug 222, 248
Casey, Elizabeth 248
Casey family 114, 116
Casey, Frank T. 133,

135
Casey, Lillian 187
Casterlin, Don 79
Casterlin, Erie H. 218,

223, 224, 244
Catey, Charles 6
Catey, Rebecca Ann 6,

12
Cavaness, R. B. 183
Chaffin, Wade 157
Challis, A. P. 216, 217
Chamberlain 239
Chamberlain, Charles G.

8, 18 217, 231
Chamberlain, George

171, 229
Chamberlain, Mrs. 103
Chandler, Elsie 119
Chandler family 113,

119
Chandler, Louise 105
Chandler, Martin 105-

106
Chandler, Vern 97, 131
Chaney, Glen 159
Chapman, Dan T. 247
Charbonneau, Jean Bap-

tiste 4-5
Charbonneau, Lisette 5
Charbonneau, Pomp(y)

4
Charbonneau, Toussaint

1,4-5
Charley 69

Chase, Dan 158, 242
Chase, Emeline Steven

38
Chase, Fred 131
Chase, Hal H. 217
Chase, Helen 122
Chase, Josiah E. 38,

161, 218
Cheney, Arthur 106
Cheney, Matilda 106
Cheney, Ray 261
Cheney, Tillie 106
Chicken Nose 51, 53
Chin Lee 72
China Jack 30, 71
Ching Quong 71, 189
Chorn, Amy 257
Chrissman 251
Christensen, J. 271
Christensen, Morris 154
Christensen, Hacksaw

Tom 136-137
Christian family 119
Chury, A. C. 72
Clark, A. D.151
Clark, Bill 231
Clark, Carl 149

Clark, David J. 183
Clark family 113
Clark, John 217
Clark, Lloyd 234, 269
Clark, Richard, Dr. 262
Clark, William, Capt. 1-

4, 51, 58, 59, 100.

105, 139, 159, 165,

174, 180, 228, 230,

232, 237, 261, 270
Clarke, J. H. 175
Claussen, Maria 119
Clawson, E. H. 214
Clayton, Beulah 122,

201
Clayton, Grace 201
Clemmens family 119
Clemow, George 33
Cleveland, Solomm J.

132
Cleveland, Thomas 189
Clough, John P. 217
Clough, Lucy 181
Coan, Mike 263
Coates, Bert 248
Cochran, Betty J. 257
Cochran, Maurice 156-

157 243, 271, 276
Cochrane 24
Cockrell, Beverly 261-

262
Cockrell, Charles Wash-
ington 47
Cockrell family 113
Cockrell, Kester 276
Cockrell, Ora 248, 274
Cockrell, Ray 261
Coghan, George 133
Coiner family 115, 119
Coiner, Hugh 222
Coiner, V. A. 217
Coiner, Vern 248
Colby, Keno 63
Coleman family 115
Coles family 120
Coles, John 274
Collins, Billy 164
Collins, William 164
Colson 171
Colter, John 3
Colvin, H. E. 222
Colvin, Ray 243
Combs, Dale 183
Combs, Dame 16-17,

22
Combs- Stauffer, Ramon-

a 227
Condie, Clarence 214
Conley 115
Conley, Cort 73
Connor, Tim 21, 189
Connors, Tim 218-219
Conroy family 118
Cook family 120
Cook, J. A. 8
Cook, Jack 120, 266-

267
Cook, Kim 262
Cooper, J. Newt 171
Cope family 118
Copeland, Kyle 119
Cordova, Tina 258
Corrigan family 114,

116
Corum, Earl, Mrs. 244

284

Corum, Rose 158
Cote, Joseph 5
Cottom family 113
Cottom, Morris 119
Courier, Charley 16-17
Cowen, Frederick J. 27,

218
Cox family 119
Craig, Jack 121
Craigue, William H, 28,

222
Grain, Joe 13, 38
Cram, Rice 214
Cramer, Jack 171, 174
Cramer, Kathleen 227
Crandall, Fred 222
Crawford, Holbrook,

Mrs. 46
Crazy Jack 75
Crehan, J. H. 94
Criderman 172
Crofts family 114
Cronk, James 171
Cronkrite, George W.

220
Crosby, Michael 262
Grow Old Man 51, 58
Gruikshank, Alexander

171
Crumley, Ted 269
Cruzatte, Pierre 1
Cubitt, Charles 164
Culver, Buck 150

Dahle, Voyd 243
Daily, Eve 90
Daly 171

Daniels, Dorothy 115
Daniels, Edgar 115
Daniels family 115
Daniels, Seth 97
Danilson, W. H. 52
Darnutzer 239
Darnutzer, Chris 231
Darnutzer, Lena 19
David 172
David, Caleb 217
Davidson, Roland H.

187, 217
Davis 24

Davis, Anna B, 158
Davis, Dan 172
Davis, Daniel, Rev. 184
Davis, J. W. 14, 172
Davis, Jay 244
Dawson 106
Dawson, Ruby 209
Dean, Georgeien 133
DeCora family 114
DeCora, Shirley 131
Decoria, John 134
Deep Water, Lucy 63
Degen, Joseph 172
deKalb, Gregoria 188
Delong, Mavis 261
DeMark, Frank 157
Demick, Louis 214
Demoss family 112
Dempsey 183
Denney, Thompson 85
Denny, Bonita 118
Denny, Elvina 131
Denny, Everett 118

Denny family 115
Denny, Gilmore 118
Denton, Joe 187
Deriar, Johnl72
DeWolf, Edward 164
Dickens, Sue 257
Digles, Clara 120
Dillard, Ralph 156
Dillon, Ben K. 124, 232
Ditta-cony-diva 62
Dodge, R. R. 32
Doebler, Bertha 161
Doebler, Charles 222
Doebler, William G. 221,

222
Donlan, Francis 114
Donnelly, EInora 120
Donnelly, James 172
Doty family 119
Douglas, Ed 264, 271
Dove, Timothy 217
Downing family 114
Doyle, Wilma 256
Drake, Merle 248
Drouillard, George 1
Dryer, Roy L. 209
Duncan, Hugh, Rev.

161, 180
Dunkin, John 214
Dunlap Family 89
Dunlap, Robert 24, 25,

29, 217-218
Dunn, Ervin 271
Dunton, Fred P. 217
Dunton, Willard 133,

188
Durand, Helen 227
Durand, Roy 223, 243
Dutch Charley 150

Eagle, Rosetta 60
Eby, E. T. 188
Eby, Lucien 164
Edersall family 242
Edwards, Anna 133
Edwards, Bob 11
Edwards, Corinne 200
Edwards, Eddie E. 217
Edwards, Edgar S. 13,

14, 24, 27, 63, 70,

165, 190, 207, 217
Edwards, Eugene 157
Edwards, Frank 200
Edwards, Gertrude 200
Edwards, Guy 29, 218,

242
Edwards, Janice 200
Edwards, Lois 200
Edwards, Ray 244
Edwards, Susan Cox

27,46
Edwards, William L. 133
Egbert, Del 157
Egge, James 215, 219
Elder, Ethan 204
Elder family 113
Elder, Newton 204
Elder, Thomas 72, 120,

204
Eldridge family 114,

118
Elliott, Lew 209
Ellis, Alvin 145

Ellis, Bessie 211
Ellis, Boisel88
Ellis family 112, 115
Ellis, George 16, 231
Ellis, Kathy 257
Ellis, Mae Louise 120
Ellis, Wilson 18, 131,

188, 231
Ellsworth, George 259
Ellsworth, James 217,

225, 261
Emerson, Marian 227
England family 113,

116
England, Jim 75
Engle, Alcinda 13
Ennis, Jack 172
Ericsson, Gary 262
Ernst, Charles 151
Ernst, Charles, Mrs.

151
Evans, Chipsl71
Evans, Isaac 18, 217
Evarts family 116
Everson, John 172

Fadness, Roberta 257
Fahey, Jeremiah 133,

217
Falconbury, Lynn 150
Falkner, W. H. 22
Falls, Lorenzo 172, 231
Faltham, Lot 124
Fane, Jasper 222
Fannin, Baby Joe 169
Fannin, Joe 169
Fannin, Nellie 169
Faraday, Sandra 159
Farnsworth, William 22
Farquhar, Phyllis 257
Faulkner, Marjean 131
Fayle, Bill 231
Fayle, W. H. 217
Fenn, Frank E., Maj. 249
Ferguson, A. E. 222
Figley, Bill 274
Fin(n)ell, J. G. 218-219
Finlayson, Phoebe Ann

227
Finnegan, Thomas 229
Finster, Jacob 8, 14, 25
Finstur(Feinsteur), Jacob

172
Fisher, Fred 53
Fisher, Harry B. 244
Fisher, John B. 33
Fitch 90
Fitzgerald, Emma P.

132
Fitzgerald, Milan 183
Fitzgerald, Pat 261,

262
Fitzpatrick, James 251-

252
Fitzpatrick, Joe 156
Flynn, John 23
Fong Kee 30
Foo, Ah 75
Ford, Albert H. 172,

217
Ford, Henry 173
Forney, Henry 172
Forris, W. A. 165

Fortney, Harvey 156
Foss, Ed 271
Fosterson, Frank 188
Fowler, H. B. 70
Fowler, William 209
Fox, Charles 229
Fox, Charles, Mrs. 229
Francis, Grace Kinsbury

142
Frazee 242

Frazee family 116, 118
Frazee, Guy 214, 229
Frazee, Irene 132
Frazier, Emerson 219
Frazier, Sheriff 138
Freel, Dave 262
Freeman, James 172
French 24, 28
French Joe 231
Frey family 117
Frost, H. E. 38
Frost-Kane, Mertia 161
Fryberger, Dates 226
Fulkerson, Jess 271
Fuller, James K. 24, 35,

216
Fullmer, Willard A. 131
Furey, Sherman F. Jr.

218, 222, 248
Furey, Sherman III 218
Furness, Sherrie 261

Gable, Ira 274
Gage family 114, 116
Gant, John 173
Gardener, Erie Stanley

153
Gass, Patrick, Sgt. 2-3
Gattin brothers 22
Gautier family 116
Gaver, Cady 134
Gaver, J. J. 134
Gaver, John 134
Geertson family 113
Geertson, Lars C. 173,

191 194, 198
Gentle, Edna Sims 119
George, Breechcloth

(Billie) 55
George, Camille 55
George, Cora 55, 61,

62
George, Emma 57
George, Emma Lu 60
George, Weeto Wats 55
George, Willie Jr. 56, 60
George, Willie Sr. 51,

55-58
Gertson, I. C. 165
Gertson, Ward 165
Gibbon, John, Col. 173
Gibbon, John, Gen. 108
Gibbs, John 173
Gibson, Jack 52
Gibson, Lucille 257
Gies, Isadora 251, 252
Gies, Richard 251
Gilbert, Charley F, 187
Gilbreath, Earl L. 218
Gill, Wilbur 156
Gilmer, J. R. 89
Gilmer, John T.{Jack)

173

285

Gilpin, Harold 278
Gilson, J. J. 217
Girton, Carrie 13
Girton, Carrie Green 13
Girton, Charles 13
Girton, Dixon 13
Girton, Elizabeth 13
Girton, James 13
Girton, Lottie 13
Girton, T. Ward 7, 12,

13
Girton, Wilson 13
Glanzer, Janice 257
Glarieus, Bishop 181
Glavin, Gladys 113
Glavin, Marion 113
Glendenning 181
Glendenning, James 8,

23, 33, 216, 226
Glennon, L. E. 124,

222, 225
Glennon, Mrs. 11
Goddard, Geraldine 206
Goddard, T. R. 214
Godfrey, Herb 229
Godfrey, Vivian 229
Goggins, John R., Dr.

103
Gooch, Warren 106
Goodard family 119
Goodeli family 113
Goodell, Jessie 158-159
Goodeli, Phillip 113
Goodman, Bill 183
Goodman, Charles 271
Goodrich, Ethel 120
Goodwin family 116
Gorley, James 173
Gott, Bettye 256
Gott, Donald 113
Gott, Francis 113
Gough, Laura Chorn

257
Gough, Merelda 257
Gould, Agnes 61, 62
Gould, Austin 62
Grant, Johnny 64
Gray, Bonnie 257
Grayot, Don 156-157
Green, Albert 16-17, 22,

201
GresI, Peter, Fr. 181-

182
Grey, Zane 107, 153
Grieber, Hilliard 260
Grimes, H. J. 242
Groll, Bonnie 261
Groom, Hattie 183
Grooms, Mrs. 89
Gross, George V. 217
Gross, W. D. 143
Grouse Pete 52
Grove family 119
Groves, S. A., Mrs. 22
Grubb, George 217
Grubb, Georgie 188
Guallupe, A. C. 167
Guleke, Catherine 149
Guleke, Harry, Capt. 30,

69, 136, 143, 146,

148-149, 166, 260,

262
Gupton, Sam 184
Guth, Kaye 261
Guth, Paula 263

Gutzman, Bob 269
Gutzman, John 173,

279
Gutzman, Mae 279
Guyaz family 261
Guyton, Edward 222
Gwartney, Bob 243
Gwartney, L. N. (Mick)

192, 222, 223, 224
Gwartney, Mike 262

Hacksaw Tom 136-137
Hagel, Bob 149
Haggin, J. B. 173
Hale family 114
Hall family 119
Hall, Francis R., Jr. 218
Hall, Frank 172
Hallock, Esther 257
Hamilton family 115,

120
Hamilton, Mildred 183
Hamlin, Madora Meeks

159
Hammer, May 55
Hammerean 173
Hamp, Oren 173
Hank, William J. 214
Hanmer, Charles F., Dr.

33, 86, 101, 124,

193, 197, 222, 248
Hanmer, Edwin J. 224
Hanmer, Helen 271
Hanmer, W. F. (Bill) 24,

248, 271
Hansbrough, George F.

218
Hanson, Alice K. 133
Hanson, Harold 133
Harbor, Vicki 261
Hard 188

Harden, Jeanne 137
Harden, Vernon 136,

137, 138
Harder, Charles 135,

136
Harder, Rennie 135,

136
Harding, Susan 201
Hardy, Racine L. 133
Hargraves family 113
Harlow, Harley E. 214
Harriman, Averill 153
Harrington, J. A. 23
Harris, Smokey 274
Harris, Snookie 256
Harris, Tony 214
Harris, Virgil 157
Harris, Walter 271
Hart, Minnie 226
Hart, W. B., Dr. (Doc)

39, 149
Hatcher, Glen 185
Hauff, Patricia A. 222
Havemann, F. G. 242
Havemann, Frank H. 11,

13
Havemann, Fred 131
Havemann, Milt 271
Havens, Harold 183
Hawkins, Shelly 256
Hawley, D. B. 15
Hawley, Denny 216

Hawley, E. R. 173
Hayden family 113
Hayden, James 173
Hayden, Jim (James)

16- 17, 22
Haynes, H. F. 143
Haynes, Hiram F. 217
Heath, Benjamin L. 18,

216, 217
Heckendorf, Carl, DVM

262
Heglund, Alford 164
Heidemann, Evelyn 257
Heidemann, Harold 261
Heidner, Ethel. M. 183
Heidt, Lena Dellen 108-

109, 133
Hellman, Adam 173
Hellman family 116
Hemmert, John 157
Hemmert, Max 24, 243,

248, 264, 266, 270-

271
Hemstead, Hazel 115
Henderlider, Robert 224
Henderson, John 157
Herbert, E. W. 164
Herman, Tern 257
Herndon, Betty Lou 250
Herndon, Charles 218,

243, 268
Herndon, James A. 128,

218, 226, 250
Herndon, Joe 24, 25,

183 243, 271
Herndon, John 250
Herndon, John Charles

250
Herndon, Lucille Tway

250, 273
Herndon, Millicent 226
Herndon, Roy B. 131,

217, 224
Hewitson, Marmaduke

34
Hewlett, R. G. 188
Hibbs family 114, 119
Hibbs, Jim 139
Hikson family 117
Hill, Emerson 32, 220
Hill, George 165
Hill, John 200
Hillman, Roger 119
Hines, Augusta 161,

256
Hines, Gary 262
Hinkle, Lena 13
Hirshey, Ann Carl 209
Hissmell, J. C. 219
Hitesman family 118
Hixson, Myrtle 209
Hobb, R. E. 218
Hobbs, Alice 218, 245
Hobbs, Glenn 245
Hockensmith, James H.

165, 173 202, 207,

217
Hockensmith, James H.,

Mrs. 202
Hodges, Audrey 209
Hodges, Gar 268
Hodges, Gar, Mrs. 268
Hoffman family 115
Hoffman, Merle 236
Hoffman, Roy 233

Hogan, John 217-218

Hogle 173

Holberg, Thomas H.

131
Holbert, Homer 131
Holbrook 24
Holbrook family 112,

113, 114, 116, 117,

119
Holbrook, John 182
Holbrook, Will 182
Holcomb, B. E. 214
Holcomb family 114
Holgate, Harry 243
Holland, William A. 216
Hooper family 118
Hornback, Anthony 14
Hornbeck, Anthony 161
Hornbeck, Margaret

161
Horton, James 202,

207
Houver, Joe 215
Howard, Gen. 83, 171
Howard, Helen 256
Howe family 118
Howell, George 224
Hoy, Shirley 218
Hubbard, E. L., Dr. 33,

103, 203
Hubbard, E. L., Mrs.

203
Hubbard, Tom 24
Huber, Hap 271
Hudelson, Greta 118
Hudson family 114
Huggins, Flora 122
Huggins, Margaret 120
Hughes, Barney 174
Hughes, George 188
Hughes, Robert B. 219
Hughes, Taylor 188
Hulihan, John 228
Hulihan, Patty 228
Hull, Charles M. 217
Hull, Charles Robert 188
Hull family 118
Hull, Joseph 174
Hungate, Tom 11
Hunsaker, Pat 268
Hurst, George 189
Husaker, Lavan 268

Ibach, Benjamin F. 216
Ibach family 116
Igou, John 217-218
Igou, Logue 229
Igou, OraL. 132
Ihle, Gertrude 278
Ihle, Walter 279
Indian Tribes:
Bannock 6, 71
Blackfeet 1, 3, 5, 166
Flathead 4
Hidatsa 4
Lemhi 4, 51-59, 185,

270
Mandan 4
Minnetree 4
Nez Perce 1, 5, 6, 16,

17, 21, 22, 64, 71,

108, 166, 171, 175,

185

286

Omaha 4
Pakeek 110
Sheepeater 12, 55, 71,

166, 185
Shoshone(i) 1, 34, 6,

51-59, 105, 166,

185
Snake 5
Infanger 261
Inf anger family 116
Infanger, Ray E. 224
Innes, Gilbert 156
Irvin, Francis 144
Irvin, Ralph 144, 244
Isley, Robert 218-219

Jakovac, David 118
Jakovac, Gayle 209
Jakovac, Ramona 118
Jakovac, William 157
James, Frank and Jesse

228
James, Neal 222
Jarvis family 119
Jeanjaquet, E. H. 27,

158
Jenkins, A. P. 216
Jenkins, E. J. 217
Jeppson, Lemuel 182
Jewell, J. P. 120, 222
Jewell, John 117
Jewett, Emma 208
Jewett, Wesley 208
Johns 239

Johns, R. H. 18, 217
Johnson, "Shoeshoe"

177
Johnson 106, 140
Johnson, Art 208
Johnson, Bob 261
Johnson, David B. 131
Johnson, Edward 219
Johnson, Esther 257
Johnson family 120
Johnson, George F. 131
Johnson, I. C. 165
Johnson, Mac 185
Johnson, Pearl 208
Johnson, Rattlesnake

139
Johnson, Richard 13
Johnson, Sheriff 121
Johnson, Zack, Dr. 101,

102, 156
Johnston, Millard 214
Jolly, Van 269
Jones, Chuck 269
Jones, Dei 222, 243
Jones family 118, 119
Jones, Hiram J. 222
Jones, Martin 72
Jones, Mike 132
Jones, Phyllis 131, 132
Jones, Ruffan, Rev. 182
Jones, Sam 228
Jones, W. B. 72
Jones, Willis 150
Jordan, John 164
Joseph, Chief 16, 23,

35, 64

Kadletz, Bill 200
Kadletz, Emmett 206
Kadletz family 113, 114
Kadletz, John W. 174,

222
Kadletz, Mabel 111,

145
Kadletz, Miss 200
Kadletz, Olive 201
Kadletz, Will 44, 86
Kane, Barbara 119
Kane, Charles B. 216,

244
Kane, Chuck 266
Kane, Thomas 242
Kaufman, Clarence 150
Kearsley, Merle 133
Keele, Eunice 183
Keele, Wilfred 183
Keim, Maria 187
Keirnes, Donna 257
Keith, Elmer 138, 149,

221, 222, 264
Kellogg, James 113,

208
Kellogg, Verna, Mrs.

113
Kelly, Harry 27, 216
Keni-botts, Johnson 51
Kennedy, Mack 164
Kenney, Dwight J. 217
Kenney, George A., Dr.

10, 24,

28, 35, 86, 100-103,

174, 222
Kerin, Frank 223, 243
Kerr, Jim 174
KesI 10

KesI, Elmer 118
KesI family 119
Kessel, Tom 263
Ketchum, Dave 71
Ketchum, Ella 226
Ketchum, Jim 11
Keys, A. L., Mrs. 209
Ki, Ah 72

Kierman, Thomas 23
Kiessling, Richard, Rev.

184
Kildare, Maurice 188
Kilpatrick family 116
Kimball, Ethel 16
King, A. D. 181
King, Connie 201
Kingsbury, Adele 152
Kingsbury, George W.

216
Kingsbury, H. E. 154
Kirk, Armstead L. 217
Kirkham, John E. 214
Kirkham, Margaret Shar-
key 13
Kirkpatrick family 114
Kirkpatrick, Orion E.

11, 13, 126-130,
161,

Kirtley, Charles L. 222
Kirtley, Charles L., Dr.

101
Kirtley, Frank 35
Kirtley, James L., Jr.

217
Kirtley, James L. Sr. 13,

24, 33, 34, 120,

161, 174,207,224,

242
Kirtley, Mary 161
Kirtley, Pat 209
Kirtley, Rose C, Mrs.

120
Klein, Harold 187
Kleinkenheimer, Pete 73
Klinger, Lucien 131
Klingler, Ken 243
Klingler, Virginia 255
Knapp, John 215
Knock, Edna 113
Koester, Bill 243
Kohl, Betty 159
Kohl family 115
Kriley, Carl J. 243
Kroeger, Fred 260
Kunter, W. 0. 156
Kuntz, John 164
Kuppers, Francis, Fr.

180
Kurry, Albert 130, 150
Kurry, Albert, Mrs. 150-

151
Kurry, Henry 130, 150
Kurry, Herman 8

Labiche, Francois, Pvt.

4
LaFevers, French 8
Lakes, Arthur 252
Lamb, Norman A. 251,

252
Lambert, Ed 96
Lambeth, Dave 117
Lambeth, Jennie 117
Lambeth, John 117
Lambeth, Laura 117
LaMunyan, Bill 113
LaMunyan, E. F. 214
LaMunyan, George 250
LaMunyan, Williston J.

131
Langsdorf, Jessie M.

218
Langston, Phillip G. 185
Lapp, 0. C. 251
Larson, Earl (Hooley)

276, 279

Larson, Hooley 156-157

Larson, Ruth 279

Laughlin, Joe 229

Lawson, Hana 107

Layton, Charles 188-
189

La^-ton, Roy 188

Leacock, Abner 169-
175

Leacock, Clara 10

Leacock, Pearl 201

Leavit, Dr. 19

Lee, Andy 1 50

Lee, Charles 174, 187

Lee family 115

Lee, Frank Charles 214

Lee, J. D., Dr. 107

Lee, Lila 209

Lee Wing 70

Leesburg 70th Anniver-
sary Attendence 125

Leiande, Laura 102

Lelande, Lucy 102

Leiande, Mabel 102

Lelande, Rachel 102
Leiande, Thelma 102
Lemble, J. D. 219
Lemhi Numa Divo 62
Lemons, Don 270
Lewis, Cougar Dave

154
Lewis, Harry 180
Lewis, Meriwether, Capt

1-4, 51, 58, 59,

100, 105, 159,165,

174, 180, 185, 228,

230,232,237,261,

270
Lewis, W. J. (Billy) 243,

270- 271
Li, Ah 72
Lind, Cora 247
Lindsey, Archie E. 214
Ling family 119
Ling, Veola 118
Ling, Vonda 118
Lipe, Charles 65
Lipe, Charles 55, 200,

229
Lipe, Chuck 97 .
Lipe family 115
Lipe, Harvey 97, 104
Lipe, Jacob 55
Lipe, Jake 200
Lipe, Robert W. 214
Lish family 114, 115,

118
Literal, M. R. (Bob) 215,

217
Little, R. B. 94
Livingston, Carlos 271
Livingston, Edna 278
Lockland, Joe ('Tom')

155
Long, Bertha 73
Long, Charles 217
Long, John 216
Longhurst, Lyie 262
Look Fai 72
Loucks, Bob 261
Love, Frank 150
Loveless, John P. 214
Loveless, Wayne 223
Luderman, William 189
Ludwig, Arthur C. 13,

189
Lum Coy 70
Lum How 75
Luttig, John C. 5
Lykens, Col. 233
Lyn, Jasper 10
Lynch, Nep 268
Lyon, C. Walker 156,

271, 277
Lyon, Ed 45
Lyon, Frederick C.

218, 277
Lyon, Jasper 11

MacKenzie, Donald 5,

165
MacNab, A. J. 14
Magee, Red 46
Maguire, Don 174
Mahaffee family 114,

116
Mahaffey family 118

287

Mahaffey, James 219
Mahaffey, Steve 231,

248, 270
Mahaffey, Steve, Sr.

176, 264
Mahoney, Alice, Mrs. 8,

10-11, 124
Mahoney, Delia 11
Mahoney, Ezra 174
Mahoney family 114,

119
Mahoney, Jim 157
Major Jim 83, 84, 110
Malcolm family 113
Manasco, Colston W.

159, 160
Manful!, Charles Roy

214
Mansfield, Maurice, Bro.

252
March, Bob 271
Marley family 118
Marshall family 113,

119
Marshall, Leo 262
Marsing, Nels 0. 171
Martin, Donald E. 117,

219 220, 223
Martin, Florence 271
Martin, George (Bally)

13, 14
Martin, George A. (Bal-

dy) 169
Martin, Isabelle 120
Martindale, Tom 152
Martinelli, James C. 31,

33
Martinelly, James 226
Martinely, Sam 72
Marvin family 116
Massie, Henry 174
Mathewson, Chester B.

216
Mathewson, Chester G.

157, 158
Mathis, IdaB, 133
Mattewson, C. G. 224
Matthews, Arlen 115
Matthews, Vernon 115
Matthews, Warren 115
Matuchia 72
Matutsi 74
Mayfield, A. A. 186
McArthur family 119
McAfee, Dale 157
McBride, Kenneth 131
McBride, Maurine 226
McBride, Robert W. 224
McCaleb, Anna B. 81,

83, 161, 181, 261
McCaleb, Anna Boyd

Vernon 23,24
McCaleb, Hope 23, 83,

120
McCaleb, Hugh 23, 83,

242
McCaleb, Jesse 23,

159, 181, 217-219,

239
McCail, F. A. 218, 223
McCall, Frank A, 131
McCardell 222
McCamey 188
McCarthy, James 251,

252

McClaren, Johnny 37
McClung, Charles 222
McConnel, William 0. 26
McCracken, C. H. 94
McCracken family 115
McCracken, Frank P.

220
McCracken, William E.

133, 135
McCrea, Earl H. 217
McCullough, John 189
McCutcheon, W. A. 94
McDermite, Dawn 119
McDermott, Reginald

133
McDevitt family 113,

114
McDevitt, Neal 174
McDonald 24
McDonald, Alice 244
McDonald, Elizabeth

120
McDonald, Finnan 5
McDonald, John 218
McDonald, John E. 217
McDonald, John W. 188
McDonald, Vem 215
McDowton family 114
McElvain, Mapel Jones

113
McFarland, A. H., Dr.

156
McFarland, Arch 157,

182, 236
McFarland, Dave 157
McFarland, Druciolla

182
McFarland, Ethel 279
McFarland family 119
McFarland, Harold 279
McFarland, Tamara 119
McFarland, Thomas 182
McFrederick, Betty 149
McFrederick, Gladys

159
McFrederick, Glen 243
McFrederick, Hazel 209
McFrederick, Hazel,

Mrs. 149
McFrederick, Jimmy

149
McGarvey, Tom 7, 12,

14, 15, 174
McGillivary, Angus 189
McGivney, Larry 156,

271
McGoldrick, Ray 222
McGraw, Eva 132
McKay, Thomas 5
McKay, William 41
McKillop, Archibald 251
McKillop, John 251
McKim 174
McKinney, Cassie 246
McKinney family 115
McKinney, Helen 224
McKinney, Jack 156,

233, 269
McKinney, John 214,

216, 233, 246
McKinney, Minnie 39
McKinney, Peter 39, 97,

192-193 196, 197,

202, 216-217, 246
McKinney, Rose 246

McKinney, Sam 216,

217, 236
McLane, Shorty 187
McNab, A. J. 35, 158,

165, 217
McNab, Christie 145
McNeai, Hugh 1
McNee, Barbara 257
McNicoll, Barbara 161
McNicoll, M. M. 35, 244
McNicoll, Murd 271
McNicoll, Robert 35,

161, 165
McNirney, Dan 174
McNutt, David 7-8, 30,

71, 165
McPheeters, Herb B.

156
McPherson, M.M. Jack

206
McPherson, M. 14, 24,

29, 35, 84, 131,

165, 217-218, 225
McPherson, Murd 121,

225
McPherson, Murdock

202, 207
McPherson, Myra 31,

244
McPherson, Paul 271
McQuade, Henry 223
McTaggart, John 189
Means, Frank 164
Meitzler, George W. 218
Meredith, Benjamin F.

131
Merritt, Ada Chase

25,38-39, 161,

196, 218
Merritt, Adrian A. 246
Merritt, Allen C. 14, 15,

25-35, 38, 87, 112,

196, 222, 242
Merritt, Clay 271
Merritt, Emma 25, 38
Merritt, Henry Clay 25,

38
Merritt, Milt 153
Metz, Charlie 151
Metzinger, George 140
Meyers, B. F., Hon. 175
Meyers, Ron 214
Miers, Mike 165
Mildon, Doreen 257
Miller, Barry 227
Miller, Bill 222
Miller, Bruce 184
Miller, C. R. 188
Miller, Dave 188
Miller family 113
Miller, Frank C. 218,

222, 248
Miller, Frank, Mrs. 226
Miller, Jimmie 271
Miller, John 219
Miller, Teddy 115
Minert, Eli 13, 15, 165

172, 207, 218
Mink, Joe 60
Mmtzer 85
Mintzer, Clara 161
Mmtzer, Olin W. 35, 38,

161
Mitchell, Billy 150
Mitchell, Charles 208

Mitchell, Fred 208
Mitchell, George 23
Mitchell, Leopal 208
Mitchell, Norene 208
Moan, Andrews 164
Mogg, Fred 175
Mohr, Rudolph 216
Monaghan, George 275
Monaghan, Grace Nagel

275
Monahan, Barney 164
Monasco, C. W. 217
Monasco, Cal 23
Monk, George H. 222
Monks, Rachel Weaver

132
Montgomery family 118
Moodie, Dennis 269
Moodie, Joseph 171
Moodie, Martha 257
Moodie, William 164
Moore, Ann 256
Moore, Bessie 202, 203
Moore, Lillian 203
Moore, Lora 203
Moore, Marion 13
Moore, Olive 201, 203
Moore, Reuben 201
Moore, Robert 1 70
Moore, Roy E. 274
Morgan 106
Morgan, John 175, 178
Morgan, John L. 8, 10,

24, 35
Morgan, Newt 188

Morman Missionaries 6,

64, 180
Morphey, Corliss R.

216, 217
Morphey, Margaret 226-

227
Morphey, Margaret Ball

114
Morphey, Richard 217
Morphey, Rose 257
Morphy, Mamie 132
Morrell family 114
Morrill, Zella 201
Morrison, Dutch 263
Morrison, Mrs. 115
Morrow, J. B. 231
Morrow, Jack 159
Morrow, W. 217
Morse 175
Morton, Robert, Mrs.

244
Morton, Tern 222
Mosher, Cisca 263
Moss, H. E. 8
Mottman, Emil 252
Moyer 173
Moyer, Charles 175
Muenkres family 113
Mulder, Fanny 101
Mulder, John L., Dr. 101

Mulder, John, Mrs. 256
Mulkey, A. 158
Mulkey Burrel 260
Mulkey, Doyle 248
Mulkey, Edith 120
Mulkey, Elijah 7-8, 12,

13, 165, 175
Mulkey family 113, 114,

115, 116

288

Mulkey, Irene C. 132
Mulkey, Joe 219
Mulkey, Mae 111, 278
Mulkey, Marion 13
Mulkey, Mrs. 72
Mulkey, Selway Lysle

179, 188
Mulkey, Thomas B. 157
Mulkey, W. L. 158
Mulkey, William L. 219,

242
Mullen, Mr. 122
Murdock, Mrs. 226
Murdock, R. M. 27, 192
Murphey, A. E., Dr. 86

100-101, 103
Murphey, Laura B. 131
Murray, James 164
Murray, John 189
Musgrove, H. P., Maj.

175
Myers, Fred 186
Myers, Roy, Rev. 184
Myers, Socrates A. 190
Mylander, Harry 115

Nappo, Joe 110
Nash, Joseph 164
Nashold, Egbert 26, 63,

219
Nathoy, Lalu (Polly) 72
Navo, Alfred 55
Navo, Bill 55
Navo, Camille 58
Navo, Charlie 55
Navo, Richard 55
Navo, Zuni 55
Neal, Ernest 279
Neal, Janice 227
Nebeker, Joe 243
Needham, J. M. 44
Negus family 119
Neiman family 115
Neison, Patricia 133
Nelson, Ernest 242
Nelson, Jack 222
Nelson, LaVerne 157
Nelson, Maude E. 247
Nepthkin, Freeman 130
Nepthkin, Freeman, Mrs.

130
Neugebauer, Debbie

247
Neugebauer, Richard H.,

Rev. 184
Neyman, Harold 221,

222 223, 243, 271
Neyman, Rick 269
Nichols, De WittL. 156,

222, 224
Nichols, Edwina 156,

271
Nichols family 119, 267
Nichols, Ralph 175,217
Nichols, Ralph A. 84, 90
Nielsen, Helen 247
Niemann, F. William

217, 234
Niemann, Earl 124
Niemann, F. W., Mrs.

210, 229
Nighswander, James M.

133, 217

Nilsson, Margaret 209
Nobel, James 13
Noble family 116
Noble, George W. 133
Noble, James 157
Norfolk, W. H.242
North, Fora A. 120
Noteware 181

O'Brien, William H. 218
O'Callahan, Catherine

89
O'Connell, William 181
O'Conner, Belle 261
O'Conner, Frank 75,

154
O'Neal, Don M. 217,

262
O'Neal, Edward 231
O'Neal family 114, 116,

118
O'Neal, Lynette 132
O'Neil, Edward 159
Oberg, Pearl 187
O'Connell, Dan 31
Odell, Geraldine God-

dard 206
Ogden 64
Ogden, Peter 165
Oliver, George 107,248
Olsen, Torben, Rev. 156
Olson, Vergil 259
Oltmer, William 217
Orcott, William 159
Orn, Ezra 172
Orr, Tern A. 257
Ostrander, John W. 217
Otter, Butch, Lt, Gov.

262
Overcast, Frank 271
Owens, Beverly 256
Oyler, Max 149

Paddison, L. F. 251
Padgham, George W.

218
Padgham, Lillian 226
Palmer, Adeline 115
Palmer family 115, 119
Palmer, Georgia 115
Palmer, Jessie 115
Palmer, John 115
Palmer, Sarah 115
Palmer, Virginia 115
Pambrun (Pambruin),

Thomas 64
Pambrun, Alex 64
Pambrun, Thomas (Pier-
re) 64
Pandoah, Charles 53
Pandoah, Daniel 53
Pandoah, Fannie Silver

51, 53
Pandoah, Grace Grouse

53
Papetti, Eddie 156
Park family 119
Parker 176
Parker, Samuel, Rev. 5,

164
Parks 176

Parmenter family 120
Parsons, Mary 119
Pattee family 114
Pattee, Fred 132, 229,

230
Pattee, Joe 125
Pattee, Joe, Mrs. 46
Pattee, Joseph 81, 110,

125 156, 176
Pattee, Paul 156
Pattee, Phoebe Snook

35
Pattee, Sheriff 71
Patterson, Eleanor Med-

ell 72
Patterson famiiyll4
Pattison, A. W. 158
Pattison, Ross 176
Paul, Mr. 260
Paul, Rhonda 257
Payne, Ed 176
Pearson family 119
Pearson, Harriet 257
Pearson, Jimmy 119
Peck, E. 157
Pedros, Peggy 133
Pedrow, Garry 133
Peebles, Gus 139
Pegoga, Cora 56
Pelton 35
Pelton, Mrs. 271
Perreau, John 176
Perry, Bill 223, 266,

271
Perry, Bob 266
Perry, Lizzie 83
Peterson 253
Peterson, Arthur 182
Peterson, Dorothy 253
Peterson, James E. 182
Peterson, Kimberly 257
Peterson, Lucille 209
Peterson, William 222,

236
Peterson, William 21,

34,176
Petoosey 70
Petrowski, Josi 44
Phelan, Lawrence W.

176
Phillips, Fred 217
Phillips, Fred 7-8, 24,

30
Phillips, Gomer 35
Phillips, Mark 243
Phillips, Ralph 214
Pierce, Clair 132
Pierce, Edward G. 187
Pierce, Johnl76
Pierce, Mary Ames 246,

247
Pierce, Ray 229
Pierce, W. F. 187, 246
Pierce, Warren 229
Pinkie, Charles 164
Pioneer, Sam James

177
Piu, Ah 71
Pixton, Joe 271
Pollard, Frank (Francis)

M. 24, 5, 112, 122-

123, 158, 76, 181,

182, 217
Pollard, Sophrona 158
Pollard, William 29

Pomp(y) 4
Pone, Ah 72
Pontius, Melvin 279
Ponzo, Phoebe 61-62
Poovey, David, Rev. 184
Pope, Emma 158
Pope family 114, 119
Pope, Horace 124
Pope, Thomas 13, 131,

158 165, 207, 217
Popejoy family 114
Porter, A. C. 44
Porter, Bennett W. 252
Porter family 117
Porter, Irene 44
Porter, Mrs. 44
Porterfield, Joe 200
Potter, Sheriff 72
Potter, William H. 161,

219
Pound, Thomas 229
Powers family 119
Prader, Andrew 251
Prange, Luke 227
Pratt, Gerone 8
Pratt, Jerome 176
Pratt, Neff 101
Preston, Mrs. 226
Prestwich family 114,

119
Price, B. F. 216
Price, Fannie 112
Prince, Lorton 13, 129
Proksch, Joe 266
Proksch, Joe 30
Prosser, Stanely 214
Pruitt, Bill 243
Pruvan, John 176
Puette, William H. 220
Pugh family 116, 117
Putt, Charles 176
Pyeatt, Anna Belle 12
Pyeatt, Don 113
Pyeatt family 113, 114,

116 117, 119
Pyeatt, John 214
Pyeatt, Lloyd 156
Pyeatt, Margaret 209
Pyeatt, Margaret Snyder

159
Pyeatt, Thomas 83, 85,

224
Pyeatt, W. B. 13
Pyeatte, Riley 260

Quanda, Adrian 119
Quarles, A. J. 236
Quarles, G. B. 27, 34,

167 220, 236
Quarles, R. P. 27
Quesnel, Barbara 132,

229
Quesnel, Clint 25, 229,

271
Quinan, Mark 189

Rackham, Dorothy 145
Rackham, H. A. 214
Rafferty, Wanda 256
Rainey, Bert 187
Rainey, Joseph 23

289

Rairden, W. 235
Ramey, Bob 150
Ramey, John 15
Ramey, John S. 171,

218-219
Ramey, Lee 124
Ramey, Lewis F. 219,

224, 274
Ramey, Lou 124, 166
Ramey, Louis F. 216
Ramey, Thelma 159
Ramey, Walter 155
Ramsden, Mr. 112
Ramsey, Lewis 131
Rand, John 155
Rand, Mabel 53
Rand, Margaret 218
Rand, Phillip 126, 131,

244
Randolph, E. E. 125
Randolph, Fred 11
Randolph, Fred W. 217,

218
Randolph, John E. 214
Randolph, Julia 164,

189 261-262, 263
Randolph, Mr. 11
Randolph, Virginia 11
Rankin, John K.218
Rapp, Joseph 7, 12, 14,

165, 176
Rasor, Clarence 27
Rathbun, Dad 229
Rav(a)ndal, Jerry 107,

138
Ravndal, Clara 138
Ravndal, Eric 107
Ravndal, Eric, Mrs. 107
Ravndal, Gerald B. 236
Ravndal, Velma 236
Reberg, Emil 151
Reddington family 113,

115
Reddington, John 119
Reddington, Milt 85
Reddington, Sadie 85
Redwine 1 1 7
Redwine, H. G. 34
Redwine, Hyram G. 199,

224, 225
Reed, Beth 256
Reed, Don C. 223, 225

Reed, Elizabeth 111,

183, 244
Reed, J. C. 162
Rees, Alice R. 132
Rees family 113
Rees, Gillihan 83
Rees, John 222
Rees, John E. 5, 110,

126, 217 218, 222,

224, 244
Rees, Robert G. 177,

217
Reese, Bert 132
Reese, Eleanor Steele

35, 249
Reese, Emmett 39, 232
Reese, Evan J. 219
Reese, John 229
Reid, Tom 276
Reingold, Mel 262
Reneau (Renaud), Jules

170, 174

Reno, J. Frank 187
Reno, Seaver 187
Reno, Willie 187
Reynolds, Nellie 122
Rhodes, Freddy 119
Ricketts, Curtis 113
Rider, Thomas 165
Riding, J. M. 187
Rigby, Wilmer 261-262
Riggan 82
Riggan family 114
Riggan, Francis A. 181
Ringie, William 177
Rippey, Addie 102
Rippey family 113
Ritchey, Mary Boyle 278
Ritchey, William 278
Roach, Richard 164
Robbins, Helen 187
Roberts, Bo, Deputy

106
Roberts, Curtis 11
Robertson, Eunice 226
Robertson, Irvin 220-

221
Robie, Linda 257
Robinson, J. S. P. 216
Rockwell 262
Rood, Willard 115, 136
Rose, Bertha 103
Rose, Fred 142
Rose, Fred, Mrs. 142
Rose, Wiley J. 222
Rosennau, Terry 184
Rosin, Jerry 261
Roske family 118
Ross 187
Ross, A. S. 89
Ross, Alexander 5, 165
Ross, C. Ben, Gov. 124,

129
Royer, Curtis R. 258
Royer, John H. 258
Royer, Minnie Ray 258
Running Bear, Chief 55,

57
Russell, Emma 85, 86
Rustin, Charles B., Capt.

41
Rutledge, Pat 187
Ryan, Isobelle 120

Sacajawea 1, 4-5, 51,

58, 105, 110, 230,

270
Safely, J. C. 73
Salzer 177
Sam, Ah 79
Sandi(er)land 189
Sandiland, Sarahl83
Sandiland(s), George

63, 148
Santee, Laurie 257
Sassman, Oren 111,

269
Sassman, Winnie 115,

117
Sawyer, Lillie 55
Scanlon, John 133
Scarborough, Norma

Stone 133
Schafer, Don 227
Schneider, Paul 261-

262
Schnieder, Zolene 119
Schultz 29
Schultz, Albert 183
Schultz, Clarence 123
Schultz, Dave 117
Schultz, David 29, 123,

224
Schultz, Dora 117, 123
Schultz family 116, 119
Schultz, Florence 117,

123
Schultz, Jessie 117,

123
Schultz, John 122
Schultz, Lonnie 269
Schultz, W. W., Mrs.

122-123
Schultz, W. W. 112,

122-123, 266
Schwartz, Frank A. 214
Schwartz, H. 174
Scoble, Tom 119
Scott, Laura Toiman

110
Scott, Lynn 218
Scovei, Al 1 1
Searle family 113
Seat, Charles 164
Seaweard, S. H. 217
Seghers, Charles, A-

Bishop 180
Selmer, Dan (or Ben)

189
Settles, Steve 262
Seward, Lewis 140
Shanafelt family 116
Shanafelt, Viola 117
Sharkey, Adele 12
Sharkey, Anna B. 158,

161
Sharkey, Barney 13,

170
Sharkey, Charles 12
Sharkey, Claire 12
Sharkey, Edwardl2
Sharkey family 114
Sharkey, Frank B. 6, 7,

12-13, 13, 82, 95,

125, 158, 161 165,

202, 216, 231
Sharkey, Helen 12
Sharkey, Margaret 12
Sharkey, Mary 12
Sharkey, Olive 12
Sharkey, William 12
Shaw, Lloyd 214, 216
Shaw, Mrs. 138
Shaw, Roy 138
Shear, Alfred 187
Shear, Jacob 187
Shear, Pete 187
Sheepsking, Nessie 53
Sheldon, R. K. 177
Shenon, Fred 39
Shenon, Kenneth 39
Shenon, Mrs. 206
Shenon, Philip J. 39
Shenon, Philip 39-40,

162
Shepherd, Warren 177
Shepp, Charles 73
Sherman, Charley 151
Sherretts, Linda 256
Shiefer, Fred 73

Shields, John 1
Shiner, Gloria 187
Shipton, Elizabeth 13
Shoemaker, S. B. 187
Shoo-woo-koo, Chief 6
Shoup, Bill 274
Shoup, Dick 138
Shoup familyll4
Shoup, George E. 14,

15, 20 21,239,244
Shoup, George L., Mrs.

46, 54
Shoup, George L. (the

younger) 200
Shoup, George Laird,

Col. 16-17, 18-20.

22, 23, 32, 33, 54,

69, 82, 84, 110,

159, 161, 165-166,

177, 181, 190, 216,

226, 250, 261, 274
Shoup, James 19, 24
Shoup, James M. 216,

217, 225
Shoup, Johnathan 19
Shoup, Laura 19
Shoup, Lena 19
Shoup, Margaret 19
Shoup, Margaret (the

younger) 200
Shoup, Susie Edwards

20
Shoup, W. C. 14
Shoup, W. H. 14, 242
Shoup, Walter C. 19,

214, 225
Shoup, Will 121, 125
Shoup, William 19, 54,

131
Shuk, J. S. 222
Shumate, Gene 256
Shunk, Edward 8
Shurtliff family 114
Silver, Archie 53
Silver, Fannie Pandoah

51, 53 54, 58, 60,

61,62
Silver, Toenip 53, 54,

60
Silver, Tom 52
Simmonds, Robert 222
Simmonds, William W.

(Billy) 217
Simmons, MarRue 263
Simons, Delos 24, 35
Simpson, Charles 217
Sims, Edna 118
Sims, Elizabeth M. 120
Sims, Harry 118
Sims, Howard 58, 183,

225
Sims, J. H. 225
Sims, Marjorie Burnham

75, 112, 183, 243,

261
Sinclair, John C. 218
Sinclair, Roy D., Dr.

101, 223
Sing, Charlie 69
Sing Chow (Mary) 74
Sing Kee 71
Sing Lee 30
Skelton, Joe 23
Skinner, Dale 267
Skinner, Judy 257

290

Skinner, Ray 236
Slack, Jerry 8
Slater, Sarah 44
Slavin, Chris 257
Slavin, Daniel 115
Slavin, Evelyn 115
Slavin family 115
Slavin, Janice 279
Slavin, Leitha 279
Slavin, Milton A. 220-

221, 243
Slavin, Milton C. 205,

279
Slavin, Ted 224, 279
Smith, A. A. (Al) 71.

183, 228
Smith, Bob 97, 163
Smith, Bob 262
Smith, Brian 184
Smith, Dale 256
Smith, Dennis 177
Smith, Don I., Rev. 183
Smith, Ed W. 271
Smith, Ell 97, 163, 267
Smith, Ellen Gleason

257
Smith, Fae 131
Smith, Frank 188
Smith, Gene 229
Smith, Irene 117
Smith, Jack 174, 267
Smith, Jedediah 5
Smith, Jordan P. 218,

268-269
Smith, Mark 119
Smith, Marsha 256, 257
Smith, Nate 175
Smith, Perry 215
Smith, Renee 256
Smith, Ross 243
Smith, Sam 157
Smith, Thomas S., Elder

6
Smith, Vicky 257
Smith, William 217
Smith, William 7, 12,

16-17
Smith, William B, 165
Smith, William C. 110,

217-218
Smith, Wils 34, 71
Smout, W. T. 177
Snag, Chief 51, 110
Snell, Ebenezer 172,

177
Snodgrass family 114
Snook, Charles W.

(Charlie) 16 24, 35,

58, 110, 141
Snook, Charlotte 145,

206
Snook, Connie 209
Snook, Elizabeth 130,

164, 257
Snook, Emily 145
Snook family 114, 232,

236
Snook, Fred H. (Sr.)

34, 58, 114, 156,

206, 216, 218,

223, 236, 259,

262-263, 264,

271, 277
Snook, Fred (Jr.) 58,

218, 220-221,

243, 248, 261-

262, 269, 277
Snook, John C. 160,

224, 263
Snook, John, Mrs. 46
Snook, John W. 35, 58,

165 224, 236, 264,

269
Snook, John Wals 16-

17, 24, 25 34, 35,

145, 156, 218. 219
Snook, Phoebe 35, 46
Snook, Quinton 216,

217
Snook, Willa 145
Snyder 21, 253, 262
Snyder, Charles F. 217
Sobczak, Olga K. 257
Sorenson, J. C. 224
Sorenson, Jack 269
Sorenson, Ron 269
Soule, H. Manson 214
Soule, Kester 122
Soule, Manson 122
South, Peter, Dr. 271
Spahn, Carl 21
Spahn, K(C)arl 0. 225,

242
Spahn, Mrs. 46
Spayd 209

Spayd, Charles H. 188
Spaydes, Charles 217
Splittslosser, Ernest

151
Spotted Bear 55
Springer, Kay 249
St Clair, W. W. 229
St Clair, Wallace 155,

178
Stahl, Dave 219
Stahl, David 0. 188
Stahl, Frank 267
Stalker, Bob 44
Stanger family 119
Stanton, John C. 188
Stapleton, Wash 173
Stark, John 164
Starr, Clyde 224-225,

246, 273
Steel, George 32, 33
Steel, Jack 30
Steen, William Heber

189
Steeples. Emmett 243
Stem, Henry 178
Stem, Otto 164
Stem, Ray 141
Stemmer, J. H. 140
Stenersen, Annisa 257
Stenersen, Lisa 257
Stenersen, Penny 257
Stenersen, Sue 257
Stenersen, Suzette 257
Stenerson family 116
Stephenishen, Ed 214
Stephens, Evan 125,

189
Stephenson 186
Stephenson, A. M. 21,

217
Stephenson, Mrs. 186
Stesak, William 164
Stevens, Anna 161
Stevens, Dwight 156
Stevens Family 115

Stevens, Isaac 161
Stevens, R. P. 271
Stevens. Thomas 229
Stevenson, A. M. 174,

178
Stevenson, Jack 243
Stevenson, M. M. 80,

81, 84, 85
Stevenson, M. M., Mrs.

84. 85, 87
Stewart, Matthew W.

219
Stine, Ala 103
Stinson, Bob 51
Stinson, Buck 110
Stocker, Bob 85
Stoddard, Grace 132
Stokes, Bob 245
Stokes, Dean 269
Stokes, Dick 245
Stokes, Earl 245
Stokes, H. Earl 183
Stokes, Jean 131
Stokes, Len 245
Stokes, Robert 183
Stone, Allen 133
Stone, Norma B. 133
Stone, W. F. 94
Stone, Wilbur F. 217
Stout, Buck 269
Stratton, Owen T., Sen.

225
Stratton, Owen T., Dr.

86, 101-3
Stricklan, Beulah 145
Strom, John 187
Stroud 154

Stroud, Alta Maud 187
Stroud, Bess E. 120
Stroud, Elijah 80, 83,

178
Stroud, Elmer 214
Stroud, Everett 156
Stroud family 115
Stroud, Jennie B. 187
Stroud, John 80, 83
Stroud, John D. 187
Stroud, John Elbert 187
Stroud. Laura Belle 187
Stroud, Sheriff 155
Stroud, Thomas J. 218
Stroud, Urania D. 187
Studebaker family 113
Sturmer family 1 19
Sullivan, Nellie 102
Summers, Fred 215
Summers, H. L. 224
Summers, Harry L. 216
Suydam, Elias 63, 137
Swanson, Bernard 118
Swanson family 119
Swanson, George 116
Swanson, Gladys 117
Swanson, Oscar 118
Swanson. Vincent 118
Swift, Keneth 156
Swift, Owen 224
Swinney, H. J. 244
Swinyer, Lillie 119. 131
Symms, Steve, Sen.
261

Ta Gwah Wee 51, 53

Tabor, Thomas T. 95
Talbot, Bishop 181
Taliaferro, Arthur 189
Tapscott, Norma 261
Tapscott, Tom 261
Taylor, Ben 44
Taylor, Bob 178. 236
Taylor, Chauncey 243
Taylor, Janet Nelson

257
Taylor, T. J. 242
Taylor, Thomas J. 219
Taylor, William 229
Tendoy, Chief 16. 50-
52. 53, 58, 63, 64,
84, 86, 110, 129,
186, 270
Tendoy, Emma 56
Tendoy, Jack 17, 52-53,

63
Tendoy, Jim 55
Tendoy, Roy 55
Terry, Ferrell 142, 260
Thatcher, Preston 223
Thomas 106
Thomas, Kelly 119
Thomas, Reba 236
Thompson, Elmer E.

178
Thompson. Larry 119
Thornhill, E. B. 28, 222
Thrasher, Ralph 166
Tibbitts family 265
Tifan 71
Tihee 52

Tin Doi (see Chief Ten-
doy)
Tin-navo 62
Tingley 24

Tingley. Ira 218, 239
Tingley, Vernon 120
Tingo, Maggie 62
Tissidimit 52
Tobias 106

Tobias family 116, 117
Tobias, Helen 260
Tobias, Solon S. 178
Tobin, Thomas 164
Toby 1-3
Toopompy (Too-Pompi)

52, 57
Tormey, John 178
Tracey, John 269
Trebar. William 23
Trego. Byrd 126
Tripp7, 12, 14
Trowbridge, Austin 136
Trowbridge, Austin, Mrs.

136
Trowbridge, Charlie 102
Trowbridge family 114
Trowbridge, Warren 1 1 3
Tucker, Elmer 90
Tucker, Grover 90
Tumidja, John 110
Tumidja. John. Mrs. 110
Turner. Ernest 258-259
Turner family 118
Turner, Fred 164
Turner, Mary 236, 257-

258
Turner, Mary Royer

258- 259
Turner, Nathaniel L. 178
Tuttle, Bishop 180, 181

291

Tuttle, E. H. 18, 216
Tweedy family 119
Twist, Richard M. 164
Two Bits 110
Ty Ho 71
Tyler 84
Tyler, John 51

Udy, Elizabeth 89
Udy, George Carl 89
Umpleby, J. B. 162
Ungefug, Larry J. 131
Usher, Bob 265

Vale, Ed 121

Van Almelo 113

Van der Donet, Rev. 181

Van Norden 161
Van Orsdale 82
Van Orsdel, William 180
Van Overen, Mona 261-

262
Vanderlip, Jay Vee 122
Vandeventor, Dick, Rev.

184
Vandreff 12, 14, 29,

165
Varin, Edith 133
Vaughan, James A, 242
Vaught, Milford 248
Venable, Ed 229
Vergis, William M. 188
Vernon, Belle 81
Vessel, David 187
Vezina, David 187
Vezina, Eliza 187
Viel, Fred 192, 196,

216, 222
Vier, James 178
Vincent, L. E., Rev. 216
Virgil 24
Volter, Gus 178
Vose, Oliver V. 131
Vottler, Gustaffl89

Waddington, John 116
Waddington, Nels Watts

178
Wade, Daniel 178
Wade, Henry 178
Wade, Walter 150
Waetzig family 116
Waetzig, Mr. 116
Wah, Ah 71
Wah Sing 30, 68, 69,

71, 74
Walarbis, Henry 132
Walchh, Charles 243
Walchh family 118
Walchli, Vicky 119
Walchly, Charles 223
Walker, Bert 34
Wallace, William 178
Waller, Mane 150
Walston, George 38
Wang Ho 71
Wantomy, Frank 51
Ward, Chester 0. 214
Ward, Lynn 157

Warjack, Martha 60
Warner, Will 242
Warner, William L. 28
Wasacho, Pete 274
Washakie 110
Water, Harry S. 217,

219

Waterman 259
Waters, Harry 124
Watkins, Ethel G. 120
Watson, Enos 21
Watson, William 214
Walters, Ron 262
Waugh, Alec 178
Wayman, George Jr.

214
Weaver, John 274
Webb 243
Webb, John 279
Webb, Mae 279
Weber, Dan 132
Weber, June 132
Weber, L. F. 217
Weber, Sam 243
Webster, J. B. 214
Weenee, Lily 61
Weese, Simon P. 11
Weigand, Jack 217
Welch 12, 14
Welch, Golden 157
Welch, James 229
Wells, Jude 179
Welsh, John 15
Welsh, William 15
Wendover, Wesley 188
Wentz, Emma 161
Wentz, George 31, 33,

159, 161, 165, 181.

242
Wenzig, Ida 115
West, Jim 121
West, LaRae 257
Westfall family 119
Wheeland, Leiand, Col.

138
Wheeler, Forrest 131
Wheeler, J. W. 8
Wheeler John 24, 35
Whiddoson, Ed 260
Whimpy family 112
Whing family 114
Whitcomb, Enoch W.

130, 218 224-225
White Bear 55
White, Emma 161
White family 115
White, Fred 27, 207
White, Harry 179
White, J. H. 242
White, Monteville 161
White, R. W. 27
White, Raymond 271
White, RussW. 27, 210,

216
White, William C. 217-

218
Whiteside, C. E. 214
Whiting, Bill 269
Whitman 64
Whitsett, E. C. 18, 218
Whitsett, Robert 214
Whittaker, Cal 116
Whittaker, Calvin 131
Whittaker, Carol 116
Whittaker, Floyd 248

Whitwell, Earl 87
Whitwell, Gladys 87
Whitwell, Laura 87, 122
Whitwell, Nora Yeanan

81
Whitwell, William C, Dr.

27, 44, 81, 85-87,

100-101, 103, 160,

161. 222, 225
Whitworth, Judd 233
Whitworth, Karen 262
Whitworth, Scott 233
Wickham, R. E. 224
Widdowson, E. A. 187
Wiederrick, Alberta 217
Wiederrick family 119
Wiederrick, Robert 244
Wiederrick, Robert E.

1285
Wiegand family 113
Wilkie, Frank 187
Wilkins, Mike 270
William, Murray 222
Williams, Cap 24, 242
Williams family 118
Williams, Harry 260
Williams, Henry 179
Williams, Henry V. (Bro-

cho) 173
Williams, Josie 247
Williams, Levi 164
Williamson, Ruth 132
Williamson, William J.

216
Wilson 106
Wilson, "Puddin River"

176, 179
Wilson, Jed 53, 54, 58
Wilson, Robert 217
Wilson, William 150-154
Wimpey, William James

179
Wing Lee 30, 69
Wing Sing 69
Winterowd, F. B., Mrs.

117
Winterowd, Grace 133
Wishard, S. E., Rev. 185
Withmgton, Art 271,

274
Withmgton family 113
Withmgton, L. P. 165
Withmgton, Lester P.

30, 105 179, 231,

236
Witteborg 106
Wo (Who) Hop 70, 75
Wolf, Don 269
Wolf, Gordon 271
Wolfe, Aden 261
Wolfe, Barbara 261
Wolfe, Ed 188
Wolfley, Carmen 243
Wolfley, Edgar 243
Wolfley, Kim 243
Wolfley, Monty 243
Wolfsahn 157
Wong Yu Lung 75
Wood, J. D. 216
Wood, Newton B. 133
Woods, J. D. 23
Woods, Mrs. 114
Woozley, W. C. 217
Work, John 164
Workman, Ammi 189

Wornek family 119
Worthing family 119
Wright, Brandling 226
Wright, Brandling, Mrs.

226
Wnght, Gary 171
Wright, Frank S. Jr.

(Doc) 11, 214
Wright, Franks., Dr. 28,

64, 86, 100-101,

119, 179
Wright, J. H. 12
Wright, Jon 262
Wright, Rodolph 132,

219

Yan Kee 30
Yant, Del 140
Yeanan, Arthur 87
Yeanan, Edwin 80
Yeanan, Elizabeth 80
Yeanan, Emma R. 224,

260
Yeanan family 113,

115, 116, 117, 118
Yeanan, George F. 80,

83, 98, 179, 225,

231
Yeanan, George, Mrs.

46
Yeanan, George W. 216-

217
Yeanan, Jacob 80, 174,

216-217
Yeanan, Jane 86
Yeanan, John 80, 83,

85
Yeanan, Joseph 80, 82,

83
Yeanan, Kenneth 97
Yeanan, Mollie 175
Yeanan, Thomas, Mrs.

234
Yeanan, Thomas 80,

81,84,86,98, 106,

234
Yeanan, Zeph 80, 83,

86
Yellow Bear 55
Yen, Ah 30
Ying, Susan 72
York 1
Young, Barbara 185,

255, 261-262
Young, Brigham 64,

180
Young family 115
Young Kee 70
Young, Richard M. 157,

159, 255
Young, Samuel 31, 219
Young White Bear 55
Youngstrom, Fred 183
Yule, Wally 270
Yum Quoy 72

Zeigler, Carl 243
Zeigler family 114, 119
Zeigler, W. L. 251

292

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